Unit-II_Multiple_Access
Unit-II_Multiple_Access
Unit-II_Multiple_Access
Multiple Access
Multiple Access
• We can consider data link layer as two sublayers as shown in below figure.
Pr[ k ] G e (2)
k!
• The probability of zero frames can be obtained by substituting k = 0 in
equation 2.
• Therefore P0 = e-G
• In an interval two frame times long, the mean number of frames generated is
2G.
• The probability of no other traffic being initiated during the entire vulnerable
period is given by
• P0 = e-2G ---------------- (3)
Multiple Access
• Substituting (3) in (1) we can have the throughput of the pure ALOHA as
• S = Ge-2G ----------------- (4)
• The maximum throughput for pure ALOHA system occurs at G = 0.5.
• Substituting G = 0.5 in (4) we have
• S = 0.5e-1
• S = 1/2e
• S = 0.184
• In other words, the best channel utilization in pure ALOHA system is 18
percent.
Multiple Access
Slotted ALOHA
• In 1972, Roberts published a method for doubling the capacity of an
ALOHA system.
• Here the channel is divided into discrete time slots which are exactly equal to
one packet transmission.
• All Stations using the shared channel have been synchronized to these time
slots.
• Each station has to wait for the beginning of the next slot.
• A station is allowed to send only at the beginning of the synchronized time
slot.
• If it misses this moment it must wait until the beginning of next time slot.
Multiple Access
Multiple Access
• If two stations try to send at the beginning of the same time slot there will be
a collision.
Multiple Access
• In slotted ALOHA the vulnerable period is reduced to half as that of the pure
ALOHA.
• The probability of no other traffic during the same slot will be given by
• P0 = e-G ---------------- (5)
• Substituting 5 in 1 we have the throughtput of slotted ALOHA as
• S = G e-G ---------------- (6)
• The maximum throughput for slotted ALOHA system occurs at G = 1.
• Substituting G = 1 in (6) we have
• S = 1*e-1
• S = 1/e
• S = 0.368
• In other words, the best channel utilization in pure ALOHA system is 37 percent.
Multiple Access
• The throughput versus offered traffic for ALOHA system has been shown in
below figure.
Multiple Access
CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)
• To minimize the chance of collision and to increase the performance the
CSMA method has been developed.
• The chance of collision can be reduced if a station senses the medium before
using it.
• In CSMA each station first listens to the medium before sending.
• CSMA is based on the principle “sense before transmit” or “listen before
talk”.
• CSMA can reduce the possibility of collision but it cannot eliminate it.
• The possibility of collision still exists because of the propagation delay.
• When a station sends a frame it still takes time for the first bit to reach every
station and for every station to sense it.
Multiple Access
• A station may sense the medium and find it idle because the first bit sent by
another station has not yet been received.