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Name: Lebico, Camille Anndrea J.

Course, Year and Section: BSED SCIENCE 3A


Date: August 25, 2022

Problem Set No. 1


CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

1. What is Anatomy and Physiology?


Answer: Anatomy refers to the study of external and internal structures of the body of
a person or animal. It includes the blood vessels, organs, the skeleton, and nerves.
Whereas Physiology deals with the process or function of those structures. In other
words, how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities

2. What is homeostasis? Elucidate.


Answer: From the Greek word homeo meaning same and stasis meaning standing still.
Homeostasis refers to the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant
environment within the body despite fluctuations in either external or internal
environment. It is a process where all living things use to actively maintain fairly stable
conditions necessary for survival or how a person under conflicting stresses and
motivations can maintain a stable psychological condition. If homeostasis is successful,
life continues; if unsuccessful, disaster or death ensues.

3. What are the levels of structural organization of the human body? Discuss each.
Answer: The organization of the body often is discussed in terms of six distinct levels
of increasing complexity, from the smallest chemical building blocks to a unique human
organism. This includes chemicals, cell, tissue, organ, organ system and the
organism level. Therefore, molecules combine to form cells, cells combine to form
tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs combine to form organ systems, and
organ systems combine to form organisms. To study the chemical level of
organization, scientists consider the simplest building blocks of matter: subatomic
particles, atoms and molecules. All matter in the universe is composed of one or more
unique pure substances called elements, familiar examples of which are hydrogen,
oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of any of these pure
substances (elements) is an atom. Atoms are made up of subatomic particles such as
the proton, electron and neutron. Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule,
such as the water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living things. Molecules are
the chemical building blocks of all body structures. A cell is the smallest independently
functioning unit of a living organism. Even bacteria, which are extremely small,
independently-living organisms, have a cellular structure. Each bacterium is a single
cell. All living structures of human anatomy contain cells, and almost all functions of
human physiology are performed in cells or are initiated by cells. A human cell typically
consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid
together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles. In humans, as in all
organisms, cells perform all functions of life. A tissue is a group of many similar cells
(though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a
specific function. An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed
of two or more tissue types. Each organ performs one or more specific physiological
functions. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform major
functions or meet physiological needs of the body. The organism level is the highest
level of organization considered in anatomy/physiology. An organism is a living being
that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic
functions necessary for life. In multicellular organisms, including humans, all cells,
tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body work together to maintain the life and
health of the organism.

4. What is Anatomical Position?


Answer: Anatomical position refers to a person standing upright with the face directed
forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing
forward. It provides a clear and consistent way of describing human anatomy and
physiology. In this way, it will be easy to understand what part of the body is being
talked about no matter what direction the organism is facing or where its
appendages/limbs are.

5. Enumerate the different Relative Directional Terms and discuss each.


Answer:
Anterior: It is the front of a structure, or a structure found toward the front of the
body.
Posterior: It is the back of a structure, or a structure found toward the back of the
body.
Distal: It refers to a part if the body that is farther away from the center of the body
than the other part. For example, the fingers are distal to the shoulder.
Proximal: It refers to the part of the body that is closer to the center of the body than
another part. For example, the knee is proximal to the toes.
Dorsal: Pertains to the back or directed toward or situated on the back surface. For
example, the fin on a shark’s back.
Ventral: Being or located near, on, or toward the front anterior part of the human
body. For example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg.
Superior: It refers toward the head end of the body; upper. For example, the hand is
the part of the superior extremity.
Inferior: Away from the head; lower. For example, the foot is part of the lower
extremity.
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body. For example, the little toe is located lateral
side of the foot.
Medial: Toward the midline of the body. For example, the middle toe is located at the
medial side of the foot.
Bilateral: Involving both sides of the body
Unilateral: Involving one side of the body
Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body
Contralateral: On opposite sides of the body
Parietal: Relating to a body cavity wall
Visceral: Relating to organs within body cavities
Axial: Relating to or situated in the central part of the body, in the head and trunk as
distinguished from the limbs. For example, axial skeleton.
Superficial: Surface or shallow. For example, the skin is superficial to the muscles.
Deep: Describes the position of a structure as away from the surface of the body. For
example, bones in an appendage are located deeper than the muscles.
6. Differentiate Axial Body Part and Appendicular Body Part
Answer: The Axial region makes up the main axis of the human body and includes the
head, neck, chest, and trunk. The Appendicular region makes up the parts of the
human body that connect to the axial region. This includes the limbs and appendages.

7. Discuss the following:


a. Sagittal Plane- A vertical plane running from front to back; divide the body or any
of its parts into right and left sides.
b. Frontal Plane- A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of
its parts into anterior and posterior portions.
c. Transverse Plane- A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into
upper and lower parts.
d. Oblique Plane- An oblique plane in the anatomical position describes any plane that
is not in any of the coronal, sagittal, median or horizontal planes.

8. Differentiate Ventral Body Cavity and Dorsal Body Cavity.


Answer: The main difference between dorsal and ventral is the area of the body to
which they refer. In general, ventral refers to the front of the body, and dorsal refers to
the back. These terms are also known as anterior and posterior, respectively.

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