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3 views

CSE_321_4_5

Uploaded by

mmufrat1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Arithmetic for Computers

Chapter -4
(Continuation)
4.8 Floating Point
• Real numbers:
• 3.14159265…. ()
• 2.71828… (e)
• 0.000000001 or 1.0 × 10-9 (seconds in a
nanosecond)
• 3,155,760,000 or 3.15576 × 109 (seconds in a
century)

• Scientific Notation
4.8 Floating Point

• Normalized numbers:
• A number in scientific notation that has no
leading zeros.
• 1.0 × 10-9

×
• 0.1 × 10-8
• 10.0 × 10-10
4.8 Floating Point

• Binary numbers in scientific notation:

• 1.0 × 2-1

Binary Point

• 1. xxxxxxxx × 2yyyy
• Computer arithmetic that support such numbers is
called floating point because it represents numbers in
which the binary point is not fixed.
4.8 Floating Point

• A standard scientific notation for reals in


normalized form offers three advantages:
– It simplifies exchange of data that includes floating-
point numbers
– It simplifies the floating-point arithmetic algorithms
to know that numbers will always be in this form
– It increases the accuracy of the numbers that can
be stored in a word
Floating Point Representation
• Single precision
• Sign and magnitude representation
3130292827262524232221201918171615141312 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
s exponent significand
1 bit 8 bits 23 bits
• (-1)S × F × 2E
• S – sign
• F – significand
• E – exponent
Floating Point Representation
• Single precision
• Sign and magnitude representation
3130292827262524232221201918171615141312 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
s exponent significand
1 bit 8 bits 23 bits
• (-1)S × F × 2E
• As small as 2.0ten × 10 -38
• As large as 2.0ten × 10 38
• Overflow: exponent is too large to fit in the exponent field
• Underflow: negative exponent is too large to fit … … …
Floating Point Representation
• Double precision
3130292827262524232221201918171615141312 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
s exponent significand
1 bit 11 bits 20 bits
3130292827262524232221201918171615141312 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Significand (Continued)
32 bits

• (-1)S × F × 2E
• As small as 2.0ten × 10 -308
• As large as 2.0ten × 10 308
Floating Point Representation
• Double precision

• IEEE 754
• (-1)S × (1 + Significand) × 2E
• (-1)S × (1 + (s1 × 2-1) + (s2 × 2-2) + … … ) × 2E
3130292827262524232221201918171615141312 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
s exponent significand
1 bit 11 bits 20 bits
3130292827262524232221201918171615141312 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Significand (Continued)
32 bits
Floating Point Representation
• When we want to represent zero (0)

• (-1)S × (1 + Significand) × 2E
• (-1)S × (1 + (s1 × 2-1) + (s2 × 2-2) + … … ) × 2E
31 3029 2827 2625 2423 2221 2019 1817 16151413 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

• 1+0=1
Floating Point Representation
• Biased Notation
• A = 1.0 × 2-1, B = 1.0 × 2+1, Whether A>B or not
• 1.0 × 2-1
31 3029 2827 2625 2423 2221 2019 1817 16151413 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

• 1.0 × 2+1
31 3029 2827 2625 2423 2221 2019 1817 16151413 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

• -1  -1 + 127 = 126
• +1  +1 + 127 = 128
• (-1)S × (1 + Significand) × 2(Exponent – Bias)
• For Double Precision bias is 1023

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