1901-1935

(The American Period)

2
 SOCIAL PROGRESS

A. Education
B. Religious Developments
C. Rise of the Aglipayan Church
 SOCIAL PROGRESS
A. Education
Spain
1. Christianizing the pagan natives was more
important than giving them an education.
2. It was only in the closing of decades of Spanish
rule that some system of public school education
was introduced by Spain in the Philippines.
United States
1. “to educate, to train in the science of self-
government”
2. Americans made it a policy to teach English to the
Filipinos.

4
A. Education

5
 A-1. Education
 In January 1901, the Taft Commission enacted Act No. 74 which
established the Philippine public school system.

 It provided free primary education and the establishment of a school to

train Filipino teachers.

 On August 23, 1901, the first group of 600 teachers from the United
States arrived in Manila on board the transport ship Thomas.

 These teachers came to be known as the Thomasites.

6
 A-2. Education
 Elementary schools: 7-year course

 High school: 4-year course

 Those who finished high school could take up higher education in a public
junior college or at the University of the Philippines which was created
in 1908 by Act No. 1870 enacted by the Philippine Assembly and the
Philippine Commission.

 Filipino pensionados – bright young Filipino students

7
 A-3. Education

Philippine Normal School (1901)

8
 A-4. Education

Silliman University (1901)

9
 A-5. Education

Centro Escolar University (1907)

Founded by Librada Avelino and Carmen de Luna
10
 A-6. Education

Philippine Women’s University (1919)

Established by Francisca T. Benitez
11
 A-7. Education
“no people ever accepted the blessings of education with more
enthusiasm than the Filipinos”

Governor-General Frank Murphy, 1935

 By 1935, there were 1,229,242 students enrolled in 7,330 public schools

throughout the country.

 The private schools, which numbered about 400, had a total student population of
97,500.

12
 B. Religion
 Introduction of Protestantism
 The Protestants sought to win the Filipinos through friendly persuasion.
 Presbyterians (1899)

 Baptists (1900)

 The Disciples of Christ (1905)

 Methodist Episcopalians (1908)

13
C. Rise of the Aglipayan Church
 On August 3, 1902, Philippine Independent Church was established in
Manila.

 Founder: Isabelo de los Reyes

 He founded the Democratic Labor Union in July 1901.

 Iglesia Filipina Independiente.

 De los Reyes proclaimed Father Gregorio Aglipay as the new church’s

Supreme Bishop.

14
C-1. Rise of the Aglipayan
Church

Philippine Independent Church

15
C-2. Rise of the Aglipayan
Church
 On October 17, 1902, Aglipay agreed to head
the new church.

 On January 18, 1903, he was formally

consecrated as the Supreme Bishop.

 The new church known as Aglipayan

Church.

 In 1939 census, 9.8% of the population, or

1,573,608 claimed to be Aglipayans.

16
Thank you for reading!

17
 “Readings in Philippine History Reviewer – WEEK 3”
Made by yours truly, Marlon Julianne D. Ditan

 Pre American Regime

 Americans vs Spain
 Americans were also in Hong Kong at the same time with Aguinaldo
 1st Diplomate of America-Philippines – Emilio Aguinaldo
 Founded ways for diplomatic relations with George Dewey
 Agreement to supply arms and weapons to the Philippines but Aguinaldo must pay
300,000 Pesos
 Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898)
 President William Mckinley charged George Dewey to lead the war against
Spain

 Return of Aguinaldo (May 17, 1898)

 Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines, Manila
 Established the 1st Philippine Republic (Malolos Republic) on January 23, 2898 in
his hometown in Cawit, Cavite
 Dictatorial Government
 Marcella Agoncillo (Mother of the Philippine Flag) – made the Philippine Flag in
Hong Kong commissioned by Aguinaldo
 Julian Felipe – composed the “Nationalista Marcha Filipina” on June 5, 1898 by the
commission of Aguinaldo
 Declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898 by Aguinaldo
 Against the advice of Apolinario Mabini
 Untimely as most of the Philippines was still a Spanish Colony and the presence of
the Americans

 Treaty of Paris
 President William Mckinley during the time of the American-Spanish War in the
Philippines
 America won the American-Spanish War in the Philippines on Dec 10, 1898
 Treaty of Paris conditions;
 America won the War against Spain in the Philippines
 Spain would resign control of the Philippines to the American by paying 20
Million Dollars
  Philippines became an American Colony
 Independence of Cuba from American control, but also forced Spain to cede Guam
and Puerto Rico to the US
 Aguinaldo sent a letter to the Americans stating why he wasn’t informed of the Treaty of
Paris.

 Filipino-American War (February 1899 to July 1902)

 Aguinaldo declared War with America
 Filipino General, Antonio Luna was the acting General of the Philippine Army against
the Americans in the Filipino American War
 June 1899 – Luna was assassinated by Filipino Soldiers loyal to Aguinaldo in
Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija per a letter of order from Aguinaldo to go there for a
discussion of the Filipino cabinet
 Suspicions that Emilio Aguinaldo ordered the assassination of Luna
 General James F. Bell quoted, “Antonio Luna was the only General the Filipino
army had”

 Battle of Tirad Pass (December 2, 1898)

 Aguinaldo narrowly escaped through the sacrifice of General Gregorio Del Pillar.
 Januario Galut – Filipino Local (Tinnguian Igorot) that betrayed General
Gregorio Del Pillar by leading the 33rd Regiment of the United States Volunteers
under Major Peyton March

 Aguinaldo Captured
 March, 1901 – Aguinaldo was captured and brought to Malacanang where he signed
an Oath of Allegiance to America
 Emilio Aguinaldo went back to his hometown of Cavite
 War continued until August 1902 by General Miguel Malvar
 Known as, “The Forgotten President”, and “The Second President of the
Malolos Republic”
 “American Regime” (Economic Progress)
 American Economic Policy
 The Philippine Bill of 1902 – land and natural resources of the Philippines are
“the benefit of the inhabitants”
 We had to serve the national interests of the US
 We could not make our own policy
 The Jones Law of 1916 and Tydings-Duffie Law of 1934
 William Howard Taft – First American Governor-General
 Quoted, “The Philippines is for the Filipinos”
 Pro-Filipino
 Filipinization of the Government
 Jacob Sherman – Chang the Military Government to Civil Government

 Prosperity
6. New Industries
1. Population explosion
2. New Land Policy 7. Improvement in Transpo.
3. Agricultural Increase and Communication
4. Free Trade with America 8. Better Government Budget
5. Business Boom 9. New Banks
10. Participation in International
Exhibitions

 New Land Policy

 Friar Lands were resold to Filipino Farmers
 Homestead Act in 1924 allowed any Filipino to own up to 24 hectares of public land
 All lands had to be registered, and their owners got Torrens titles.

 Agriculture Increase
 Filipinos and the Americans cooperated to revive Agrivulture
 The Bureau of Agriculture (1902)
 In 1903, the American Congress sent 3$ Million Emergency Fund to import rice and
carabaos from other Asian Countries
 Modern farm tools from the United States were also introduced.
 Free Trade with America
 Most important Economic Change
 Introduce Big American Market and American Products were bought by Filipinos
 Americans were the richest people in the mid-20th Century
 American products could enter the Philippines without paying customs tariffs.

 Business Boom
 Retail trade inside the Philippines doubled from 1907 to 1935
 Filipinos had more money to buy different things, however, they liked to buy imported
goods.

 New Industries
 The Philippines entered the Industrial Age
 The Americans invented Mass Production in big factories
 Manila: coconut oil, cigars and cigarettes, sugar, rope, and textiles.
 Marikina: shoes
 Ilocos: blankets and towels.
 Bulacan, Laguna, Tayabas, Bohol, and Pangasinan: hats and mats
 Pampanga, Rizal, and Bulacan: rattan and wood furniture.
 Albay, Rizal and Laguna: pottery and bricks.

 Improvement in Transportation and Communication

 Americans developed our railroads in Luzon, Cebu, and Panay.
 Pier 7 in Manila became the largest port in Asia.
 Manila became the center of air travel in Asia.
 The telephone and telegraph system in our country was the best in Asia.
 The best newspapers, radio stations, and postal services in Asia.

 Improvement in Transportation and Communication

 The Philippine budget was balanced even during the Great World Depression in the
1930s.
 In the 1930s, other government had huge deficits and problems.
 But the Philippines colonial budget had a surplus
 New Banks
 Postal Savings Bank – 1906
 Philippine National Bank - 1906

 International Exhibitions and Meetings

 The Philippine Army Band became the world-famous at the Golden Gate Exposition,
held at San Francisco, California in 1939.
 Filipino athletes were also able to join the Olympic Games.

 Economic Problems
 Colonial mentality became worse.
 Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920s and 1930s
 American capitalists and businessmen controlled the new companies.

 American Regime (Social Progress)

 “to educate, to train in the science of self government”
 Americans made it a policy to teach English to the Filipinos.

 Education
 Taft Commission, Act No. 74 (January 1901)
 Established the Philippine Public School System that provided Free Primary
Education and the establishment of a school to train Filipino Teachers.
 August 23, 1901, the first group of 600 teachers from the United States arrived in
Manilla on board the transport ship Thomas
 These Teachers came to be known as the Thomasites.

 Elementary Schools – 7 year course

 High School – 4 year course
 University of the Philippines – created in 1908 by Act No. 1870 which was enacted by
the Philippine Assembly and Philippine Commision.
 Filipino pensionados – bright young Filipino Studetns
 Governor-General Frank Murphy, 1935
  “no people ever accepted the blessings of education with more enthusiasm than
the Filipinos”
 By 1935, there were 1,229,242 students enrolled in 7,330 public schools throughout
the country.
 The private schools, which numbered about 400, had a total student population of
97,500.

 Religion
 Introduction of Protestantism – Protestants sought to win the Filipinos through
friendly persuasion
 Presbyterians (1899)
 Baptists (1900)
 The Disciples of Christ (1905)
 Methodist Episcopalians (1908)

 Rise of the Aglipayan Church

 On August 3, 1902, Philippine Independent Church was established in Manila
 Founder: Isabelo de los Reyes
 He founded the Democratic Labor Union in July 1901
 Iglesia Filipina Independiente
 De los Reyes proclaimed Father Gregorio Aglipay as the new church’s Supreme
Bishop.
 On October 17, 1902, Aglipay agreed to head the new church.
 On January 18, 1903, he was formally consecrated as the Supreme Bishop.
 The new church known as Aglipayan Church.
 In 1939 census, 9.8% of the population, or 1,573,608 claimed to be Aglipayans.
 American Regime (Political Progress)
 William Mckinley, “The The Philippines are ours not to exploit, but to develop, civilize,
educate, and to train in the science of self-government”
 The American Colonial Government;
1. The Taft Commision 6. The Filipinization of the
2. Civil Government Government
3. Philippine Bill of 1902 7. Jones Law of 1916
8. Wood-Forbes Mission
4. Philippine Assembly
9. OSROX Mission
5. Resident Commisioners

 Taft Commision (March 16, 1900)

 Headed by Judge William Howard Taft
 Members;
1. Luke E. Wright
2. Henry C. Ide
3. Dean C. Worcester
4. Bernard Moses
 Known as The Second Philippine Commision
 Establish a civil government in the Philippines.
 To train the Filipinos in self-government
 $1,000,000 for building, and repairing roads and bridges.
 Arrived in Manila on June 3, 1900
 From September 1900 to August 1902, it enacted more than 400 laws
 Guided by a set of instructions issued to it on April 7, 1900 by McKinley.
 Instructions were drafted by Secretary of War, Elihu Root
 September 1901, it was expanded to include three pro-American Filipino as members.
They were:
 Establish Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera
 Benito Legarda
 Jose Luzurriaga

 Civil Government ( July 4, 1901)

 William Howard Taft as First Civil Governor – served until December 1903
 Exercised both executive and legislative functions
 His policy “the Philippines for the Filipinos” made him popular among the
Filipinos.
 Philippine Bill of 1902 (Cooper Act)
 Sponsored by U.S. Representative Henry A Cooper of Wisconsin
 July 1, 1902 passed by Congress and created the Philippine Assembly
 Key Provisions;
1. A bill of right for the Filipinos
2. The appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners to represent the
Philippines in the U.S. Congress, but without voting rights
3. The establishment of a Philippine Assembly to be elected by the Filipinos two
years after the publication of a census and only after peace has been completely
restored in the country. The Philippine Assembly would be the lower house of
the legislature while the Philippine Commission would be the upper house
4. Executive power would be exercised by the Civil Governor who would have
several executive departments under him such as Interior, Public Information,
Finance and Justice, and Commerce and Police.
5. Conservation of the country’s natural resources for the Filipinos

 Philippine Assembly
 July 30, 1907 – first free national election
 80 delegates won, most of them came from the Nacionalista Party
 October 16, 1907 – Inaugurated at the Manila Grand Opera House.
 Sergio Osmeña Sr – 1st Speaker
 Manuel L. Quezon – 1st Majority Floor Leader

 Resident Commissioners
 The Philippine Bill of 1902 gave the Filipinos the right to be represented by two Filipino
resident commissioners in the United States Congress.
 Benito Legarda
 Pablo Ocampo
 They could speak out for or against any bill in Congress affecting the Philippines.
 Manuel L. Quezon served from 1909 to 1916.
 Considered one of the greatest Filipino resident commissioners.
 Spoke out strongly against those they considered harmful to Filipino interests
 The Filipinization of the Government
 The America made it a policy to appoint qualified Filipinos to government positions.
 A number of prominent Filipinos were named to high positions
 In 1903, there were more Americans (2,777) in the government than Filipinos
(2,697).
 In 1904, the number rose to 3,377 compared to 3,228 Americans
 Cayetano Arellano – Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court
 Florentino Torres – Attorney General
 Gregorio Araneta - named Secretary of Finance and Justice in 1908

 The Jones Law of 1916

 Signed by President Woodrow Wilson on August 29, 1916
 Also known as the Philippine Autonomy Act
 Sponsored by U.S. Representative William Atkinson Jones of Virginia
 Executive Power: Governor-General (an American)
 Appointed by the President of the United States
 Legislative Power: exclusive to the Filipinos
 Created two houses
1. House of Representatives – Lower House
2. Philippine Senate – Upper House
 Judicial Power: Chief Justice (Filipino) and associate justices (Filipino and American)
 Appointed by the President of the United States.
 October 3, 1916 – election for the new Philippine Legislature
 Formerly inaugurated on October 16, 1916
 Sergio Osmeña – Speaker of the House of Representatives
 Manuel L. Quezon – President of the Senate

 The Wood-Forbes Mission

 General Leonard Wood and Gov. Gen. W. Cameron Forbes stayed in the Philippines
for 4 months.
 October 1921 – mission reported that the Filipinos were not yet prepared for
Independence and US should not yet grant Philippine Independece
 The OSROX Mission (OSmeña - ROxas)
 November 1931, Philippine Legislature sent a mission to the United States to work for
the passage of an independence law
 U.S. Senator Harry B. Hawes filed an independence bill in the U.S. Congress,
with U.S. Congressman Hare and U.S. Senator Cutting as co-sponsors.
 The bill was approved in December 1932, but President Herbert Hoover, vetoed
the bill
 Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act (January 17, 1933)
 Manuel L. Quezon (Antis) – opposed the law
 Law’s provision on trade relations were disadvantageous to Philippines
 Objected provisions the immigration of Filipinos to the US
 Objected the retention of US military bases in the Philippines
 Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas (Pros) – supported the law
 Claimed Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was the best independence law the
Filipinos could obtain from the US
 October 17, 1933 – legislature rejected the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
 The U.S. Congress enacted a new independence bill sponsored by Senator Milliard
Tydings and Representative John McDuffie
 Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 24, 1934.
 Tydings-Mcduffie Law of 1934

 The Commonwealth Government

 After the Tydings-Mcduffie Law was approved, the Americans grant the Filipinos to
create its own government under supervision of the USA
 July 30, 1934 – members of the Constitutional Convention were elected
 Claro M. Recto – elected as President and presided the Constitutional Convention

 The Commonwealth Government

 March 23, 1935 - the 1935 Philippine Constitution was approved by Pres. Franklin
Roosevelt.
 May 14, 1935, the Constitution was ratified by the Filipinos.
 The Election of President and Vice President
 September 16, 1935 – First National Election held in the Philippines for the election
of the President and Vice President of the Transitory Government
 Transitory Government – First Philippine Republic
 Manuel L. Quezon – President
 Sergio Osmeña, Sr. – Vice President
 November 15, 1935 - the Commonwealth Government together with the First
Philippine Republic was inaugurated on steps of the Legislative building in Manila

 Manuel L. Quezon (President of the First Philippine Republic)

 Served as President from 1935 to 1941
 Was re-elected as President with Sergio Osmeña, Sr as Vice President
 Cut short because of the Japanese Invasion
 “Japanese Occupation”

 World War II
 President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the time of the World War II in the Philippines
 General Douglas McArthur, presiding general during the War
 The Axis Powers that declared war on other countries;
 Germany - Adolf Hitler (Communist)
 Italy – Benito Mussolini (Fascist)
 Japane - Emperor Shöwa Hirohito (Emperor)

 Philippines Invasion of Japan

 December 8, 1941 - Pearl Harbor was bombed and prompted the U.S. to go to war
 December 9, 1941 - the attack on the Philippines by the Japanese started
 Japanese invaded the Philippines to drive out Americans in the region and take
control of the natural resources in Southeast Asia.
 December 12, 1941 - the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Java
 December 22, 1941 - the Japanese landed on Lingayen Gulf
 December 25, 1941 - General MacArthur declared Manila as an open city
 January 2, 1941 - Japanese occupied Manila

 Key Japanese Figures in the War

 Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma - commander of the Japanese 14th Army forces
na uban sa pagland sa Lingayen
 Lieutenant General Homma - declared the end of American rule in the Philippines and
imposed martial law in all occupied areas.
 January 3, 1941 - Lt. Gen. Homma issued a proclamation announcing the end of
the American occupation
 January 14, 1942 - Colonel Murosawa head of the religious section of the Japanese
Army issued a Declaration to Christians in the Philippines
 Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
 Bataan fought the Japanese
 Commemorated in Bataan for the valiant Filipinos that fought in the War
 Australia remembers the sacrifice and courage of the Filipinos that stop the
Japanese in reaching Australia and buying time until American reinforcements
arrived
 May 4, 1942 - total black out was lifted after the Fall of Bataan
 “Bataan Death March” - April 9, 1942, prisoners were told to march to Bataan 105
kilometers to the North
 April 10-15, 1942 - from Bataan to Camp O’Donnell, 7600 POWS were captured
 The Filipinos were harassed and brutalized by the Japanese Soldiers during the war
 Filipinos were forced to bow when a Japanese Soldier was passing by
 Filipino Women were sexually abused (Comfort Women)
 Collapse of the Corregidor – May 5, 1942
 “The fall of Bataan and Corregidor signified the defeat of the Philippines to the Japanese”

 Japanese Administration
 “KALIBAPI” – Kapisangan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (December 2, 1942)
 Non-political party
 June 18, 1943 - KALIBAPI members appointed a committee to nominate the
members of the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI)
 June 19, 1943 - KALIBAPI held a convention and elected 20 members of PCPI as
in-charge of framing a constitution for the formulating “Republic”
 September 4, 1943 - constitution was brought to the public
 September 7, 1943 - Ratification of the Japanese-sponsored Constitution (Preamble and
twelve articles)
 September 20, 1943 – Philippine Constitution, the KALIBAPI under the leadership of
its director general
 Jose P. Laurel - president of the new republic
 Benigno Aquino Sr. and Ramon Anancena - vice president
 2 Philippine Constitution existed during World War II;
 The Commonwealth Government (The Exiled Government)
 KALIBAPI Japanese Sponsored Constitution (The Puppet Government)
 Rules of the Japanese Administration;
 Filipinos Loyal to the Japanese Administration survived – Emilio Aguinaldo urged
fellow Filipinos to stay loyal with the Japanese Filipinos
 Filipinos that defied the Japanese Administration will be executed
  “HUKBALAHAP” (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon) - was led by Luis Tarus,
a communist party in 1939
 Communist Party
 Created in defiance of the KALIBAPI during World War II

 End of World War II

 August 1, 1944- Manuel L. Quezon died
 Sergio Osmena – took the role of President upon the Death of Quezon
 October 20, 1944 - MacArthur returned and landed on Leyte and declared Philippine
Liberation from the Japanese
 August 15, 1945 - Japanese government surrendered to the Americans after the bombing
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan
 Tokyo was proposed to be bombed as well but a General of the US disregarded the
idea as Tokyo is a recognized cultural center in Asia
 Tsutomu Yamaguchi – the Japanese who survived both the Nuclear Bombing of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 Hiroo Onoda – Continued to fight World War II after it was over for over 30 years and
held the remote island of Lubang, Philippines.

 End of the Commonwealth Government

 April 1946 - Presidential Election for the last Commonwealth President
 Manuel Roxas – President (Last President of the Commonwealth Government)
 Elpedio Quirino – Vice President
 Sergio Osmena ran for presidency upon knowing Manuel Roxas ran for presidency
for Political Reasons
 July 4, 1946 - USA representative Paul McNutt reads the Declaration of the Freedom
 KATIPUNAN

Ø Revolutionary movement
armed to fight for
freedom against Spain

Ø revolution which would

free the Philippines from
shackles of Spanish
oppression had to be
national in scope
 JULY 7, 1892

Ø It marked the end of

the peaceful campaign
for reforms and the
start of the
revolutionary
movement to gain
independence
FOUNDED REVOLUTIONARY SOCIETY

1. Andres Bonifacio 4. Teodoro Plata

2. Deodato Arellano 5. Valentin Diaz
3. Ladislao Diwa
 TRIANGLE METHOD

Ø They called the Kataas-taasang

Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan (KKK) or simply “katipunan”.
AZCARRAGA STREET IN TONDO MANILA

Ø Blood compact happened and signed their

membership with their own blood.
OBJECTIVE OF KATIPUNAN

1. Unite the Filipinos under

one flag
2. Achieve independence
by means of revolution
3. Defend the oppressed
and helped members
who are in need
 PSEUDONYM

1. Andres bonifacio a.k.a “ May Pag-asa “

2. Artemio recarte a.k.a “Vibora”
3. Emilio jacinto a.k.a ”Pingkian”
KATIPUNAN DIVIDED INTO THREE GRADES

1. FIRST GRADE (katipunan/ members)

-Black hood and with white triangle in the middle

Password: “Anak ng Bayan”

2. SECOND GRADE (kawal/ soldier)

-Green hood with white triangle and a medallion in which the
Malayan letter “K” was engraved.

Password : “GOMBURZA”

3. THIRD GRADE (bayani/ hero)

-Red hood with a green bordered sash

Password “RIZAL”
 WOMENS OF KATIPUNAN

President : Josefa Rizal

Vice- president : Gregoria de Jesus
Secretary : Marina Dizon
Fiscal : Angelica – Rizal Lopez
 THREE COUNCILS

ØBARANGAY COUNCIL- was lowest and

charge in town or municipalities

ØPROVINCIAL COUNCIL- administered

provinces

ØSUPREME COUNCIL- composed of

president, fiscal, secretary, treasurer and
comptroller
 KARTILLA / KARTILYA

Ø written by Emilio
Jacinto

Ø it is composed of 13
commandments
 KALAYAAN

Ø Newspaper of katipunan
 PSEUDONYMS
•Emilio Jacinto
-a.k.a “Dimas Ilaw”
•Andres Bonifacio
-a.k.a “Agapito Bagumbayan”
•Pio Valenzuela
-a.k.a “Madlang Awa”

MARCH 1896
ØFirst issue of kalayaan
Ø2000 copies
ØIt included articles written by Emilio jacinto,
andres bonifacio and pio Valenzuela
ØThe copies were circulated outside manila and
even reach as far as cavite and rizal
 DISCOVERY OF KATIPUNAN (DIARIO DE
MANILA)
•Teodoro Patiño
•Apolonio dela Cruz

HONORIA
•Sister of patiño
•In charge Madre Portera of the orphanage

AUGUST 19, 1896

•Patiño revealed the secret of katipunan to
Father Mariano Gil
FORT SANTIAGO
-Massive arrest of suspected members of
katipunan
AUGUST 23, 1896
-All katipuneros met at Pugadlawin at the
place of Juan Ramos(son of Melchora Aquino)
CRY OF PUGADLAWIN
-They tore their cedulas and shouted “Long
Live Philippine Independence”
It marked the revolution against Spain in 1896
FIRST FILIPINO- SPANISH ENCOUNTER
- August 30 1896 (San Juan del Monte )
AUGUST 30, 1896
- Governor General Ramon Blanco, declared
the eight provinces in Luzon under martial law

PROVINCES UNDER MARTIAL LAW

§Manila
§Nueva Ecija
§Laguna
§Pampanga
§Bulacan
§Tarlac
§Cavite
§Batangas

§MANUELAPABUTACABA –Acronym of the above

provinces that signifies the eight rayed sun of the
Philippine Flag.
The rebel faction in cavite:
MAGDALO FACTION
- believed in the leadership of Emilio
Aguinaldo
MAGDIWANG FACTION
- Followers of Andres Bonifacio

The most controversial political showdown for

leadership in the Philippine history was that
between Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo.
When the dust settled in the final stage of their
conflict and power struggle in 1897, Bonifacio, the
supremo, was treacherously captured and later,
executed by Aguinaldo’s men.
TEJEROS CONVENTION
Officers of revolutionary government
President : Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice president : Mariano Trias
Captain general : Artemio Ricarte
Director of war : Emilio Riego de Dios
Director of interior : Andres Bonifacio

DANIEL TIRONA- argued about the position of

bonifacio , an insult.
NAIC DECLARATION

Bonifacio and Procopio- arrested and wounded

Ciriaco- killed durng the encounter

The three advised Gneral Emilio Aguinaldo to let

the courts order for Bonifacios’ execution to
stand.
1. Clement Zulueta
2. Gen. Mariano Noreal
3. Baldomero Aguinaldo

April 29- may 4 1897

- Trial lasted

May 8, 1897
- Converted death penalty to banishment
May 10 1897
- Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were
shot at mount Tala in Cavite
ESTABLISHMENT OF BIAK NA BATO REPUBLIC

In June 1897 the province of Cavite was under

control of Governo-General Primo de Rivera. And
because of this general Aguinaldo force to transfer
his headquarters to Talisay, Batangas and joined
force with General Miguel Malvar. From there he
went to Bulacan and established his headquarters
in Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel de Payumo. Later, they
established Biak-na-Bato Republic.
November 1, 1897
§Ratified the constitution
§Written by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho
§Based on the Cuban Constitution
§According to the constitution, a supreme council
would be formed composed of president, vice
president, secretary of war and secretary of
treasury.

November 2, 1897
- Election of supreme council officials

President : Emilio Aguinaldo

Secretary of foreign affairs: Antonio Montenegro
Secretary of interior : Isabelo Artacho
Secretary of war : Emiliano Riego de Dios
Secretary of treasury : Baldomero Aguinaldo
PACT OF BIAK NA BATO
- Gov. General Primo de Rivera and other
government officials accept the fact that they could
no longer stop the revolution so they decided to
negotiate for peace.

PEDRO PATERNO
- A Spanish Filipino who offered the act of
mediator between the revolutionaries and the
Spanish authorities.
- Through Paterno an agreement was drawn.
There were three documents which comprises the
agreement.

November 18 1897- first document was signed

December 14- second document
December 15- third document
The pact provided for the cessation of the
revolution. Aguinaldo and the other rebel
leaders would leave the country voluntary while
the other rebel leaders would leave the country
voluntarily while the other rebels would
surrender their arms to the Spanish authorities.
In return, Spain would pay a total indemnity of
900,000php for non-combatants and
800,000php for the rebels payable as follows:

1. 400,000php to be paid as soon as Aguinaldo and

company left the country
2. 200,000php to be given after the majority of the
arms were surrender
3. 200,000php to be given after all hostilities
ceased and general amnesty was proclaimed
December 1897
- Aguinaldo and his group left for Hong Kong
as provided in the Pact of Biak na Bato.
 Emilio Aguinaldo Returns from Exile

Newspaper
Ø InØApril of katipunan
1898, the United States declared war on
Spain. The Americans defeated the Spaniards in
the Battle of Manila Bay May 1, 1898.

Ø In HongKong, Aguinaldo decided to return to

the Philippines to continue the fight against the
Spaniards.

Ø May 1898, Aguinaldo returned to the

Philippines and established a dictatorial
government under his leadership.
Ø June 12, 1898, in Kawit Cavite in front of his
ancestral house, he proclaimed the
independence of the Philippines where the
Philippine National Flag was raised and the
Philippine National Anthem was also played.

Ø After the declaration of Independence, the

dictatorial government was change to Philippine
Revolutionary Government upon the advise of
Apolinario Mabini.
 The Malolos Republic

ØAfter the Philippine Revolutionary Government

Ø Newspaper
was established of katipunan
by Emilio Aguinaldo then he called
for a Constitutional Convention in Malolos Bulacan
in order to create a new constitution.

ØJanuary 21, 1899, the Malolos Constitution was

approved by Emililo Aguinaldo.

ØJanuary 23, 1899, the Malolos Republic was

inaugurated in which Emilio Aguinaldo became the
President. The inauguration was held in Barasoain
Church in Malolos Bulacan.
Ø Emilio Aguinaldo became the First President of
the Philippines under Malolos Republic, Antonio
Luna was the Commanding General of the
Philippine Revolutionary Army.
 Filipino – American War

ØFebruary 4, 1899 – tensions between the

Ø Newspaper
American of katipunan
forces in Manila and the revolutionary
militia eventually erupted in their confrontation at
San Juan Bridge. This signaled the beginnig of the
Filipino-American War.

Ø Emilio Aguinaldo declared war against the

American authority

ØDecember 2, 1899, the “Battle of Tirad Pass”. Gen.

Gregorio “Goyo” del Pilar defended tirad pass
against the American soldiers in order to let Pres.
Emilio Aguinaldo escape.
 Ø Gregorio and his men died during the battle
in Tirad Pass.

Ø March 1901 – Emilio Aguinaldo and his men

were captured in his camp at Isabela Province.
He was grought to Malacañang as a prisoner but
after he took an oath to the Americans he was
released.

Ø Summer of 1902, Gen. Miguel Melvar

surrendered to the Americans that leads to the
end of Filipino-American hostilities.
The members were from the
middle class families
representing the group of
Filipino Intelegencia.
The Propagandists
 were patriots who waged their
movement by means of pen and
tongue to expose the defects of
Spanish rule in the Philippines
and the urgency of reforms to
remedy them.
 They were scions of good
families, highly intelligent, educated,
patriotic, and courageous, who
symbolized the flower of Filipino
manhood.
Foreign Friends of the
Propaganda Movement

Foreigners who were lovers of

freedom and justice.
supported the Filipinos’
campaign for reforms

3
 Foreign Friends of Who’s who?
the PM
 Austrian professor, scholar
 Dr.Rizal’s bestfriend
 Praised Noli and Fili and
wrote a “Prologue” to Rizal’s
annotated edition of Morga’s
Ferdinand Blumentritt Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
(Pris, 1890)

 One of the liberal Spaniards

Don Juan Atayde who aided Filipino propagandist
 Foreign Friends of Who’s who?
the PM

Founded the Circulo Hispano-

Filipino in September 1882 (a civic
association of Spaniards and Filipinos
… in Madrid)
 Published the newspaper
Revisa del Circulo Hispano-
Filipino

 Statesman, historian and

journalist
Miguel Morayta  Rizal’s professor at the
Central University of Madrid
 Foreign Friends of
Who’s who?
the PM

Former president of the

Francisco Pi y Margall
First Spanish Republic

A journalist
Emilio Junoy
Member of the Cortes

 Parliamentarian
Manuel Ruiz Zorilla  Leader of the Spanish
Republican Party 6
La Solidaridad, Organ of the
Propaganda Movement
 a newspaper founded by
Graciano Lopez Jaena in
Barcelona on February 15, 1889.

 La Solidaridad was created due

to the reality that mass media is
important in propagating the
Propaganda objectives.
 Aims of
La Solidaridad
(from Jaena’s editorial)

1) to portray vividly the 4) to advocate

deplorable condition of liberal ideas and
the Philippines, progress
2) to work peacefully for 5) to champion
the political and social the legitimate
reforms, aspirations of the
3) to combat the evil Filipino people for
forces of medieval- democracy and
happiness.
…La Solidaridad, Organ of
the Propaganda Movement

 La Solidaridad was printed in:

Barcelona (Feb. 15-Oct. 31, 1889)
Madrid (Nov. 15-Nov. 15, 1895)

 On Dec. 15, 1889, M.H. del

Pilar replaced G.L. Jaena as its
editor.
Contributors of La
Solidaridad
 Contributors of La
Solidaridad (Foreigner)
…La Solidaridad, Organ of
the Propaganda Movement
“We are persuaded that there are no
sacrifices that are too little to win the
rights and the liberty of a nation that is
oppressed by slavery.”
(M.H. del Pilar’s farewell editorial)

 The publication ended on

Nov. 15, 1895 after an existence
of seven years.
Masonry and the
Propaganda Movement

 Many Filipino patriots became

masons (del Pilar, Jaena, Rizal,
Ponce) because they needed the
help of the masons in Spain and in
other foreign countries for their
fight for reforms.

14
...Masonry and the
Propaganda Movement

Revolucion- 1st Filipino Masonic lodge

founded by Jaena in Barcelona
- recognized on April 1889 by
Grande Oriental Español headed by Don
Miguel Morayta
- died out on Nov. 29, 1890 after
Lopez Jaena resigned as worshipful master.
…Masonry and the
Propaganda Movement

Lodge Solidaridad- organized by M.H. del Pilar

and Julio Llorante in Madrid
- recognized on May 1890 by Grande
Oriental Español
- Llorante (Worshipful Master)
- prospered so it was joined in by
other Filipinos (Rizal, Pedro Serrano Baldomero
Roxas, Galicano Apacible, etc.)
…Masonry and the
Propaganda Movement

Lodge Nilad- 1st Filipino Masonic lodge

- founded by Serrano Laktaw in Manila
on January 6, 1892.

☻Filipino Masonic lodges in Spain and in

Philippines raised the needed funds to finance the
campaign for reforms in Spain.
Asociacion Hispano-Filipina
(Hispano-Philippine Association)

• Purpose: secure reforms for the

Philippines
• President: Don Miguel Morayta
• V-president: Gen. Felipe dela Corte
• Secretary: Dominador Gomez
• Members: all Filipinos in Europe,
prominent scholars, statesmen of
other nationalities.
...Asociacion Hispano-Filipina
(Hispano-Philippine Association)

3 Sections:
1.) Political Section (M.H. del Pilar)
2.) Literary Section (M. Ponce)
3.) Recreation Section (Tomas Arejola)
Liga Filipina
(Philippine League)

- a Filipino civic association

 founded by Jose Rizal on July 3, 1892
in a house at Ilaya St., Tondo

 its constitution was written by Jose

Rizal, helped by Jose Ma. Basa
…Liga Filipina
(Philippine League)

“Unus Instar Omnium”

“One Like All”

* motto *
…Liga Filipina
(Philippine League)

Aims:
1. Union of the Archipelago into a
compact, vigorous, and
homogeneous body.
2. Mutual protection in all cases of
pressing necessity.
. . .
…Liga Filipina
(Philippine League)

. . .
3. Defense against all violence and
injustice.
4. Encouragement of education,
agriculture, and commerce.
5. Study and application of reforms.
…Liga Filipina
(Philippine League)

☻ President: Ambrosio Salvador

☻ Fiscal: Agustin dela Rosa
☻ Treasurer: Bonifacio Arevalo
☻ Secretary: Deodato Arellano
…Liga Filipina
(Philippine League)

Members:
☺ Andress Bonifacio
☺ Apolinario Mabini
☺ Mamerto Natividad
☺ Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
☺ Moises Salvador
. . .
…Liga Filipina
(Philippine League)

. . .
☺ Jose A. Dizon
☺ Domingo Franco
☺ Timoteo Paez
☺ Arcadio del Rosario
☺ Numeriano Andriano
☺ Timoteo Lanuza
…Liga Filipina
(Philippine League)

 However, three days after the

founding of Liga Filipina, Rizal was
arrested by order of Governor General
Despujol
 On July 6, 1892, Rizal was exiled to
Dapitan-known to be the Liga Filipina’s
collapse.
End of Propaganda Movement

 Rizal’s arrest to Dapitan marks the

end of the Propaganda movement.
 Radical members like Andres
Bonifacio separated from the
movement, believing that it was
useless to expect reforms from the
Spaniards.
…End of Propaganda
Movement

(…Los Compromisarios)
-among the active members were:
• Apolinario Mabini
• Domingo Franco
• Numeriano Andriano
• Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
• Timoteo Paez (..etc...)
…End of Propaganda
Movement

For lack of funds, La Solidaridad

died out after its last issue on
November 15, 1895.

With the demise of the La

Solidaridad, the Propaganda
Movement consequently ended.
…End of Propaganda
Movement

The Propaganda Movement failed,

but the ideas of freedom and justice
which it sowed paved the ground for
the Philippine Revolution that the
Katipunan and Andres Bonifacio
began in the hills of Balintawak in
August 1896.
Pen Names of the Members
Marcelo H. Del Pilar- Plaridel
Jose Rizal- Laong Laan and Dimasalang. He
was executed at Bagumbayan on
December 30, 1896.
Mariano Ponce- Naning, Tikbalang
or Kalipulako
Antonio Luna- Taga-ilog
Jose Ma. Panganiban- Jomapa
Dominador Gomez- Ramiro Franco
Philippine Revolution - Early Filipino Revolts
(1565-1892)
The Filipinos began to fight the
Spaniards the moment they
settled permanently in 1565 and
continued this resistance to the
end of their rule in 1898.

In October 1889, a group of

ilustrados in Paris, signing
themselves as the “Filipinos”.

The Philippine Revolt patterns

must be treated holistically and
not separately.
 Personal and
religious

Resistance to
Spanish-
Revolts are
imposed
categorized into
economic and
three
religious
institutions

Land problems
Personal Motives
 The revolts were personally led by former
barangay datus and maharlikas, as well as
babaylans and katalonas, who had lost their
prestige and power in their communities with
the coming of the Spaniards, and were
supplanted by leaders chosen by the Spaniards
and by the Spanish friars.

 Lakandula and Soliman Revolt in 1574 due to

sequestration of their landed properties and
even toleration of the encomendero’s abuse
and oppression of their people.
 The conspiracy of the maharlikas headed by
Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan.

 In 1621-22, an outlawed babaylan, Tamblot of

Bohol employed magic and religion in alluring
the unbelieving people to abandon Christianity
and to return to their former beliefs. In no time,
he was crushed by Juan de Alcarazo, alcalde
mayor of Cebu.

 The rebellion in Carigara (Leyte), led by

Bankaw, Datu of Limasawa
 Francisco Dagohoy’s revolt in Bohol. This was
the longest revolt in Philippine history taking
85 years to quell (1744- 1829).

 Silang Revolt in Ilocos

 Palaris Revolt in Pangasinan

 Magtangaga Revolt in Cagayan

Religious Motives
 Two Christianized Isnegs of Northwest
Cagayan, Miguel Lanab and Alalaban of
Capinatan (Apayao), revolted in 1625, by
mutilating and beheading the Dominicans Fr.
Alonzo Garcia and Bro. Onofre Palao.

 A nativist revolt with religious overtones was

led by Tapar in Oton, Iloilo, whom proclaimed
himself, “God Almighty”.
 The Magtangaga Revolt in Cagayan in October
1718 led by Francisco Rivera, a vissionary who
appropriated for himself the title of “Papa Rey”.

 Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz’s revolt which

was divided into two phases: phase 1 from
1832- 1841 was from the founding of the
Confradia de San Jose in 1832 to the death of
Dela Cruz in 1841, and phase 2 from 1870- 71,
with the revival of the Confradia in 1870,
terminating with the revolt and capture of
Januario Labios in 1871.
Resistance to Spanish- Imposed
Institutions

 Among the major rebellions belonging to this

class were those in the late 16th century led by
Magalat of Cagayan, the Sumodoy and the
CARAGA revolts in the 17th century.
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt
Lakandula 1574 Tondo, Failure of Gov. Lakandula Failed
Navotas Lavezares to
fulfill Legazpis’
promise to
Lakandula

Pampanga 1585 Pampanga Abuses of Failed. A

Spanish woman
Encomiendero betrayed the
s revolt.
Tondo 1587- Tondo, Desire for Magat Failed
1588 Cuyo, Independence Salamat, because the
Calamianes Martin plot was
Pangan, discovered.
Juan Banal, Leaders
Pedro were
Balingit executed.
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt
Cagayan- 1589 Cagayan, Refusal to pay Failed.
Ilocos Ilocos tributes, Easily
Norte tyranny of suppressed.
tribute
collectors
Magalat 1596 Cagayan Abuses of the Magalat Failed. Hired
Tribute Assasins
Collectors killed the
Magalat.
Igorot 1601 Northern Desire for Failed
Luzon religious
toleration
Irrayas 1621 Cagayan Oppression of Felipe It was not
Valley the Indios by Cutabay, materialized
the Spanish Gabriel due to Fr.
officials Dayag Pedro Sto.
Tomas
preaching.
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt
Tamblot 1621- Bohol Desire to Babaylan It was
1622 abandon Tamblot suppressed
Christianity and by the
return to old Spaniards
religious faith and
Cebuanos.
Bankaw 1621 Leyte Desire for Bankaw Failed
Religious Pagali
Toleration
Cagayan 1625, Cagayan Desire for Miguel Failed.
1627, independence Lanab, Leaders
1639 and punishment Aldaban were
of a woman pardoned
whom and later
displeases killed when
certain Spanish they
officials revolted
anew.
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt
Caraga 1629- Caraga, Dissatisfaction Failed
1631 Northern of
Mindanao townspeople
to Spanish rule
Cagayan 1639 Cagayan Dissatisfaction It was
with Spanish suppressed.
rule
Ladia 1643 Malolos, Weariness Pedro Failed
Bulacan and from Spanish Ladia
Southern oppression
Luzon
Visayan 1649- Eastern Caused by Juan Ponce Leaders
1650 Visayas, Gov. Fajardo’s Sumoroy were
Northern order to send and Pedro captured
Mindanao, Visayan Caamug and were
Zamboanga laborers tyo beheaded.
Cavite for
shipbuilding
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt

Pampanga 1660- Bacoor, Failure of Francisco General

1661 Cavite and officials to pay Maniago amnesty
Pampanga rice purchased; granted to
repeated rebels. Initial
requirements payment for
for polo y services.
servico
Pangasinan 1660- Binalatongan, Quarrel Andres Failed
1661 Pangasinan between Fr. Malong
Gorospe and and Pedro
Malong Gumpaos
Ilocos 1661 San Nicolas, Spanish Juan Failed.
Bacarra, aggression Magsanop, Leaders
Laog, Ilocos Pedro were
Almazan executed.
and
Gaspar
Cristobal
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt

Panay 1663 Oton, Desire to put up Tapar It was

Panay a modified form suppressed.
of Christianity
Agrarian 1745- Bulacan, Usurpation of Matienza Failed
1746 Morong Filipino lands
(Rizal), by religious
Cavite, orders
Laguna
Dagohoy 1744- Bohol Refusal of Fr. Francisco Failed but
1828 Morales to give Dagohoy rebels were
Dagohoy’s pardoned.
brother a
Christian Burial
Silang 1762- Ilocos Desire to expel Diego Failed.
1763 the Spaniards silang and Diego was
from Ilocos Gabriela assasinated .
Silang
Name of Date Place Cause Leader Result
Revolt

Palaris 1762- Pangasina Demand for reforms Juan Dela Failed.

especially the
1765 n Cruz Palaris was
changing of local
officials Palaris executed
Basi 1807 Ilocos Government Pedro Failed.
monopoly of basi
Mateo Rebels were
manufacturing
crushed by
government
troops.
Hermano 1840- Quezon Being a native, Pule Apolinario Failed
was denied to be
Pule 1841 Province dela Cruz
admitted as a monk.
He founded the
religious
brotherhood,
Confradia De San
Jose, which the
government
outlawed and
ordered to be
dissolved.
Moro Resistance
 Most united groups were the Muslims.
 They were bounded by Islam.
 Continuous military expeditions failed to
subdue them. They fought back by raiding the
coastal towns under Spain.
Why all these revolts failed?
Absence of national leader

Lukewarm spirit of
nationalism among Filipinos

Inadequate training and

preparation for warfare
 What is Nationalism?

It is the love of one’s country and people.

It is a feeling of oneness that binds the people
to a common past and a common identity.
It includes pride in one’s cultural heritage,
support for the country’s aspirations,
patriotism and advocacy of national
independence.
What facilitated the
development of Filipino
nationalism?
 Factors that gave birth to
Philippine Nationalism
1. The influx of liberal ideas (from
abroad)
2. The Spanish Revolution (1868)
3. The opening of the Suez Canal (1869)
4. THE MARTYRDOM OF FATHERS
GOMEZ, BURGOS AND ZAMORA
 Factors that gave birth to
Philippine Nationalism
5. Introduction of modern technology
6. The rise of new middle class-
occupied a high position in society
because of their wealth and prestige.
They also criticized the unequal
treatment of the Spaniards to the
Filipinos.
 Factors that gave birth to
Philippine Nationalism
7. Secularization Issue
 Two kinds of priest during the Spanish
Regime
a) Regular - Spanish priests who belong to
any of the religious orders.
b) Secular - Priest who obtained their
religious training in the Philippines who
were under the direct control of the
bishops and archbishops.
 Factors that gave birth to
Philippine Nationalism
8. Cavite Mutiny- Soldiers and workers at
the Cavite Arsenal rebelled against the
withdrawal of their privileges of non-
payment of taxes and exemption from
forced labor.
9. Disillusionment over Spanish rule-
common sufferings under tyrannical rule
of the Spaniards fostered a feeling of unity
among Filipinos
 The
Propaganda
Movement
Propaganda is a concerted set of
messages aimed at influencing
the opinions or behavior of large
numbers of people.

It was not a radical agitation to

overthrow Spanish rule by a bloody
revolution but instead it was a
peaceful campaign.
Rise of the Propaganda Movement

 It began in 1872, when Fathers

Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora were executed at the
Luneta.
 The Filipino exiles of 1872 and many
patriotic students abroad met in Hong
Kong, Singapore, Barcelona, Madrid,
Paris, London and other foreign cities.
 Work of promoting the welfare and
happiness of the fatherland.

Aggressively but peacefully, by

means of writing and speeches, they
crusaded for reforms to rectify the
evils of the Spanish colonial system.
 Reforms Desired by the
Propaganda Movement

1) Equality of the Filipinos and

Spaniards before the laws.

2) Assimilation of the Philippines as

a regular province of Spain.

3) Restoration of the Philippine

representation in the Spanish
Cortes.
 …Reforms…

4) Filipinization of the Philippine

parishes and expulsion of the
friars.

5) Human rights for Filipinos, such

as freedom of speech, freedom
of the press, and freedom to
meet and petition for redress of
grievances.
 SPANISH
EXPEDITIONS TO
THE PHILIPPINES
 In the 15th century, Philippines was invaded by Spain
and reigned over the Philippines for 333 years, from
1565 to 1898. Their coming changed our history
because of
THREE REASONS:

1. Through Spain, we became CATHOLIC.

2. We got new and more advanced culture from

Europe and Mexico.

3. But for the first time, WE LOST OUR FREEDOM

or INDEPENDENCE.
 THE MAGELLAN
EXPEDITION
Ferdinand Magellan,
a Portuguese in the
service of the Spanish
crown, was looking for
a westward route to the
to the Spice Islands of
Indonesia.
 THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION

 On March 16, 1521,

Magellan's
expedition landed on
Homonhon island in
the Philippines. He
was the first
European to reach
the islands.

4
 THE MAGELLAN
EXPEDITION
 Rajah Humabon of
Cebu was friendly with
Magellan and
embraced Christianity,
but their enemy, Lapu-
Lapu was not.
Humabon wanted
Magellan to kill Lapu-
Lapu while Magellan
wanted to convert
Lapu-Lapu into
Christianity.
5
 THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION

 On April 27, 1521,

Magellan sailed to
Mactan and ensuing
battle killed
Magellan by the
natives lead by Lapu-
Lapu.
 THE MAGELLAN
EXPEDITION
 Out of the five ships
and more than 300
men who left on the
Magellan expedition
in 1519, only one ship
(the Victoria) and 18
men returned to
Seville, Spain on
September 6, 1522.
 THE MAGELLAN
EXPEDITION
 Nevertheless, the
said expedition was
considered historic
because it marked
the first
circumnavigation of
the globe and proved
that the world was
round.
 THE MAGELLAN
EXPEDITION
 Juan Sebastian de
Elcano, the master of
ship "Concepcion"
took over the
command of the
expedition after the
death of Magellan
and captained the
ship "Victoria" back
to Spain.
 THE MAGELLAN
EXPEDITION
 He and his men
earned the
distinction of being
the first to
circumnavigate the
world in one full
journey. After
Magellan's death in
Cebu, it took 16 more
months for Elcano to
return to Spain.
SPAIN SENDS
OTHER
EXPEDITION
SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION

 Afterthe Spain had celebrated Elcano’s

return, King Charles I decided that Spain
should conquer the Philippines. Five
subsequent expeditions were then sent
to the Islands.
SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION

Garcia Jofre
Loaisa (1525)
SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION

Sebastian Cabot
(1526)
SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION

Alvarode
Saavedra (1527)
SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION

Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos (1542)
SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION

Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi (1564)
Only the last two actually reached the Philippines;
and only Legazpi succeeded in colonizing the
Islands.
The Villalobos
Expedition
THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION

 Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos set sail for
the Philippines from
Navidad, Mexico on
November 1, 1542.
THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION

 He followed the route

taken by Magellan and
reached Mindanao on
February 2, 1543. He
established a colony in
Sarangani but could
not stay long because
of insufficient food
supply.
THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION

 Hisfleet left the

island and landed on
Tidore in the
Moluccas, where
they were captured
by the Portuguese.
THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION

 Villalobosis
remembered for
naming our country
“Islas Filipinas,” in
honor of King Charles’
son, Prince Philip,
who later became
king of Spain.
The Legazpi
Expedition
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION

 Since none of the

expedition after
Magellan from Loaisa
to Villalobos had
succeeded in taking
over the Philippines,
King Charles I
stopped sending
colonizers to the
Islands.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
 However, when Philip II
succeeded his father to
the throne in 1556, he
instructed Luis de
Velasco, the viceroy of
Mexico, to prepare a
new expedition – to be
headed by Miguel Lopez
de Legazpi, who would
be accompanied by
Andres de Urdaneta, a
priest who had survived
the Loaisa mission.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
 On February 13, 1565,
Legazpi's expedition
landed in Cebu island.
After a short struggle
with the natives, he
proceeded to Leyte, then
to Camiguin and to Bohol.
There Legaspi made a
blood compact with the
chieftain, Datu Sikatuna
as a sign of friendship.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
 Legazpi was able to
obtain spices and
gold in Bohol due to
his friendship with
Sikatuna. On April 27,
1565, Legazpi
returned to Cebu;
destroyed the town of
Raja Tupas and
establish a settlement.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION

 On orders of the King

Philip II, 2,100 men
arrived from Mexico.
They built the port of
Fuerza de San Pedro
which became the
Spanish trading
outpost and
stronghold for the
region.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION

 Hearing of the riches

of Manila, an
expedition of 300
men headed by
Martin de Goiti left
Cebu for Manila.
They found the
islands of Panay and
Mindoro. Goiti
arrived in Manila on
May 8, 1570.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
 Atfirst they were
welcomed by the
natives and formed
an alliance with Rajah
Suliman, their Muslim
king but as the locals
sensed the true
objectives of the
Spaniards, a battle
between the troops of
Suliman and the
Spaniards erupted.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION

 Because the
Spaniards are more
heavily armed, the
Spaniards were able
to conquer Manila.
Soon after Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi
arrived to join Goiti
in Manila.
 THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
 Legaspi built alliances
and made peace with
Rajahs Suliman,
Lakandula and Matanda.
In 1571, Legaspi
ordered the
construction of the
walled city of
Intramuros and
proclaimed it as the
seat of government of
the colony and the
capital of the islands.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
 In1572, Legaspi died
and was buried at the
San Agustin Church in
Intramuros. In 1574,
Manila was bestowed
the title "Insigne y
Siempre Leal Ciudad
de España"
(Distinguished and ever
loyal city of Spain) by
King Philip II of Spain.
 Why the
Philippines was
easily conquered?
 WHY THE PHILIPPINES
WAS EASILY CONQUERED

 The barangays were scattered and

were not united by a integrative
political or religious system (only
Mindanao and Sulu because of
religious reasons were not
conquered)
 WHY THE PHILIPPINES
WAS EASILY CONQUERED

Diversity of language which resulted to

lack of communication among ethics
areas;
 WHY THE PHILIPPINES
WAS EASILY CONQUERED

 Willingnessto cooperate with the

Spaniards (as manifested by numerous
blood compacts and treaties of
friendship between Filipinos and
Spaniards)
 WHY THE PHILIPPINES
WAS EASILY CONQUERED

 Superiority of Spanish arms and in art of

warfare.
System of Government “PHILIPPINES
 Centralized form of
UNDER IMPERIAL
government.
 Frailocracia
SPAIN”
Religion
 Christianity's Introduction

Social Structures
Principalia
 Ilustrados

Educational System
 Educational Decree 1863

 focused on the

Christian Doctrines
System of Writing
 Latin alphabet
 Economy
The Spaniards implemented economic programs which are
mainly about land ownership and taxes. The programs are
encomienda, hacienda, imposition of different kinds of taxes,
galleon trade, monopoly and polo y servicios.

Encomienda
The encomienda is a land ownership system with the use of
titulo as proof of ownership. These are the lands given by the
King of Spain to its soldiers who joined the military expeditions.
The landlords are called
encomendero. They are the ones who
collect the taxes or rent from the
residents of their land. It is his
obligation to protect the residents from
any danger or threat like bandits and
invaders. But as depicted in the
41
picture, the contrary was happening.
 Taxation
To support the colony, several forms of taxes and
monopolies were imposed.
Direct:
The tithe is the payment of the
10% of an individual’s annual
income to the government. The
sanctorum is the tax being paid
as support to the church. The
tribute(buwis) is the tax or rent
given to the landlord a resident is
under. It may be in cash or in
kind (tobacco,chickens, produce,
gold, blankets, cotton, rice, etc.,
depending on the region of the
country), fixed at 8 reales and
later increased to 15 reales.
42
 Tribute = 10 reales
Diezmos prediales (tithes or 1/10) = 1 real
Treasury = 1 real
Sanctorum tax (church tax) = 3 reales
All in all, an average Filipino will pay 15 reales.

Indirect
Also collected was the bandalâ, an annual enforced sale
and requisitioning of goods such as rice. Custom duties
and income tax were also collected.

By 1884, the tribute was replaced by the Cedula personal,

wherein colonists were required to pay for personal
identification. Everyone over the age of 18 was obliged to
pay. The local gobernadorcillos had been responsible for
collection of the tribute. Under the cedula system, however,
taxpayers were individually responsible to Spanish
authorities for payment of the tax, and were subject to
summary arrest for failure to show a cedula 43receipt.
 Forced Labor Polo y servicio is the
(Polo y servicio) forced labor for 40 days of
men ranging from 16 to 60
years of age who were
obligated to give personal
services to community
projects. One could be
exempted from polo by
paying the falla, a daily fine of
one and a half real.
In 1884, labor was reduced
to 15 days. The polo system
was patterned after the
Mexican repartimento,
selection for forced labor
44
 Manila-Acapulco
Galleon Trade
The Manila-Acapulco
Galleon Trade was the
main source of income
for the colony during its
early years. Service was
inaugurated in 1565 and
continued into the early
19th century.
The Galleon trade brought silver from New Spain and silk
from China by way of Manila. This way, the Philippines
earned its income through buy and sell - that is, they
bought silk from China for resale to New Spain and then
bought American silver for resale to China.
45
 The trade was very prosperous. But It neglected the
development of the colony's local industries which
affected the Indios since agriculture was their main
source of income. In addition, the building and operation
of galleons put too much burden on the colonists' annual
polo y servicio, resulted in cultural and commercial
exchanges between Asia and the Americas that led to the
introduction of new crops and animals to the Philippines
notably tobacco that gave the colony its first
real income which
benefit extended to the
common Indio.
The trade lasted for
over two hundred years,
and ceased in 1821 with
the secession of
American colonies from
Spain.
46
 Royal Company of
the Philippines
March 10, 1785, Charles III created the Royal Philippine
Company with a 25 year charter.

It was granted exclusive monopoly of bringing to Manila,

Philippines; Chinese and Indian goods and shipping them
directly to Spain via the Cape of Good Hope.

It was stiffly objected by the Dutch and English who saw it
as a direct attack on their trade of Asian goods.

It was also vehemently opposed by the traders of the

Galleon trade who saw it as competition. This gradually
resulted into the death of both institutions: The Royal
Philippine Company in 1814 and the Galleon trade47 in 1815.
 Philippine Economy under Spain
The country under Spain was economically under
developed. The Philippines was an economic burden to
Spain that caused an annual deficit to the Spanish
coffers.
The founding of the Economic Society of Friends of
the Country helped in the agricultural advancement of
the country.
The Tobacco Monopoly made the Philippines the
greatest tobacco-growing country in the Orient. All
farmers had a quota of tobacco to raise annually and all
were sold to the Government.
Spanish policies imposed here were not that helpful
for the Filipinos and most government officials were of
Spanish by blood and Filipinos were the ones made to
work tedious jobs.
48
 There were many changes in the Filipino society during
the Spanish colonization.

Spanish authorities did not show any sign of fairness

towards the Filipinos especially in the division of
responsibilities in polo y servicio. Because of this
irresponsibility, Filipinos still work apart from their allotted
time for work.

Filipinos who were working in the Galleon Trade

experienced misfortune because of the heavy loads
Spanish authorities were asking of them. As a result, many
workers died and later on separated families because of
poverty being experienced.

49
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT UNDER SPAIN

Spain
established ONE CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT in the Philippines.

Many independent barangays of our

ancestors disappeared. One government alone
ruled most of the country. Thus, for the first time
in history, we became united as one nation called
“FILIPINAS”. The rest of the world came to know
our country by that name.

50
Since Spain was far from the
country, the Spanish king
ruled the Islands through the
viceroy of Mexico, which was
then another Spanish colony.

KING OF SPAIN

VICEROY OF MEXICO

PHILIPPINES
When Mexico regained its freedom in 1821, the Spanish
king ruled the Philippines through a Governor General.

KING OF SPAIN

GOVERNOR GENERAL

PHILIPPINES
 KING OF SPAIN
THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH THE JUDICIAL BRANCH

(Governor General) (Royal Audencia, Residencia,
Lower Courts, Governor-General)

PROVINCIAL PROVINCIAL CITY GOVERNMENT

GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT AYUNTAMIENTO
ALCALDIA CORRIGIMIENTO (Cabildo)
(Alcalde Mayor) (Corregidor)
PUEBLOS OR TOWNS CABILDO
(Gobernadorcillos) City Council

•ALCALDE
•REGIDORES
BARRIOS •AGUACIL MAYOR
(Cabeza de Barangay) •ESCRIBANDO

BARRIOS
(Cabeza de Barangay)
THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE

Spain established a centralized

colonial government in the Philippines that
was composed of a NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT and the LOCAL
GOVERNMENTS that administered
provinces, cities, towns and municipalities.

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT:

maintained peace and order

collected taxes
built schools and other public works
 THE GOVERNOR GENERAL

The King's representative and the highest-

ranking official in the Philippines.

He had GREAT POWERS. He had the power to

appoint and dismiss public officials, except those
personally chosen by the King. He was the
commander in chief of the colonial armed forces.

He was also the president of the Royal Audencia.

(Like the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court today)
 There were 115 Spanish Governor-Generals in our country

The first one was Miguel Lopez

de Legazpi (1565-1572) and
the last was Diego de los Rios
(1898)

Diego de los Rios Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

The Governor General and other government
officials had so much power that it was
commonly abused.

To investigate the abuses, there were

bodies created:

THE RESIDENCIA

THE VISITA THE ROYAL AUDENCIA

 THE RESIDENCIA

This was a special judicial court that investigates

the performance of a Governor General who was
about to be replaced.

The Residencia, of which

the incoming Governor
General was usually a
member, submitted a report
of its findings to the King.
 THE VISITA

The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a

government official called the VISITADOR
GENERAL to observe conditions in the colony.

The Visitador General

reported his findings
directly to the king.
 Served as an advisory body
to the Governor General.
Had the power to check and
report on his abuses.
The Audiencia also audited
the expenditures of the
colonial government.
Sent a yearly report to
Spain.
The Archbishop and other
government officials could
also report the abuses of the
colonial government.

The highest court in the land during the Spanish times.

THE ROYAL AUDENCIA

 THE PROVINCIAL
GOVERNMENT
The Spaniards created Local Government Units (LGU) for
the provinces. There were two types of local government
units:

ALCALDIA CORRIGIMIENTO

Alcalde Mayor Corregidor

Though they were paid a small salary, they enjoyed
privileges such as the INDULTO DE COMERCIO
or the right to participate in the GALLEON TRADE.
 THE PROVINCIAL
GOVERNMENT

The ALCADIA, led by the Alcalde Mayor

governed the provinces.

DUTIES OF THE ALCALDE MAYOR:

 They represented the Spanish king and the

Governor-General
 They managed the day-to-day operations of
the provincial government
 Implemented laws and supervised the
collection of taxes
 THE PROVINCIAL
GOVERNMENT

The CORREGIMIENTO, headed by

Corregidor governed the provinces that
were not yet entirely under Spanish
control.
 THE CITY GOVERNMENT

Larger towns became cities

called AYUNTAMIENTO. It became the center of
trade and industry.

The ayuntamiento had a city council

called the CABILDO

CABILDO is composed of:

ALCALDE (MAYOR)
REGIDORES (COUNCILLORS)
ALGUACIL MAYOR (POLICE CHIEF)
ESCRIBANDO (SECRETARY)
 THE MUNICIPAL
GOVERNMENT
Each province was divided into several towns or
pueblos headed by GOBERNADORDCILLOS
(Little Governor)

MAIN DUTIES: Efficient governance and tax

collection.

FOUR LIEUTENANTS AIDED THE GOVERNARDORCILLO:

the Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant),
the Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant),
the Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of the fields)
the Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the livestock)
 CABEZA DE BARANGAY
(Barrio Administrator or Barangay Captain)

 Responsible for the peace and order of the barrio

 Recruited men for public works

QUALIFICATIONS:
 Cabezas should be literate in Spanish.
 Have good moral character and property.
 Cabezas who served for 25 years
were exempted from forced labor.
 THANK YOU
FOR READING
  
 INTRODUCTION
TO
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
CONCEPT OF HISTORY
 What is history?
It was derived from the Greek word
“historia,” which means investigation,
inquiry, recorded knowledge of past
events.
As the study of man, his growth and
development in all aspects – political,
economic, social, cultural, and
religion.
Three Important Parts About Knowing A
Country’s History:

1.
PEOPLE

2.
LAND 3.
GOD
 The name “Philippines”
• Early Chinese traders who visited Mindoro
called our nation “ Ma-yi ” , meaning Land of
gold.
• “Maniolas”- name given by Claudius Ptolemy,
a Greek mapmaker, in his ancient map.
• “Archipelago of St. Lazarus”- name given by
Magellan to our nation in 1521.
• “ Felipinas ” - a Spanish explorer named Ruy
Lopez de Villalobos gave this name in honor of
King Philip II.
 “Pearl of the Orient Seas”
• Popular nickname for the Philippines.
• This was romantic name given to our
country by two famous writers;
»Fr. Juan J. Delgado in 1751
»Dr. Jose Rizal
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF
THE PHILIPPINES
Geography of the Philippines

•Location
•Shape and size
•Neighboring countries and
surrounding bodies of water
•Terrain and Points
•Other Facts
LOCATION
- Located in Southeastern
Asia.
- It is an Archipelago made
up of more than 7,000
islands.

- Part of a Western Pacific

arc system that is
characterized by active
volcanoes .
Geographic Coordinates: 13 00 N, 122 00 E
Capital City: Manila
SHAPE AND SIZE
Shape
•Elongated
•Archipelago

Area
•115,830 square miles

Coastline
•22,549 miles

Length
•1,851 km (1,150 mi) SSE-NNW

Width
•1,062 km (660 mi) ENE-WSW

http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Philippines-LOCATION-SIZE-AND-EXTENT.html
Surrounding Bodies of Water

North- Luzon Strait

West- South China Sea

East- Philippine Sea

South- Celebes Sea

Terrain and Points
-mostly mountainous
-all islands are prone to
earthquakes

Lowest Point-
Philippine Sea

Highest Point-
Mount Apo (9,691 feet)
• Climate
– Hot and Dry – March to May
– Rainy – June to October
– Cool – November to February
– Temperature :
78A0F/25A0C to
90A0F/32A0C ;humidity 77%
 ISLANDS
• Three Group of Islands:

luzon mindanao

http://www.spug.ph/luzon/images/luzon.jpg
visayas
http://photos.state.gov/galleries/manila/279945/300x234/mindanaoMap.jpg
http://www.fcarehmo.com.ph/newface/Providers/images/Visayas_With%20Name.jpg
 Eleven main Islands
1. Luzon 7. Mindoro
2. Mindanao 8. Leyte
3. Samar
9. Cebu
4. Negros
10.Bohol
5. Palawan
6. Panay 11.Masbate
 LUZON REGIONS
• I -ILOCOS REGION NCR-NATIONAL CAPITAL
• Major City: San Fernando City REGION
Major City: MANILA
• II -CAGAYAN VALLEY
• Major City: Tuguegarao City CAR-CORDILLERA
ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
• III -CENTRAL LUZON Major City: Baguio city
• Major City: San Fernando City

• IV-A (CALABARZON)
• Major City: Calamba City

• IV-B (MIMAROPA)
• Major City: Calapan City

• V -BICOL REGION
• Major City: Legaspi City
 VISAYAS REGIONS

• VI -WESTERN VISAYAS
• Major City: IloIlo City

• VII -CENTRAL VISAYAS

• Major City: Cebu City

• VIII -EASTERN VISAYAS

• Major City: Tacloban City
 MINDANAO REGIONS
• IX -WESTERN MINDANAO XII - CENTRAL MINDANAO
(ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA) (SOCCKSARGEN)
• Major City: Pagadian • Major City: Koronadal
City City

• X -NORTHERN MINDANAO • XIII - CARAGA REGION

• Major City: Cagayan • Major City: Butuan
De Oro City City

• XI -SOUTHERN MINDANAO • ARMM- AUTONOMOUS REGION

(DAVAO REGION) OF MUSLIM MINDANAO
• Major City: Davao • Major City: Cotabato
City City
 Philippine
Topography
• The Philippines has a varied
topography. It has a
coastline of 36,289 km.

• Many islands have

extensive coral reefs that
attract tourists from
everywhere.

• The larger islands have

rugged, mountainous
interiors, mostly ranges
running north to south.
 Four major Lowland Areas:
Luzon Central Plain Cagayan Valley

http://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/small/22870115.jpg
https://easternseastar21.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/isabela-hills.jpg

Agusan Valley Cotabato Valley

http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/82379189.jpg http://www.imagesofasia.com/html/philippines/images/large/colabato-
valley.jpg
 Major Mountain Ranges:
Cordillera

Caraballo
VOLCANOES• There are about 221 volcanoes, 21 are
active.
• The Philippines lies on the volatile Pacific
“ Ring of Fire ” and most of the highest
mountains are volcanic in origin.
Example of
Active Volcanoes

Mt. Mayon Mt. Pinatubo

https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/12/93545563_961e5d8ac6.jpg http://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/punong1/fig4a.jp
g
Philippine
• Languages
– 2 official languages: English and
Filipino
– 8 major dialects :
1.Bikol,
2. Cebuano,
3.Hiligaynon
(Ilonggo),
4.Ilocano,
5.Kapampangan,
6.Pangasinan,
7.Tagalog,
8.Waray
https://www.doh.gov.ph/population
• Languages  Religion
– 2 official languages: • 83 % Catholics
English and Filipino
• 5 % Muslim
– 8 major dialects :
• 12 % smaller Christian
1. Bikol, dominations and other
2. Cebuano, religion
3. Hiligaynon (Ilonggo),
4. Ilocano,
5. Kapampangan,
6. Pangasinan,
7. Tagalog,
8. Waray
 PREHISTORY
Theories on the Origin of the Philippines

1. The Land Bridges Theory

2. Plate Tectonics Theory
3. Sunda Shelf Theory
4. Volcanic Eruption Theory
5. Continental Drift Theory
6. The Lost-Continent Theory
 SUNDA LAND
 Implications in the Philippines
of the Sunda land:
It was believed that we are
part of mainland Asia
 Taiwan route

 Borneo route

By: Atlantis in the Java Sea, Nov 16, 2016

 Early Inhabitants
 The inhabitants of the Philippines originally
consisted of different tribes scattered
throughout its islands.
 The following are:
 Negritos

 Indonesians

 Malays

 Chinese

 Indians

 Arabs

 These tribes were generally free and were each

governed by a system of laws promulgated by
the datu or a council of elders.
 Early Inhabitants
 These tribes were divided into
three (3) groups/strata.

 1. Maharlika - Nobles
 2. Timawa - Freeman
 3. Alipin - Slaves
 Early form of Economic Life
. Hunting . Fishing
. Farming . Mining
. Weaving . Ship Building
. Barter - as way of trading with
other tribe or group of people
 Early form of Government
 Their government was called
balangay(from malay term
balanghay/hai) which was
composed of 30-100 families.

 The three important powers of

the government were vested in
one person, the datu, rajah, or
sultan.
 How laws were made?
 The chieftain made the necessary
rules with the consultation of the
elders of the balangay/barangay.
 A public announcer called
umalohokan was summoned and
ordered to go around the
barangay to announce the
promulgation of the new rules.
 KINDS OF LAWS

 CUSTOMARY- based on
customs, traditions and
beliefs.
 WRITTEN- such as the
code of kalantiao and the
code of maragtas
 Subjects dealt with the customary and
written laws

Inheritance Property rights

Divorce Family relations
Usury Adoptions
Partnership Loans
Crimes and punishment
 Kinds of major crimes

Rape Insult
Incest Tresspassing
Murder Sacrilegious act
Witchcraft Larceny
 Kinds of minor crimes
 Adultery
 Cheating
 Petty theft
 Perjury
 Disturbance of peace and order
 Destroying documents own by the
chief.
 Kinds of penalties
 Death
 Heavy fine
 Exposure to ants
 Small fine
 Flogging
 Cutting of fingers
 Swimming for a certain number of
hours
 JUDICIAL PROCESS
 Every dispute will be resolved by the
“ court ” which is composed of the
chieftain as the judge and the
barangay eleders as the jury.

Procedures
 Trials were held publicly and
decisions were rendered promptly.
 The accused and the accuser faced
each other with their respective
witnesses.
 Trial by ordeal
 It is practiced to determined the
guilt of a person. It was resorted
to in order to show that God in
his infinite wisdom always took
the side of the innocent.
 Examples of trial by ordeal
 The suspects were ordered to
place a stone in a vessel with
boiling water and compelling
them to dip their hands into
the vessel to take out the
stone. The suspect who
refused to obey the
command was regarded as
the culprit.
 The man whose hand was scalded the
most was considered the guilty one.
 The second consisted in giving lighted
candles to the suspects. The man
whose candle unfortunately died out
first was regarded as the guilty party.
 The third consisted of ordering the
suspects to plunge into the river or lake
with lances. He who came to the
surface first was considered guilty.
 Fourth Exposure to ants
 Filipino Values/Traits
 Hospitality
 Close Family Ties
 Respect for the elders
 Fatalistic
 Tendency to be indolent
 Regionalistic
 Matiisin
 Superstitious Beliefs
 Utang na Loob
 Sentimental
Marcos
Regime
1965-1986
Martial Law

- temporary rule by military authorities of a designated

area in time of emergency when the civil authorities are
deemed unable to function.

(britannica.com /topic /martial -law)

As Philippine president and strongman, he led our country in its post-
war reconstruction. His intentions were laudable, to improve the
economy and to increase agricultural productivity and dismantle the
oligarchy that had dominated the nation. n. His greatest achievements
were the areas of infrastructure development, safeguarding the
country against communism, and international diplomacy.

(https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Ferdinand_Marcos)
When the Second World War broke out, Marcos was called to
arms in defense of the Philippines against the Japanese. He
fought in Bataan and was one of the victims of the infamous
Bataan Death March. He was released later. However, he was
re-incarcerated in Fort Santiago. He escaped and joined
the guerrilla movements against the Japanese, claiming to
have been one of the f inest guerrilla leaders in Luzon,
though many question the veracity of his claims.

(https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Ferdinand_Marco
s)
Marcos defeated Macapagal and was sworn in as the
sixth President of the Republic on December 30, 1965.

A s i d e f r o m i n f ra s t r u c t u r e d e ve l o p m en t , t h e f o l l o w i ng w e r e s o m e o f t h e
n o t a b l e a c h i e vem e n t s o f t h e f i r s t f o u r ye a r s o f t h e M a r c o s a d m i n i s t ra t i o n :

1 . S u c c e s s f u l d r i ve a g a i n s t s m u g g l i ng . I n 1 9 6 6 , m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 i m p o r t a n t
s m u g g l e r s w e r e a r r e s t ed ; i n t h r e e ye a r s 1 9 6 6 - 1 96 8 t h e a r r e s t s t o t a l e d
5 , 0 0 0 . M i l i t a r y m e n i n vo l ve d i n s m u g g l i n g w e r e f o r c e d t o r e t i r e . [2 ]

2 . G r e a t e r p r o d u c t i o n o f r i c e b y p r o m o t i n g t h e c u l t i va t i o n o f I R - 8 h y b r i d
r i c e . I n 1 9 6 8 t h e P h i l i p p i n es b e c a me s e l f - s u f f i ci en t i n r i c e , t h e f i r s t t i m e i n
h i s t o r y s i n c e t h e A m e r i c a n p e r i o d . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e P h i l i p p i n es e x p o r t ed
rice worth US$7 million.

3 . L a n d r e f o r m w a s g i ve n a n i m p e t u s d u r i n g t h e f i r s t t e r m o f P r e s i d e n t
M a r c o s . 3 , 7 3 9 h e c t a r e s o f l a n d i n C e n t ra l L u zo n w e r e d i s t r i b u t ed t o t h e
farmers.
4. In the field of foreign relations, the Philippines hosted the summit of seven heads of
state (the United States, South [Vietnam]], South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New
Zealand and the Philippines) to discuss the worsening problem in Vietnam and the
containment of communism in the region.

Likewise, President Marcos initiated, together with the other four heads of state of
Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore), the formation of a regional
organization to combat the communist threat in the region – the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN).

5. Government finances were stabilized by higher revenue collections and loans from
treasury bonds, foreign lending institutions and foreign governments.

6. Peace and order substantially improved in most provinces however situations in Manila
and some provinces continued to deteriorate until the imposition of martial law in 1972.

(https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ferdinand_Marcos)
Second term (1969 -1972)

In 1969, President Marcos was reelected for an unprecedented

second term because of his impressive performance or, as his
critics claimed, because of massive vote-buying and electoral
frauds.

The second term proved to be a daunting challenge to the

President: an economic crisis brought by external and internal
forces; a restive and radicalized studentry demanding reforms
in the educational system; rising tide of criminality and
subversion by the re-organized Communist movement; and
secessionism in the South.
Economic situation

Overspending in the 1969 elections led to higher inflation and

the devaluation of the Philippine peso. Further, the decision of
the oil-producing Arab countries to cut back oil production, in
response to Western military aid to Israel in the Arab-Israeli
Conflict, resulted to higher fuel prices worldwide.

(https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Ferdinand_Marco
s)
A restive studentry

T he las t years of t he 1960 s a n d the f irs t tw o year s of the 1970 s

w i tnessed the ra d i ca l iz a t io n o f s tu de nt po pu l ati o n . Stu de nts in var io u s
co l l eges a n d u n i vers it ies he l d m ass ive ra l l ies a nd dem o ns trat i o n s t o
ex press t he ir fr ustra t i ons a n d resent me nt s . " O n Ja n u ar y 30, 1970,
de m o ns trat ors n u m beri ng a bo u t 50 ,000 s t u den ts a n d l ab ore rs st ormed
t he Ma l a ca ña n g Pa l a ce , b u rn i n g par t o f t he Med ica l b u i l d i n g , cra s h i ng
thr o u gh Ga te 4 w it h a f ire tru ck t ha t h a d been for ci bl y co mma ndeered
by s o me l a b ore rs an d s t ude n ts . . . T he Me tr op o l i t an Co m mand
( Metr o com) o f t he Ph i l i p p i ne C on s ta b u l ar y (P C) re p u lse d t hem ,
p u s h i n g t hem towar ds Me nd i o l a Bri d ge , w here i n a n exch a n ge of
g u n f ire , ho urs l ater, fo ur perso ns were k i l led an d s cores fro m b o th
s i des i n j ured . Tear g as g ren a des f i na l l y di s persed the crow d . ” [3] T he
e ve n t wa s k n o w n t o d ay a s t h e F i r s t Q u a r ter S t o r m .
V i o l e n t st u d e n t s p r o t e s t s h o w e ve r d i d n o t st o p. In O c t o b e r 1 97 0 , a se r i e s
o f vi o l e n c e o c c u r r e d i n num e r o u s c a m p u se s i n t h e Gr e a t e r Ma n i l a Ar e a : “a n
e x p l o si o n o f p i l l b oxe s i n a t l e a s t t w o sc h o o l s . Th e U ni ve r si t y o f t h e
Ph i l i p p i n e s wa s n o t s p a r ed w h en 1 8 , 00 0 st u d e n t s b o yc o t t e d t he i r c l a s se s
t o d e m a n d a c a d e m i c a n d n o n - a c a d e m i c r e fo r m s i n t h e S t a t e U n i ve r si t y
r e su l t i n g i n t h e ‘o c c u p a t i o n’ o f t h e o f f i ce o f t h e P r e si d e n t o f t h e U n i ve r si t y
b y s t u d e n t l e a d e r s . O t h er sc h o o l s w h i c h w e r e sc en e s o f vi o l ent st u d e n t
d e m o n st ra t i o n s w e r e S a n S e b a s t i a n C o l l e g e , U n i ve r si t y o f t h e Ea st , Le t ra n
C o l l e g e , Ma p u a In s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g y, U n i ve r si t y o f S t o. To m a s a n d Fe a t i
U n i ve r si t y. S t u d e n t d e m o ns t ra t o r s e ve n su c c e e d e d i n “o c c u p yi n g t h e o f f i c e
o f t h e S e c r e t a r y o f Ju st i c e Vi c e n t e A b a d S a n t o s fo r a t l ea s t se ve n
h o u r s .” [4 ] Th e P r e si d e n t d e s c r i b e d t h e b r i e f “c o m m u n i za t i o n” o f t h e
U n i ve r si t y o f t h e Ph i l i p p in e s a n d t h e vi o l e n t d e mo n st ra t i o n s o f t h e Le f t -
l e a n i n g s t u d e n t s a s a n “a c t o f i n s u r r e c t i o n . "
The 1935 constitution limited the president to two terms.
Opposition delegates, fearing that a proposed parliamentary
system would allow Marcos to maintain himself in power
indefinitely, prevailed on the convention to adopt a
provision in September 1971 banning Marcos and members
of his family from holding the position of head of state or
government under whatever arrangement was finally
established.

(https://www.globalsecurity.org /military/world /war/philippines 2.

htm)
On September 21, 1972

Ma r cos issue d Pro cl ama t i o n 1081 , de cl ar i ng m ar t i a l law over t he

en tire co un tr y. U n der t he pres i den t 's co mma n d, the m i l i tar y arrested
o p p os i t i o n f ig u res , i n cl ud i n g Ben i g no Aq u i n o, j ou r na l i st s , s tu de n t an d
l a b or a ct iv is ts , a n d cri m i n a l e lemen ts . A t o ta l of a bo u t 30 ,000
de t a i nees were kep t a t m i l i t ar y c omp o u n ds r u n b y t he army a n d the
P h i l i p p i ne Co n s ta b u l ar y. Wea p o ns were co nf i sca ted , a nd "pr ivate
ar mies" co nne cted w it h p ro mi nen t po l i ti ci a n s and other f i gures were
b ro ken u p. Ne ws p a pe rs were sh u t d o wn , a n d the m ass med i a were
b ro u g h t u n der t i g h t co ntr o l . Wit h t he s tro ke o f a pen , Mar co s cl osed
t he P h i l ip p ine C o ngress a n d as s umed i ts le g is la t i ve res po ns i b i l i t ies .
D ur i n g t he 1972 -81 m ar t i a l law peri o d , Mar co s , i nveste d w it h
di cta tor i a l po wers , is s ued h u n dreds o f presi de nti a l de crees, ma ny of
w h i ch w e re n e ve r p u b l i s h e d .
https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=WU3mqmXuQ18 - Martial
victim
Who is Victor Corpuz?

https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=kayQbF6kfTM

https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=6oW3qciyJls
Why media shutdown during his
era?

In his ascent to power, Marcos was well -aware of the role that
the media played in society, and he exerted considerable effort
to exercise control over it. By shutting down competing voices
and setting up a media outlet that was under his control, Marcos
silenced public criticism and controlled the information that the
people had access to. By doing so, Marcos had the final say in
whatever passed for the truth.

(https://martiallawmuseum.ph /magaral /breaking -the-news-

silencing-the-media-under-martial-law/)
On September 28, 1972,

Marcos issued Letter of Instruction No. 1, authorizing the

military to take over the assets of major media outlets
including the ABS-CBN network, Channel 5, and various radio
stations across the country. This was within the f irst week of
his declaration of Mar tial Law.
As justif ication for this mass sequestration of media assets, the
Letter of Instruction cited the involvement of these media
outlets with the Communist movement. Specif ically, Marcos
accused mainstream media of discrediting the administration,
by propagating news that exposed its weaknesses to feed the
f lames of the Communist movement.
In the Letter, Marcos states that these
media outlets were:

engaged in subversive activities against the Government . . . in the

broadcast and dissemination of subversive materials and of
deliberately slanted and overly exaggerated news stories and
commentaries as well as false, vile, foul and scurrilous statements
and utterances, clearly well -conceived, intended and calculated to
malign and discredit the duly constituted authorities, and thereby
promote the agitational propaganda campaign, conspiratorial
activities and illegal ends of the Communist Party of the
Philippines . . .
Teo d oro Lo cs i n , Sr . , p ub l i s her of the Ph i l ippine s Fr ee Press , w as
arres ted a nd i mpr i so ned on t he f irs t week of Marti a l Law , a l o ng
w i t h Man i la T ime s p u b li s her , C h i n o Ro ces , a n d severa l wel l - k n own
j o ur na l i st s in cl u d i n g A ma n d o D oro n il a , Lu is Be l tra n , M ax i m o S o l ive n,
Ju a n Mer ca do , a n d Lu i s Ma ur i ci o . On t he n ig h t of t he ir arrest , the
de t a i nees were led to a r oo m by C o l . Ge neros o A lejo whe re they were
me t b y t hen P h i l i p p i ne C o n st a b u l ary ch ief , F i de l V R am os , w h o t o l d
them:

N o t h i ng p e r sonal , ge n t l e men. I wa s o r de red t o n e u t ra l i ze y o u . P l e a se

c o ope ra te. We’ l l t r y t o m a ke t h i n gs e a si e r fo r y o u.
Primitivo Mijares
Primitivo Mijares, who served as Chairman of the Media
Advisory Council, was Marcos’s top media man and
propagandist . As chair of the council, Mijares had the power to
dictate and censor content in all forms of media. In a change of
hear t, he confessed in a 24-page memo to the US House
International Organizations subcommittee how he had aided
Marcos in silencing media stories that exposed government
abuses while fabricating others that would trumpet the
administration’s supposed successes.
(https://mar tiallawmuseum .ph /magaral /breaking -the-news-
silencing-the-media-under-mar tial-law/)
In the m e mo, Mi j a r e s especially d i s c u s se s how Ma r c o s created an
a t m o sp h e r e o f d a n g e r t o c r e a t e t h e p r e t e x t fo r t h e d e c l a ra t i o n o f M a r t i a l
L a w, i n c l u d i ng b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o : h avi n g t h e m i li t a r y e x p l o d e b o m b s
d u r i n g d e m o n st ra t i o n s , p l a n t i n g e x p l o s i ve s i n c i vi l ia n a r e a s w h ic h ki l l e d
i n n o c e n t b y st a n d e r s, a n d t h r e a t e n in g el e c t i o n p e r s o n n e l a n d m e m b e r s o f
t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n a l C o nve nt i o n w i t h vi o l e n ce . O n t he o t h e r h a n d , a l l t h i s
vi o l e n ce wa s b l a m e d o n t he C o mmu n i s t s , w h o m t h e y a l l e g e d h a d r e ce i ve d
s p e c i a l a s s i s t a n c e f r o m f o r e i g n p o w e r s t o s u p p o r t a g o ve r n m e nt t a ke ove r.

Th e Me d i a Ad vi s o r y C o u n c il c o n t i n ue d t o p l ay a vi t a l r o l e w i t h Ma r t i a l L a w
i n f u l l e f fe c t . In O c t o b e r 19 7 2 , w h e n t he S u p r e m e C o u r t wa s r e vi ew i n g t h e
f a ct u a l b a si s fo r M a r t i a l L a w, Mi j a r e s p u b l i sh e d a ser i e s o f st o r i e s o n N e w
Pe o p l e ’s Ar my r e b e l s a m a ss i n g b y t h e t h o u sa n d s i n t h e h i l l s a r o u nd Ma n i l a .
In De c e m b e r 1 9 7 2 , w h e n M a r c o s g o t w i n d o f o p p o s i t i o n t o h i s p r o p o se d
C o n st i t u t i o n , M i j a r e s p u b l i sh e d a r t i c l es a t t a c ki n g sp e c i f i c d e le g a t e s a n d
References

• Letter of Instruction No. 1. The Official Gazette of the Philippines .

Retrieved from
http://www.of f icialgazette.gov.ph /1972/09/28/letter -of-
instruction-no-1-a-s-1972/

• Mijares, P. (1976). The conjugal dictatorship of Ferdinand and

Imelda M arcos . New York: Union Square Publications.

• Pinlac, M. (2007). Marcos and the press. Center for M edia Freedom
and Responsibility. Retrieved from http://cmfr-phil.org /media -
ethics-responsibility /ethics /marcos -and-the-press /
(https://stanford.edu /group /mappingmilit
ants /cgi-bin /groups /print_view/149)
What is CPP-NPA?

T he C om m u ni s t Par t y o f the P h i l i p p i nes –New Peop le ’s Army (C PP-NPA)

seeks t o over t hr ow t he Ph i l i p p i ne g over n men t i n f avor o f a new state
l ed by t he w ork i n g cla ss a nd to ex pe l U. S. i nf l ue n ce fr o m the
P h i l i p p i nes . T he C om m u ni s t Par ty of the P h i l i p p i nes ( CPP) was fo u n de d
i n 1968 , a nd it s ar med w i n g , t he New Peo p le ’s Ar my (NPA) , was
fo u n de d i n the fo l l ow i n g year. Be ca use t he p ar ty a n d it s ar med w in g
are so cl ose ly i nter tw i ned , t hey are o f ten referred t o t o get her a s the
C P P -N PA . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]

( http s: / / stan fo r d .e d u / gr oup / ma p ping militants / cgi -

bi n /g ro u p s / p rin t_ vie w / 1 49 )
T he CPP -NPA wa s est abl i s he d b y Jose Mar i a S i so n , a p op u lar former
s tu den t a ct iv i st w h o led a Ma o is t -o r iente d you th f a cti o n w i th in the
Par t i do Ko mu n i s ta n g P i li p i n a s (PKP), w h i ch was est a b l is he d in 1930 .
For de ca des, t he PKP p ar t i ci p ated in e le cto ral b oyco tts and use d
a g uerr i l la army t o f i g ht Jap a nese co l o n i a l is m , U. S. c o l o n ia li s m , a n d
F i l i p i n o el ites . In 1957 , Rep u b l i c A c t N o. 1700 ban ne d t he PKP a n d any
of i ts s u ccess ors , w h ich would la ter i n cl u de t he CPP - NPA fro m
p a r t i ci p a t i n g i n p o l i t i cs .

(( h ttp s: / / stan fo rd .ed u / gr ou p / ma ppin gmilita nts / cgi -

bi n /g ro u p s / p rin t_ vie w / 1 49 )
Who is Imelda Romualdez?

Her name is associated with the thousands of shoes found in her

wardrobe, Imelda Marcos was much more than a fashion plate.
During her husband's 20 years in office as president of the
Philippines, Imelda Marcos was at the center of power, exercising
dictatorial powers on her own authority.

M rs. M arcos is ambitious and ruthless. Born a poor cousin of

landed aristocracy, she has a thirst for wealth, power, and public
acclaim.

—CIA report, 1975

Her father's family was a major political force in both provincial
and national politics —one uncle had been a Supreme Court
justice while another was elected mayor of Manila. Vicente
Romualdez lagged behind other family members in personal
accomplishments, with a rather lackluster record as a lawyer and
law school professor.

(https://www.encyclopedia.com /women /encyclopedias -

almanacs-transcripts-and-maps /marcos-imelda-1929)
Enrile

They claim that we killed a lot of people. When I was

interviewed by someone some time ago, I challenged her, name
me one that we executed, other than Lim Seng,” Enrile told
former Senator Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. in a one -on-one
interview on Thursday.

Read more: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net /1034796/enrile-no-

massacres-no-arrests-for-criticizing-marcos-during-martial-
law#ixzz7DuGfV5yb
Bars of Gold

"When Ferdinand saw what I had done, instead of being gratified

at my initiative, he was flabbergasted and asked what I had
done with all those bricks," she said. "Then he ordered that the
bricks ++ be gathered and neatly piled.

"It turned out that those were gold bricks covered with lead and
were securely plastered in the walls of the rooms that I had
designed," she told a Congress whose committees have been
attempting for 10 years to solve the mystery of the missing gold.
Perhaps on purpose, Mrs. Marcos added fuel to the fire when she
told Congress that her husband started to stash away gold as
long ago as 1946. She said she saw the first cache of gold in
1954 in a vault of the First National City Bank of New York at its
branch office near the Jones Bridge in Tondo, Manila.

Mrs. Marcos said that during their honeymoon around the world,
her husband frequently held talks with gold traders. He bought
more gold in 1957.
She said the couple traded in gold over the next few years and
made a "substantial prof it" when gold prices soared from $32 an
ounce to more than $700 an ounce in the late 1970 s. That was a
few years af ter Marcos, elected president in 1966, declared mar tial
law in 1972.

But Mrs. Marcos said that if there was any gold lef t when the couple
f led to exile in Hawaii in 1986, the cer tif icates to prove it were all
stolen from them during the hectic last hours of their escape.

(https://www.baltimoresun.com /news /bs -xpm-1997-11-22-

1997326006-stor y.html)
Aquino, 6 others face complaints over
supposed gold shipment

MANILA, Philippines — Graf t and plunder complaints have been

filed against former President Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino III and
six other officials during his administration for the alleged
shipment of $141 billion in gold to Thailand.

(https://www.philstar.com /headlines /2017/01/06/1659997/aquin

o-6-others-face-complaints-over-supposed-gold-shipment)
2 0 1 6 m a r k s th e 3 0 th a n n i ver s ar y o f th e Pe o p l e Po we r Re vo l ution . D u r i n g
those m om e n to us f o u r d ay s o f Fe b r u a r y 1 9 8 6 , m i l lions of Fi l ip inos, a l ong
E p i f an io d e l o s Sa n to s Ave n u e ( E D SA ) i n M e tr o M a n i la, a n d i n ci ti es a l l ove r
th e co u n tr y, s h o w e d e xe m p lar y co u ra g e a n d s to o d a g a i ns t, a n d p e a ce f ully
ove r th re w, th e d i cta to rial r e gime o f Pr es ide nt Fe r d i n an d E . M a r co s . M o r e
th a n a d e f ia nt s h o w o f u n i ty — ma rke dly, a g a i n s t a to ta litaria n r ule th a t h a d
ti m e a n d a g a i n p r oven th a t i t w o u l d r e a d i ly u s e b r u te f o r ce a g a i n s t a ny a n d
a l l d i s s e n ter s —Peo ple Po w e r wa s a r e cl a imin g o f l i b e r ties l o n g d e n i e d. Th e
m i l lio ns th a t g a th e r e d f or th e 1 9 8 6 Pe o p l e Po w e r Re vo l utio n — th e
cu l m in ation o f a s e r i e s o f p u b l i c p r o te s ts , o f te n d i s p e rs e d i f a t a l l g ive n
l e ave—wa s a n a ti on w r e s ti ng i ts e lf, a s one , b a ck f r om a d i cta tor.

( h ttp s : / / ww w. of f icialga ze tte .gov.p h / eds a /the -p h- p ro te s t / )

https://www.cnnphilippines.com/n
ews /2019/12/16/Sandiganbayan-
Marcos-ill-gotten-wealth-lose.html
https://josephonperspectives.word
press.com /2012/08/20/more-than-
friends-ninoy-aquino-and-
ferdinand-marcos /
Watch the recorded interview with Washington Sycip
about ‘the advantages of Martial Law during Marcos
regime

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhRP3EfTDE4
CORY
AQUINO'S
TERM
On August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task
Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first
Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP
was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country
status by the year 2000.
For the sake of truth, justice, freedom, and democracy - Letter
of Doy Laurel to Cory Aquino on leaving her administration

(https://kahimyang.com /kauswagan /general -blogs /1739/for-the-

sake-of-truth-justice-freedom-and-democracy-letter-of-doy-
laurel-to-cory-aquino-on-leaving-her-administration)
From 1986 to 1987, there were six plots to overthrow Philippine
President Corazon Aquino involving various members of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines.
Nearly two months af ter President Corazon C. Aquino ordered
the release of all political prisoners, nearly 500 remain in
military and civilian jails, according to some human -rights
activists here.

Their continuing detention underscores the problem that the

Aquino Government faces in getting the armed forces to
cooperate with its policy of reconciliation, the activists said.

(https://www.nytimes.com /1986/05/04/world /conflict -in-manila-

political-detainees.html)
THANK YOU
 1901-1935
(The American Period)
2
 Economic Progress
A. American Economic Policy
B. New Prosperity
C. Population Explosion
D. New Land Policy
E. Agricultural Increase
F. Free Trade
G. Business Boom
H. New Industries
I. Improvement in Transportation and Communications
J. Better Budget
K. New Banks
L. International Exhibitions and Meetings
M. Economic Problems
3
 Economic Progress
 The Filipinos enjoyed a better life under America than as the colony of Spain.

 Spain could not do for the Philippines in over 300 years, the United States
did in less than 50 years.

However, some problems with our economic life started during this era.

4
 A. American Economic Policy
 The Philippine Bill of 1902 declared that all public lands and natural
resources of the Philippines are for “the benefit of the inhabitants.”

 The Jones Law of 1916 and Tydings-Duffie Law of 1934.

 William H. Taft, the first American Governor-General, said that the

Philippines was for the Filipinos.

5
 A-1. American Economic Policy

 We had to serve the national interests of the United States.

 We could not make our own policy.

6
 B. New Prosperity
 The new prosperity of the Philippines as a colony of America was shown in the following ways:

1. Population explosion 6. New Industries

2. New Land Policy 7. Improvement in transportation

3. Agricultural increase and communications

4. Free trade with America 8. Better government budget

5. Business Boom 9. New banks

10. Participation in international exhibitions

7
 C. Population Explosion
These statistics show the population explosion then:

8
 D. New Land Policy

Three ways on how Americans improved land policy in the Philippines:

 Friar lands were resold to Filipino farmers.

 Homestead Act in 1924 allowed any Filipino to own up 24 hectares of public

land.

 All lands had to be registered, and their owners got Torrens titles.

9
10
 E. Agricultural Increase

 The Filipinos and the Americans cooperated to revive agriculture.

 The Bureau of Agriculture (1902)

 In 1903, the American Congress sent a $3 million emergency fund to

import rice and carabaos from other Asian countries.

 Modern farm tools from the United States were also introduced.

11
 F. Free Trade with America
 Most important economic change

 A country has to trade with other countries abroad in order to develop.

 We were introduced to the big American market and American products

were bought by Filipinos.

 The Americans were the richest people in the mid-20th century.

 American products could enter the Philippines without paying customs

tariffs.

12
 G. Business Boom

 Retail trade inside the Philippines also doubled from, 1907-1935. Filipinos had
more money to buy different things, however, they liked to buy imported
goods.

13
 H. New Industries

 The Philippines entered the Industrial Age.

 The Americans invented mass production in big factories.

14
H-1. New Industries

15
H-2. New Industries

MANILA

16
H-3. New Industries

MARIKINA

17
H-4. New Industries

ILOCOS

18
 H-5. New Industries

BULACAN, LAGUNA,
TAYABAS, BOHOL, AND
PANGASINAN

19
 H-6. New Industries

PAMPANGA, RIZAL, BULACAN

20
 H-7. New Industries

ALBAY, RIZAL, AND LAGUNA

21
 H-8. New Industries
 Manila: coconut oil, cigars and cigarettes, sugar, rope, and textiles.

 Marikina: shoes

 Ilocos: blankets and towels.

 Bulacan, Laguna, Tayabas, Bohol, and Pangasinan: hats and mats

 Pampanga, Rizal, and Bulacan: rattan and wood furniture.

 Albay, Rizal and Laguna: pottery and bricks.

22
 I. Improvement in Transportation and
Communication

 The Filipinos enjoyed the automobile, electric street car (tranvia), airplane,
telephone, wireless telegraph, radio, and movies.

23
I-1. Improvement in Transportation and
Communication

24
 I-2. Improvement in Transportation and
Communication

 Americans developed our railroads in Luzon, Cebu, and Panay.

 Pier 7 in Manila became the largest port in Asia.

 Manila became the center of air travel in Asia.

 The telephone and telegraph system in our country was the best in Asia.

 The best newspapers, radio stations, and postal services in Asia.

25
I-3. Improvement in Transportation and
Communication

26
 J. Better Budget

 The Philippine budget was balanced even during the Great World
Depression in the 1930s.

 In the 1930s, other government had huge deficits and problems.

 But the Philippines colonial budget had a surplus.

27
 K. New Banks

 In 1906, the Postal Savings Bank was introduced.

 Philippine National Bank was established in 1906.

 Rural credit groups for farmers helped to reduce usury in the provinces.

28
K-1. New Banks

29
L. International Exhibitions and Meetings

 The Philippines was projected into the world’s limelight because of its
participation in international exhibitions, conferences, and meetings.

 The Philippine Army Band became the world-famous at the Golden

Gate Exposition, held at San Francisco, California in 1939.

 Filipino athletes were also able to join the Olympic Games.

30
 M. Economic Problems
 We sold our raw materials cheap and bought expensive manufactured
goods from America.

Colonial mentality became worse.

 Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920s and 1930s.

 American capitalists and businessmen controlled the new companies.

31
Thank you for reading!

32
 1901-1935
(The American Period)
“The Philippines are ours not to exploit, but to develop, civilize,
educate, and to train in the science of self-government”
WILLIAM MCKINLEY
ECONOMIC

3
The American Colonial Government
A. The Taft Commission
B. Civil Government
C. Philippine Bill of 1902
D. Philippine Assembly
E. Resident Commissioners
F. The Filipinization of the Government
G. The Jones Law of 1916
H. The Wood-Forbes Mission
I. The OSROX Mission

5
 A. The Taft Commission

Created on March 16, 1900.

Also known as The Second Philippine Commission.

6
A. The Taft Commission

Headed by Judge William

Howard Taft.

Members:
Luke E. Wright
Henry C. Ide
Dean C. Worcester
Bernard Moses

7
 A-1. The Taft Commission

Luke E. Wright Henry C. Ide Dean C. Bernard C.

Worcester Moses

8
 A-2. The Taft Commission

Establish a civil government in the Philippines.

To train the Filipinos in self-government.

 Guided by a set of instructions issued to it on April 7, 1900

by McKinley.

9
 A-3. The Taft Commission

Those instructions were drafted

by Secretary of War, Elihu
Root.

10
 A-4. The Taft Commission
“bear in mind that the government which they (the
Commission) are establishing is designed not for our
selfish satisfaction...but for the happiness, peace and
prosperity of the people of the Philippine Islands, and the
measures adopted should be made to conform to their
customs, habits...”

11
 A-5. The Taft Commission
 Arrived in Manila on June 3, 1900.

 $1,000,000 for building, and repairing roads and bridges.

 From September 1900 to August 1902, it enacted more than 400 laws.

In September 1901, it was expanded to include three pro-American Filipino

as members. They were:

12
 A-6. The Taft Commission

Trinidad H. Benito Jose

Pardo de Legarda Luzurriaga
Tavera
13
 B. Civil Government
 Inaugurated on July 4, 1901.

 William Howard Taft as the first Civil Governor.

 Gov. Taft exercised both executive and legislative functions.

 His policy “the Philippines for the Filipinos” made him popular
among the Filipinos.

 Taft served until December 1903.

14
C. Philippine Bill of 1902
 also known as the Cooper Act.

 Sponsored by U.S. Representative Henry A.

Cooper of Wisconsin.

 On July 1, 1902, the Philippine Bill of 1902

was passed by Congress. It created the
Philippine Assembly.

15
 C-1. Philippine Bill of 1902
Among the key provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902 were:

1. A bill of right for the Filipinos;

2. The appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners to represent the

Philippines in the U.S. Congress, but without voting rights;

3. The establishment of a Philippine Assembly to be elected by the Filipinos two

years after the publication of a census and only after peace has been completely
restored in the country. The Philippine Assembly would be the lower house of
the legislature while the Philippine Commission would be the upper house.

16
 C-2. Philippine Bill of 1902
Among the key provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902 were:

4. Executive power would be exercised by the Civil Governor who would have
several executive departments under him such as Interior, Public Information,
Finance and Justice, and Commerce and Police.

5. Conservation of the country’s natural resources for the Filipinos.

17
 D. Philippine Assembly
 On July 30, 1907, the first free national elections were held in
the Philippines for members of all the Filipino lawmaking body.

 Hundreds of candidates campaigned under many new political

parties.

 80 delegates won, most of them came from the Nacionalista

Party.

18
 D-1. Philippine Assembly

Inaugurated on October 16, 1907 at the Manila Grand Opera House.

19
D-2. Philippine Assembly

Sergio Osmeña: Speaker

20
D-3. Philippine Assembly

Manuel L. Quezon: Majority Floor Leader

21
D-4. Philippine Assembly

22
 E. Resident Commissioners
 The Philippine Bill of 1902 gave the Filipinos the right to be
represented by two Filipino resident commissioners in the
United States Congress.

 They could speak out for or against any bill in Congress affecting
the Philippines.

23
E-1. Resident Commissioners

Benito Pablo Ocampo

Legarda
24
E-2. Resident Commissioners
 Manuel L. Quezon served from 1909 to
1916.

 Considered one of the greatest Filipino

resident commissioners.

 Spoke out strongly against those they

considered harmful to Filipino interests.

25
 F. The Filipinization of the
Government
 America made it a policy to appoint qualified Filipinos to
government positions.

 A number of prominent Filipinos were named to high positions.

 In 1903, there were more Americans (2,777) in the government

than Filipinos (2,697).

 In 1904, the number rose to 3,377 compared to 3,228 Americans.

26
 F-1. The Filipinization of the
Government

Cayetano Arellano was named Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme

Court.
27
F-2. The Filipinization of the
Government

Florentino Torres became Attorney General.

28
 F-3. The Filipinization of the
Government

By 1908, Gregorio Araneta was named Secretary of Finance and

Justice.
29
 G. The Jones Law of 1916
 Signed by President
Woodrow Wilson on
August 29, 1916.

 Also known as the

Philippine Autonomy Act.

 Sponsored by U.S.
Representative William
Atkinson Jones of Virginia.
Woodrow William
Wilson Atkinson
30
Jones
 G-1. The Jones Law of 1916
 It contained American’s promise to give independence to the
Philippines.

 Gave the Filipinos greater participation in the government.

 It defined the structure of the government, the powers and

duties of the officials, and provided for a bill of rights for the
Filipinos.

31
 G-2. The Jones Law of 1916
 Executive Power: Governor-General (an American)
 Appointed by the President of the United States.

 Legislative Power: exclusive to the Filipinos

 Created two houses: the House of Representatives (lower house) and
the Philippine Senate (upper house).

 Judicial Power: Chief Justice (Filipino) and associate justices (Filipino

and American)
 Appointed by the President of the United States.

32
 G-3. The Jones Law of 1916
 On October 3, 1916, elections were held for the new Philippine
Legislature.

 It was formally inaugurated on October 16, 1916.

 Sergio Osmeña was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives.

 Manuel L. Quezon became President of the Senate.

33
G-4. The Jones Law of 1916

34
H. The Wood-Forbes Mission

Warren G. Harding

35
 H-1. The Wood-Forbes Mission

 Gen. Leonard Wood and Gov. Gen. W. Cameron Forbes stayed in

the Philippines for four months.

 In October 1921, the mission submitted its report to the president

that the Filipinos were not yet prepared for independence and U.S.
should not yet grant independence to the Philippines.

36
H-2. The Wood-Forbes Mission

Gen. Leonard Gov. Gen. W.

Wood Cameron Forbes
37
 I. The OSROX Mission
 In November 1931, the Philippine Legislature sent a mission to the
United States to work for the passage of an independence law.

 U.S. Senator Harry B. Hawes filed an independence bill in the U.S.

Congress, with U.S. Congressman Hare and U.S. Senator Cutting
as co-sponsors.

 The bill was approved in December 1932, but President Herbert

Hoover, vetoed the bill.

38
I-1. The OSROX Mission

Harry B. Hawes

39
 I-2. The OSROX Mission
 The U.S. Congress repassed the bill on January 17, 1933 known as
the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act.

 The Antis were those who sided with Quezon in opposing the law.

 The Pros were those who supported the law and backed Osmeña and
Roxas.

40
I-3. The OSROX Mission
 The law’s provisions on trade relations were
disadvantageous to the Philippines.

 He objected the provision limiting the

immigration of Filipinos to the U.S.

 He also objected to the retention by the U.S. of

military bases in the Philippines.

41
I-4. The OSROX Mission

 OSROX claimed that the

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
was the best independence
law that the Filipinos could
obtain from the U.S.

42
 I-5. The OSROX Mission

On October 17, 1933, the legislature rejected the Hare-Hawes-Cutting

Act.

The U.S. Congress enacted a new independence bill sponsored by

Senator Milliard Tydings and Representative John McDuffie.

 Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 24, 1934.

43
 J. The Commonwealth Government

Afther the Tydings-McDuffie Law was approved by Pres. Franklin

Roosevelt. The Americans grant the Filipinos to create its owned
government but under the supervison of U.S.A.

 July 30, 1934, members of the constitutional convention were elected.

Claro M. Recto was elected as President then he presided the
constitutional convention.

44
 J-1. 1935 Philippine Constitution

After thorough deliberation of the members of the Constitutional

convention lead by Claro M. Recto in Febuary 1935, the new Philippine
Constitution was promulgated.

March 23, 1935, the 1935 Philippine Constitution was approved by

Pres. Franklin Roosevelt.

May 14, 1935, the Constitution was ratified by the Filipinos.

45
 J-2. Election of President and Vice
President
September 16, 1935, first national election was held in the Philippines to elect
President and Vice President of the Transitory Government.

Manuel Quezon was elected President and Sergio Osmeña, Sr. was elected Vice
President of the Transitory Government which is otherwise known as the First
Philippine Republic.

November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth Government together with the First
Philippine Republic was inaugurated on steps of the Legislative building in Manila.

46
 J-3. Manuel L. Quezon

He served as President of the First Philippine Republic

from 1935-1941.

He was re-elected as President in November 11, 1941 with Sergio

Osmeña, Sr. as Vice President.

It was cut short because of the Japanese Invasion.

47
Thank you for reading!

48