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Frequency-Distributions

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26 views28 pages

Frequency-Distributions

Uploaded by

ndjwndnnd sjwjhsbdbdbd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Frequency Distributions

and Graphs
Frequency Distribution
▪It is the organization of raw data in table form, using classes and frequencies.
▪Two types:
(1) categorical frequency distributions
(2) grouped frequency distribution
Categorical Frequency Distributions
▪It is used for data that can be placed in specific categories, such as nominal- or ordinal-level
data.
▪Examples: data such as political affiliation, religious affiliation, or major field of study
Example
Twenty-five army inductees were given a blood test to determine their blood type. The data set
is

Construct a frequency distribution for the data.


Solution
STEP 1. Make a table as shown.
Solution
STEP 2. Tally the data and place the results in column B.
Solution
STEP 3. Count the tallies and place the results in column C.
Solution
STEP 4. Find the percentage of values in each class by using the formula

𝒇
%= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒏
Where f is the frequency of the class and n is the total number of values.
Solution
STEP 5. Find the totals for columns C and D.

For the sample, more people have type O blood than any other type.
Grouped Frequency Distributions
▪When the range of the data is large, the data must be grouped into classes that are more than
one unit in width, in what is called a grouped frequency distribution.
•Values 58 and 64 of the first class are called class
limits.
•58 is the lower class limit – it represents the
smallest data value that can be included in the class.
•64 is the upper class limit – it represents the largest
value that can be included in the class.
•Class boundaries – used to separate classes so that
there are no gaps in the frequency distribution.
•The class limits should have the same decimal place
value as the data, but the class boundaries should
have one additional place value and end in a 5.
•𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 0.5 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
•𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 0.5 = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦

•The class width for a class in a frequency


distribution is found by subtracting the lower (or
upper) class limit of class from the lower (or upper)
class limit of the next class.
Example
These data represent the record high temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit (F) for each of the 50
states. Construct a grouped frequency distribution for the data, using 7 classes.
Solution
STEP 1. Determine the classes.
a. Find the highest value and the lowest value
𝑯 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒, 𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

b. Find the range


𝑹 = 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 – 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟒

c. Select the number of classes desired.


7 is arbitrarily chosen

d. Find the class width by dividing the range by the number


of classes.
Solution
STEP 1. Determine the classes.

e. Select a starting point (usually the lowest value or any convenient number
less than the lowest value); add the width to get the lower limits.

𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 + 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓


𝟏𝟎𝟓 + 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟏𝟎 + 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓
Solution
STEP 1. Determine the classes.

f. Find the upper class limits. Subtract one unit from the lower limit of
the second class to get the upper limit of the first class. Then add the
width to each upper limit to get all the upper limits.

𝟏𝟎𝟓 − 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒
Solution
STEP 1. Determine the classes.

g. Find the boundaries by subtracting 0.5 from each lower class limit and
adding 0.5 to each upper class limit.

99.5–104.5, 104.5–109.5, etc.


Solution
STEP 2. Tally the data.
Solution
STEP 3. Find he numerical frequencies from the tallies.
Cumulative frequency distribution
▪It is a distribution that shows the number of data values less than or equal to a specific value
(usually an upper boundary).
▪It is used to show how many data values are accumulated up to and including a specific class.
Example
Ungrouped Frequency Distribution
▪When the range of the data values is relatively small, a frequency distribution can be
constructed using single data values for each class.
Example
The data shown here represent the number of miles per gallon (mpg) that 30 selected four-
wheel-drive sport utility vehicles obtained in city driving. Construct a frequency distribution, and
analyze the distribution.
Solution
STEP 1. Determine the classes. Since the range of the
data set is small (19 – 12 = 7), classes consisting of a
single data value can be used. They are 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19.

Note: if the data are continuous, class boundaries can be


used. Subtract 0.5 from each class value to get the lower
class boundary, and add 0.5 to each class value to get the
upper class boundary.
Solution
STEP 2. Tally the data.
Solution
STEP 3. Find the numerical frequencies from the tallies,
and find the cumulative frequencies.
SEATWORK
A sample of 40 large cities was selected, and the average of the wind speeds was computed for
each city over one year. Construct a frequency distribution, using 7 classes.

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