Formulario III Parcial Electromagnetismo

1 𝜆
 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − (𝜙 + 2𝑚𝜋); 𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎
2𝛽 2
Líneas de transmisión: 𝐿 1 1 𝑅 𝐺 2 𝐺2
 𝑍0 = √ {1 + [ ( + ) − ]+
 P.S.P. : 𝑅 = 0; 𝐺 = 0 𝐶 2𝜔 2 4 𝐿 𝐶 𝐶 2

1 PSP y carga real:

 P.S.P.  𝑣 = 𝑗 𝐺
( − )}
𝑅
√𝐿𝐶 2𝜔 𝑐 𝐿  𝛤 < 0 → 𝜙 = 𝜋 → 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑧 = 0) → 𝑍𝐿 < 𝑍0
Ecuaciones del telegrafista: 𝐿  𝛤 > 0 → 𝜙 = 0 → 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑧 = 0) → 𝑍𝐿 > 𝑍0
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝐼  P.S.P. ó C.H.  𝑍0 = √
= − (𝑅𝐼 + 𝐿 ) 𝐶
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
 { 𝜕𝐼 𝜕𝑉 Transmisión de potencia y el uso de dB: Líneas de transmisión de longitud finita:
= − (𝐺𝑉 + 𝐶 )
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡  𝑃(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑉(𝑧, 𝑡)𝐼(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑍 cos(𝛽𝑧)+𝑗𝑍 sin(𝛽𝑧)
 𝑍𝑤 (𝑧) = 𝑍0 [𝑍𝐿 cos(𝛽𝑧)+𝑗𝑍0 sin(𝛽𝑧)]
Ecuaciones de Onda generales: |𝑉0 ||𝐼0 |𝑒 −2𝛼𝑧
cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧) cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 + 𝜃) 0 𝐿
𝑍𝐿 cos(𝛽ℓ)+𝑗𝑍0 sin(𝛽ℓ)
𝜕 2𝑉
= 𝐿𝐶
𝜕 2𝑉
+ (𝐿𝐺 + 𝑅𝐶)
𝜕𝑉
+ 𝑅𝐺𝑉  <𝑃 >=  𝑍𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑍𝑤 (ℓ) = 𝑍0 [ ]
2 𝑍0 cos(𝛽ℓ)+𝑗𝑍𝐿 sin(𝛽ℓ)
𝜕𝑡 2
 {𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
|𝑉0||𝐼0| 𝑚𝜆
𝜕 2𝐼 𝜕 2𝐼
= 𝐿𝐶 𝜕𝑡 2 + (𝐿𝐺 + 𝑅𝐶) 𝜕𝑡 + 𝑅𝐺𝐼
𝜕𝐼
2
𝑒 −2𝛼𝑧 cos(𝜃) ; 𝜃 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜  𝑍𝑒𝑛𝑡 (ℓ = 2
) = 𝑍𝐿
𝜕𝑧 2
1 |𝑉0|2 (2𝑚+1)𝜆 𝑍02

𝑧
𝑉(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡 − 𝑣) + 𝑓2 (𝑡 + 𝑣) = 𝑉 + + 𝑉 −
𝑧  < 𝑃 >= 2
𝑅𝑒{𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠∗ } = 2|𝑍 | 𝑒 −2𝛼𝑧
cos(𝜃)  𝑍𝑒𝑛𝑡 (ℓ = )=
0 4 𝑍𝑙
<𝑃(0)>
 𝐼(𝑧, 𝑡) =
1
[𝑓1 (𝑡 − ) + 𝑓2 (𝑡 + )] = 𝐼 + 𝐼  𝑃𝐿 [𝑑𝐵] = 10 log10 [<𝑃(𝑧)>] = 8,69𝛼𝑧
𝑧 𝑧 + −  𝑍02 = √𝑍01 𝑍03
𝐿𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
𝑉 <𝑉(0)>
 𝑍0 = = 𝐿𝑣  P.S.P.: 𝑍0 = √𝐿/𝐶  𝑃𝐿 [𝑑𝐵] = 20 log10 [<𝑉(𝑧)> ]
𝐼 Carta Smith:
+ +
𝑉 = 𝑍0 𝐼 𝑍 𝑅𝐿 +𝑗𝜒𝐿
 { −  𝓏𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿 = = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥
𝑉 = −𝑍0 𝐼− Reflexión de la onda en discontinuidades: 0 𝑍0
P.S.P de voltajes sinusoidales:  𝑉𝑖 (𝑧) = 𝑉0𝑖 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧  𝛤 = 𝛤𝑟 + 𝑗𝛤𝑖
𝓏 −1
 𝑉 + (𝑧, 𝑡) = |𝑉0 | cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧)  𝑉𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝑉0𝑟 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧  𝛤 = 𝓏𝐿 +1
𝐿
 𝑉 − (𝑧, 𝑡) = |𝑉0 | cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛽𝑧)  𝑧 = 0: 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉0𝑖 + 𝑉0𝑟 1+𝛤
2𝜋 𝜔  𝓏𝐿 = 1−𝛤
 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓; 𝛽 = ; 𝑣𝑝 = 1
 𝑧 = 0: 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼0𝑖 + 𝐼0𝑟 = (𝑉0𝑖 − 𝑉0𝑟 )
𝜆 𝛽
𝑍0  𝑟 = ∞ → 𝓏𝐿 = ∞ → 𝛤 = 1
𝑉
 𝐼𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍 (𝑉0𝑖 + 𝑉0𝑟 )
1
 𝓏𝐿 = 0 → 𝛤 = −1 → 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜
Análisis complejo de señales sinusoidales 𝐿 𝐿
Máximos y mínimos: 𝛤𝑖 = 0 → 𝑍𝐿 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙
 𝑒 ±𝑗𝑥 = cos(𝑥) ± 𝑗 sin(𝑥) Coeficiente de reflexión: 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉 𝑍 −𝑍  𝑅𝐿 > 𝑍0 → 𝛤 > 0 → 𝑟 > 1 → 𝓏𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
 cos(𝑥) =
𝑒 𝑗𝑥+𝑒 −𝑗𝑥  𝛤 = 0𝑟 = 𝐿 0 = |𝛤|𝑒 𝜙𝑟
𝑉0𝑖 𝑍𝐿 +𝑍0
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
2
 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉0𝑖 + 𝛤𝑉0𝑖  𝑅𝐿 < 𝑍0 → 𝛤 < 0 → 𝑟 < 1 → 𝓏𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑒 𝑗𝑥−𝑒 −𝑗𝑥 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
 sin(𝑥) = 1 1+|𝛤|
2  𝐼𝐿 = 𝑍 (𝑉0𝑖 − 𝛤𝑉0𝑖 )  𝑆 = 1−|𝛤| ; 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 |𝛤| 𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑧𝑎 𝑥 = 0𝑗
 |𝑉0 | cos(𝜔𝑡 ± 𝛽𝑧 + 𝜙) = 0
𝑉𝐿 1+𝛤 𝑌
1
(|𝑉0 |𝑒 𝑗𝜙 )[𝑒 ±𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ] + 𝑐𝑐  𝑍𝐿 = = 1−𝛤 𝑍0  𝓎𝐿 = 𝑌𝐿 = 𝑔 + 𝑗𝑏 ↔ 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥; 𝛤 + 1800
𝐼𝐿 0
2
 𝑉0 = |𝑉0 |𝑒 𝑗𝜙  𝛤 = −1 → 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜 → 𝑉 = 0  𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑔 > 1, 𝑏 = 0
 𝑉𝑠 (𝑧) = 𝑉0 𝑒 ±𝑗𝛽𝑧  𝛤 = 1 → 𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜 → 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
 𝑉𝑐 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑉𝑠 (𝑧)𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉0 𝑒 ±𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 Coeficiente de transmisión: Ecuaciones de Maxwell:
𝑉𝐿 2𝑍𝐿 ⃑
𝑉(𝑧, 𝑡) = 2 𝑉𝑐 (𝑧, 𝑡) + 2 𝑉𝑐∗ (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒{𝑉𝑐 (𝑧, 𝑡)}  𝜏 = 𝑉0𝑖 = 1 + 𝛤 = 𝑍0 +𝑍𝐿 = |𝜏|𝑒 𝑗𝜙𝑡 𝜕𝐵

1 1
 𝛻 × 𝐸⃑ = − 𝜕𝑡
Ecuación de onda general compleja:  𝜏 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙; 𝜏 > 1 → 𝑉𝐿 > 𝑉0𝑖 ⃑ = 𝐽⃑⃑⃑𝜎 + 𝜕𝐷⃑
 𝛻×𝐻

𝑑2𝑉𝑠
= (𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)𝑉 = 𝛾 𝑉 2  𝑀. 𝑇. 𝑃. → 𝛤 = 0; 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍0 𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑠 𝑠
|𝑉0|2  𝛻⋅𝐷
⃑ = 𝜌𝑉
 〈𝑃𝑖 〉 = 𝑒 −2𝛼ℓ cos(𝜃)
 𝛾 = √(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶) = √𝑧1 𝑦 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 2|𝑍0|  𝛻⋅𝐵
⃑ =0
|𝑉 |2
 𝑉𝑠 (𝑧) = 𝑉0+ 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 + 𝑉0 𝑒 𝛾𝑧  〈𝑃𝑟 〉 = |𝛤|2 2|𝑍0 | 𝑒 −2𝛼ℓ cos(𝜃) ⃑
𝜕𝐵
 ∮ 𝐸⃑ ⋅ 𝑑𝐿⃑ = − ∬ 𝜕𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑𝑆
0
𝜕𝑉𝑠
= −(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)𝐼𝑠 = −𝑧1 𝐼𝑠 
〈𝑃𝑟 〉
= 𝛤𝛤 ∗ = |𝛤|2 ⃑
𝜕𝐷
 𝑑𝑧
{ 𝑑𝐼 〈𝑃𝑖 〉  ∮𝐻
⃑ ⋅ 𝑑𝐿⃑ = 𝐼 + ∬ ⋅ 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑡
𝑠
= −(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)𝑉𝑠 = −𝑦𝑉𝑠 〈𝑃𝑡 〉
𝜕𝑧  〈𝑃𝑖 〉
= 1 − |𝛤|2  ∯𝐷
⃑ ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭ 𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝑉
𝑉0+ 𝑉0− 𝑧1 𝑧1 𝑧1 𝑅+𝑗𝜔𝐿
 𝑍0 = =− = = =√ =√ 𝛤=
𝑍02 −𝑍01  ∯𝐵
⃑ ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = 0
𝐼0+ 𝐼0− 𝛾 √𝑧1 𝑦 𝑦 𝐺+𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑍02 +𝑍01
 𝑍0 = |𝑍0 | = 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 ; 𝜃 = 𝜙 − 𝜁
Onda plana uniforme:
 PSP𝑍0 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 Relación de voltaje de onda estacionaria:
𝑉𝑠𝑡 (𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) 1+|𝛤| ⃑ = 𝜖0 𝜕𝐸⃑
 𝛻×𝐻
 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 𝑆 = = 𝜕𝑡
𝑉𝑠𝑡 (𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) 1−|𝛤| ⃑
𝜕𝐻
PBP: 𝑅 ≪ 𝜔𝐿 𝑦 𝐺 ≪ 𝜔𝐶  𝛻 × 𝐸⃑ = −𝜇0 𝜕𝑡
1 𝑅 𝐺 1 𝑅2 2𝑅𝐺
 𝑉𝑠𝑡 (𝑧) = 𝑉0 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 + 𝛤𝑉0 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧
 𝛾 ≈ 𝑗𝜔√𝐿𝐶 [1 + 2𝑗𝜔 ( 𝐿 + 𝐶 ) + 8𝜔2 ( 𝐿2 − 𝐿𝐶
+ 𝑉 (𝑧) = 𝑉 (1 − |𝛤|)𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 +  𝛻 ⋅ 𝐸⃑ = 0
𝑠𝑡 0
𝐺2 𝑗𝜙
)] 2𝑉0 |𝛤|𝑒 cos (𝛽𝑧 + )
2
𝜙  𝛻⋅𝐻 ⃑ =0
𝐶2 2
1 𝐶 𝐿  𝑉𝑠𝑡 (𝑧) = 𝑉0 (1 − |𝛤|) cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧) +
 𝛼 ≈ (𝑅√ + 𝐺√ ) 𝜙 𝜙
Propagación de ondas en el espacio libre:
2 𝐿 𝐶
2𝑉0 |𝛤| cos (𝛽𝑧 + ) cos (𝜔𝑡 + )
2 2 2
1 𝐺 𝑅
 𝛽 ≈ 𝜔√𝐿𝐶 [1 + ( − ) ]  𝑉𝑠𝑡 (𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = (1 + |𝛤|)𝑉0 𝜕 2𝐸𝑥
= 𝜇0 𝜖0
𝜕 2𝐸𝑥
8 𝜔𝐶 𝜔𝐿
 1
2 𝜕𝑡 2
𝑑𝜔  𝑉𝑠𝑡 (𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) = (1 − |𝛤|)𝑉0 {𝜕𝜕𝑧 →𝑣=

2𝐻 𝜕 2𝐻𝑦
𝑣𝑔 = 1 𝜆
𝑦
= 𝜇0 𝜖0
√𝜇0 𝜖0
𝑑𝛽
𝑅 𝐺
 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − 2𝛽 (𝜙 + (2𝑚 + 1)𝜋); 𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑡 2
 C.H.: =  𝐸𝑥 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡 − 𝑧𝑣) + 𝑓2 (𝑡 + 𝑧𝑣)
𝐿 𝐶
 𝐸𝑥 (𝑧, 𝑡) = |𝐸𝑥0 | cos[𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘0𝑧 + 𝜙1 ] +  𝛻 × ⃑⃑⃑⃑ ⃑⃑⃑⃑𝑠 P.C.: 𝐸𝑥0 = 𝐸𝑦0 ⋀𝜙 = 𝜋/2
⃑⃑⃑⃑𝑠 = (𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜖 ′ )𝐸
𝐻𝑠 = 𝐽𝜎𝑠 + 𝐽𝑑𝑠 = 𝐽𝜎𝑠 + 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸
𝜎
|𝐸𝑥0 | cos[𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘0 𝑧 + 𝜙2 ]  𝜖 ′′ = 𝜔  𝐸⃑𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐 = 𝐸𝑥0 (𝑥̂ ± 𝑗𝑦̂)𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
 𝑘0 = 𝑐 ; 𝜆 = 𝑘
𝜔 2𝜋

𝐽𝜎𝑠 𝜖 ′′
= 𝑗𝜖′ = 𝑗𝜔𝜖′
𝜎  𝜃𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐 = ∓(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧)
0 𝐽𝑑𝑠
1
 ℰ𝑥 (𝑧, 𝑡) = |𝐸𝑥0 |𝑒 𝑗𝜙1 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘0𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 + 𝑐𝑐  tan(𝜃) =
𝜖 ′′
=
𝜎
2
𝜖′ 𝜔𝜖 ′ Reflexión de ondas planas uniformes que
 𝐸𝑥0 = |𝐸𝑥0 |𝑒 𝑗𝜙1 inciden perpendicularmente:
 𝐸𝑥𝑠 = |𝐸𝑥0 |𝑒 𝑗𝜙1 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘0 𝑧 Buen Die.: tan(𝜃) ≪ 1  ℰ𝑥1
+ (𝑧, +
𝑡) = 𝐸𝑥10 𝑒 −𝛼1𝑧 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽1 𝑧)
 ℰ𝑥 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒{𝐸𝑥𝑠 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 } 𝜎 𝜇  𝐸𝑥𝑠1
+ (𝑧) +
= 𝐸𝑥10 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝑧
 𝛼 = 2 √𝜖 ′ 1
 𝐻𝑦𝑠1
+ (𝑧) +
= 𝜂 𝐸𝑥10 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝑧
Ecuaciones de Maxwell complejas: 1 𝜎 2 1
 𝛽 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜖 ′ [1 + ( ) ]  𝐸𝑥𝑠2
+ (𝑧) +
= 𝐸𝑥20 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘2 𝑧
 𝛻 × ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐻𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖0 ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐸𝑠 8 𝜔𝜖 ′
1
𝜇 3 𝜎 2 𝜎  𝐻𝑦𝑠2
+ (𝑧) +
= 𝜂 𝐸𝑥20 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘2 𝑧
 𝛻×𝐸 ⃑⃑⃑⃑𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 𝐻
⃑⃑⃑⃑𝑠  𝜂 = √ ′ [1 − ( ′
) +𝑗 ′
] 2
𝜖 8 𝜔𝜖 2𝜔𝜖
 𝛻⋅𝐸 ⃑⃑⃑⃑𝑠 = 0  𝐸𝑥𝑠1
− (𝑧) −
= 𝐸𝑥10 𝑒 𝑗𝑘1 𝑧
𝜇 𝜎 𝜎
 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐻𝑠 = 0
⃑⃑⃑⃑  𝜂 = √𝜖′ (1 + 𝑗 2𝜔𝜖′) ; 𝜔𝜖 ′
< 0,1  𝐻𝑦𝑠1
− (𝑧)
=−
1 −
𝐸𝑥10 𝑒 𝑗𝑘1𝑧
𝜂1

Ecuación de Helmholtz: Teorema de Poynting:  𝐸𝑥𝑠1

+
+ 𝐸𝑥𝑠1−
= 𝐸𝑥𝑠2+

 𝛻 2 ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐸𝑠 = −𝑘02 ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐻𝑠  −𝛻 ⋅ (𝐸⃑ × 𝐻⃑ ) = 𝐽 ⋅ 𝐸⃑ + ( 𝐷 ⃑ ⋅ 𝐸⃑ ) + ( 𝐵 ⃑ )  𝐻𝑦𝑠1 + 𝐻𝑦𝑠1 = 𝐻𝑦𝑠2
⃑ ⋅𝐻 𝜕 + 1 − 𝜕 +1

𝑑2𝐸𝑥𝑠 𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡 2
 𝛻 2 𝐸𝑥𝑠 = −𝑘02 𝐸𝑥𝑠 → = −𝑘02 𝐸𝑥𝑠  − ∯(𝐸⃑ × 𝐻 ⃑ ) ⋅ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭ 𝐽 ⋅ 𝐸⃑ 𝑑𝑉 +  𝐸𝑥10 + 𝐸𝑥10 = 𝐸𝑥20
+ − +
𝑑𝑧 2
𝐸+ 𝐸− 𝐸+
 𝐸𝑥𝑠 (𝑧) = 𝐸𝑥0 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘0𝑧 + 𝐸𝑥0
′
𝑒 𝑗𝑘0 𝑧 𝑑 1 𝑑 1  𝜂𝑥10 − 𝜂𝑥10 = 𝜂𝑥20
⃑ ⃑
∭ 𝐷 ⋅ 𝐸 𝑑𝑉 + ∭ 𝐵 ⋅ 𝐻 𝑑𝑉 ⃑ ⃑ 1 1 2

 𝐻𝑦𝑠 (𝑧) = 𝐸𝑥0 √𝜇0 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘0 𝑧 − 𝐸𝑥0

′ 𝜖
0 𝑗𝑘 𝑧 𝜖 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝐸− 𝜂2 −𝜂1
√𝜇 𝑒 0  𝛤 = 𝐸𝑥10+ = 𝜂 +𝜂 = |𝛤|𝑒
𝑗𝜙
0 0
 𝑆 = 𝐸⃑ × 𝐻⃑ 𝑥10 2 1

 𝐻𝑦𝑠 (𝑧) = 𝐻𝑦0 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘0 𝑧 + 𝐻𝑦0

′
𝑒 𝑗𝑘0 𝑧 𝐸+
 𝜏 = 𝐸𝑥20
2𝜂2 𝑗𝜙𝑖
+ = 𝜂 +𝜂 = 1 + 𝛤 = |𝜏|𝑒
𝑥10 1 2
𝜖 Dieléctrico con pérdidas: 𝜂 = |𝜂|∠𝜃𝑛
 𝐻𝑦𝑠 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝐸𝑥0 √𝜇0 cos[𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘0 𝑧] − 1
 〈𝑆1𝑖 〉 = 2 𝑅𝑒{𝐸𝑥𝑠1 + +∗
𝐻𝑦𝑠1
1 1 + |2
} = 2 𝑅𝑒 {𝜂∗ } |𝐸𝑥10
0  𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑥0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧) 1
𝐸𝑥0 1
′
𝐸𝑥0
𝜖0
√𝜇 cos[𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘0 𝑧]  𝐻𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 − 𝜃𝑛 )  〈𝑆1𝑟 〉 = − 2 𝑅𝑒{𝐸𝑥𝑠1
− −∗
𝐻𝑦𝑠1 }=
0
|𝜂|
2
𝐸𝑥0 + 2 2 1 1
𝜖0  𝑆𝑧 = 𝑒 −2𝛼𝑧 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧) cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 − 𝜃𝑛 ) 2 𝑅𝑒 {𝜂1∗ } |𝐸𝑥10 | |𝛤|
 𝐸𝑥0 = √𝜇 𝐻𝑦0 = 𝜂0 𝐻𝑦0 |𝜂|
0
1 𝐸2  〈𝑆1𝑟 〉 = |𝛤|2 〈𝑆1𝑖 〉
𝜖0
 〈𝑆𝑧 〉 = 2 |𝜂|
𝑥0 −2𝛼𝑧
𝑒 cos(𝜃𝑛 ) 1 1 1
 𝐸𝑥0
′ ′
= −√𝜇 𝐻𝑦0 ′
= −𝜂0 𝐻𝑦0 1
 〈𝑆2 〉 = 2 𝑅𝑒{𝐸𝑥𝑠2
+ +∗
𝐻𝑦𝑠2 + |2 |𝜏|2
} = 2 𝑅𝑒 {𝜂∗ } |𝐸𝑥10
0
 〈𝑆〉 = 2 𝑅𝑒{𝐸⃑𝑠 × 𝐻
⃑ 𝑠∗ } 2

𝐸𝑥0 𝜖0  〈𝑆2 〉 = (1 − |𝛤|2 )〈𝑆1𝑖 〉

 𝜂0 = 𝐻 = √𝜇 = 377 𝛺 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ⃑ 𝑠∗ = 𝐸𝑥0∗ 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑦̂
 𝐸⃑𝑠 = 𝐸𝑥0 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑥̂; 𝐻
𝑦0 0 𝜂

Propagación de ondas en dieléctricos: 𝜖 ′′ 𝜎

Buen Conductor: = 𝜔𝜖′ ≫ 1:
𝑑2𝐸𝑥𝑠 𝜖′
 = −𝑘 2 𝐸𝑥𝑠 → 𝑘 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜖 = 𝑘0 √𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟 Efecto piel: 𝛿
𝑑𝑧 2
 𝐸𝑥𝑠 = 𝐸𝑥0 𝑒 = 𝐸𝑥0 𝑒 𝑒−𝑗𝑘0 𝑧 −𝛼𝑧 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
 𝛼 = 𝛽 = √𝜋𝑓𝜇𝜎
 𝑗𝑘 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽  𝑧𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑙 = 𝛿 = 𝛼 = 𝛽 =
1 1 1
√𝜋𝑓𝜇𝜎
 𝐸𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒{𝐸𝑥𝑠 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 } = 𝐸𝑥0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧)
𝜇 𝑗𝜔𝜇
 𝜂 = √𝜖′−𝑗𝜖′′ = √𝜎+𝑗𝜖′
𝜖 = 𝜖 − 𝑗𝜖 = 𝜖0 (𝜖𝑟′ − 𝑗𝜖𝑟′′ )
′ ′′
𝑗𝜔𝜇 1+𝑗
𝜇 = 𝜇 ′ − 𝑗𝜇 ′′ = 𝜇0 (𝜇𝑟′ − 𝑗𝜇𝑟′′ )  𝐵. 𝐵. → 𝜂 = √ =
𝜎 𝜎𝛿
 𝐷𝑖𝑒. → 𝜇 ≈ 𝜇0 𝑧
 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑥0 𝑒 −𝑧/𝛿 cos (𝜔𝑡 − 𝛿)
𝜖 ′′
 𝑘 = 𝜔√𝜇(𝜖 ′ − 𝑗𝜖 ′′ ) = 𝜔√𝜇𝜖 ′ √1 − 𝜎𝛿𝐸𝑥0 𝑧
𝑧 𝜋
𝜖′  𝐻𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝛿 cos (𝜔𝑡 − 𝛿 − 4 )
1/2 √2
𝜇𝜖 ′ 𝜖 ′′ 2 2
𝜎𝛿𝐸𝑥0
 𝛼 = 𝑅𝑒{𝑗𝑘} = 𝜔√ (√ 1 + ( 𝜖 ′ ) − 1)  〈𝑆𝑧 〉 = 𝑒 −2𝑧/𝛿
2 4
𝜎𝛿𝐿𝑏 𝛿𝐿𝑏 2
1/2  〈𝑃𝐿 (𝑧 = 0)〉 = 2
𝐸𝑥0 = 𝐽
𝜇𝜖 ′ 𝜖 ′′ 2 4 4𝜎 𝑥0
 𝛽 = 𝐼𝑚{𝑗𝑘} = 𝜔√ (√1 + ( ′ ) + 1)  𝑆𝑖 𝑎 ≫ 𝛿 → 𝑅 =
𝐿
≈
𝐿
2 𝜖
𝜎𝑆 2𝜋𝑎𝜎𝛿
𝜖 ′′
 tan(𝜃) =
𝜖′
𝜔 2𝜋
Polarización de onda:
 𝑣𝑝 = ; 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓; 𝛽 =
𝛽 𝜆  E.G: 𝐸⃑⃑⃑⃑𝑠 = (𝐸𝑥0 𝑥̂ + 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 𝑗𝜙 𝑦̂)𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐸𝑥0
 𝐻𝑦𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧  P.L.: 𝐸⃑⃑⃑⃑𝑠 = (𝐸𝑥0 𝑥̂ + 𝐸𝑦0 𝑦̂)𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝜂
1
−
𝜇 𝜇 𝜖 ′′ 2
 𝜂 = √𝜖′−𝑗𝜖′′ = √𝜖′ (1 − 𝑗 𝜖′ ) PSP:
  ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐸𝑠 = (𝐸𝑥0 𝑥̂ + 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 𝑗𝜙 𝑦̂)𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
 PSPDie.Perf.: 𝜖 ′′ = 0; 𝛼 = 0  𝐸⃑ (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝐸𝑥0 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧) 𝑥̂ +
𝐸𝑦0 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 + 𝜙) 𝑦̂
Conductores:  P.E.:𝐸𝑥0 ≠ 𝐸𝑦0