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பசித்திரு (Be hungry) தனித்திரு (Be individual) விழித்திரு (Be conscious)

HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR-PHYSICS

NAME :
STANDARD : 12 SECTION :
SCHOOL :
EXAM NO :

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
12 PHYSICS www.kalvikadal.in UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY https://material.kalvikadal.in CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

PART - I MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS WITH SOLUTION 5. What is the value of resistance of the following resistor?
(a)100 k Ω (b)10 k Ω
1. The following graph shows current versus voltage values (c) 1k Ω (d)1000 k Ω
of some unknown conductor. What is the resistance of Solution :
this conductor?  From colour code, 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(a) 2 ohm (b) 4 ohm  𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑛 → 1 B B R O Y G B V G W
(c) 8 ohm (d)1 ohm 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 → 0
Solution : 𝑌𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 → 4 (𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠)
 From Ohm’s law, 𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅  Thus the value of resistor = 100000 Ω = 100 𝑘 Ω
𝑉 4
 Hence the resistance of the conductor, 𝑅 = = =2Ω Answer (a) 100 k Ω
𝐼 2
Answer (a) 2 ohm 6. Two wires of A and B with circular cross section are made up of the same
material with equal lengths. Suppose RA = 3 RB, then what is the ratio of radius
2. A wire of resistance 2 ohms per meter is bent to
of wire A to that of B?
form a circle of radius 1m. The equivalent resistance 1 1
between its two diametrically opposite points, A and (a) 3 (b) √3 (c) (d)
√3 3
B as shown in the figure is Solution :
𝜋 𝜌𝑙 𝜌𝑙 1
(a) 𝜋 Ω (b) Ω  The resistance of the material ; 𝑅 = = (or) 𝑅 ∝
2 𝐴 𝜋 𝑟2 𝑟2
𝜋
(c) 2 𝜋 Ω (d) Ω 𝑅𝐴 𝑟𝐵2 𝑟𝐴2 𝑅𝐵 𝑟𝐴 𝑅 𝑅 1
4  Thus, = (or) = (or) =√ 𝐵 = √3 𝑅𝐵 = √3
Solution : 𝑅𝐵 𝑟𝐴2 𝑟𝐵2 𝑅𝐴 𝑟𝐵 𝑅𝐴 𝐵

 Since 𝑟 = 1 𝑚, Length of arc AB = 𝜋 𝑟 = 𝜋 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝟏

Answer (c)
 Hence resistance of the arc AB of length 𝜋 is 2 𝜋 Ω √𝟑
 Here resistances 2 𝜋 and 2 𝜋 are in parallel, their effective resistance will be, 7. A wire connected to a power supply of 230 V has power dissipation P1. Suppose
1 1 1 2 1 the wire is cut into two equal pieces and connected parallel to the same power
= +2𝜋 = = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑹𝑨𝑩 = 𝝅 𝛀 𝑷𝟐
𝑅𝐴𝐵 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 supply. In this case power dissipation is P2 . The ratio is
𝑷𝟏
Answer (a) 𝝅 𝛀 (a)1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
3. A toaster operating at 240 V has a resistance of 120 Ω. Its power is Solution :
(a) 400 W (b) 2 W
(c) 480 W (d) 240 W
Solution :
𝑽𝟐 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝑿 𝟐𝟒𝟎
 Power is given by, 𝑷 = 𝑽 𝑰 = = = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑿 𝟐 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎 𝑾
𝑹 𝟏𝟐𝟎
Answer (c) 𝟒𝟖𝟎 𝑾  Let ‘R’ be the resistance of the wire.
4. A carbon resistor of (47 ± 4.7) k Ω to be marked with rings of different colours 𝑹
 If the wire is cut into two equal pieces, then the resistance of each piece will be
for its identification. The colour code sequence will be 𝟐
(a) Yellow – Green – Violet – Gold (b) Yellow – Violet – Orange – Silver  If these two pieces are connected in parallel, their effective resistance will be
1 1 1 2 2 4 𝑅
(c) Violet – Yellow – Orange – Silver (d) Green – Orange – Violet - Gold 𝑅𝑃
= 𝑅/2 + 𝑅/2 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 = 𝑅 (or) 𝑅𝑃 =
4
Solution : 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉2 4 𝑉2 𝑷𝟐
 Resistance = 47 𝑘Ω = 47000 Ω ; Tolerance = 4.7 𝑘Ω = 4700 Ω = 10%  Hence, 𝑃1 = and 𝑃2 = = = ∴ =𝟒
𝑅 𝑅𝑃 𝑅/4 𝑅 𝑷𝟏
 10% - Silver 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Answer (d) 4
 5% - Gold B B R O Y G B V G W
 From the code,
 4 → 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤, 7 → 𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑡, 3 (𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠) → 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 10% ⟶ 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟
Answer (b) Yellow – Violet – Orange – Silver

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
8. In India electricity is supplied for domestic use at 220 V. It is supplied at 110 V 12. The temperature coefficient of resistance of a wire is 0.00125 per °C. At 20°C,
in USA. If the resistance of a 60W bulb for use in India is R, the resistance of a its resistance is 1 Ω. The resistance of the wire will be 2 Ω at
60W bulb for use in USA will be (a) 800 °C (b) 700 °C (c) 850 °C (d) 820 °C
𝑅 𝑅 Solution :
(a) R ` (b) 2 R (c) (d)
4 2  The change in resistance due to change in temperature will be, Δ𝑅 = 𝑅𝑜 𝛼 Δ𝑡
Solution : (𝑜𝑟) 𝑅 − 𝑅𝑜 = 𝑅𝑜 𝛼 (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 ) (or) R = 𝑅𝑜 𝛼 (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 ) + 𝑅𝑜
𝑉2 𝑉2
 We know that, Power ; 𝑃 = ∴ Resistance ; 𝑅 = R = 𝑅𝑜 [𝛼 (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 ) + 1] (or)
R
= 𝛼 (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 ) + 1
𝑅 𝑃 𝑅𝑜
𝑉2 220 𝑋 220 𝑉2 110 𝑋 110 R 2
 Thus, 𝑅 = = and 𝑅𝑈𝑆𝐴 = = (𝑜𝑟) 𝛼 (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 ) = 𝑅 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 2 − 1 = 1
𝑃 60 𝑃 60 𝑜
𝑅𝑈𝑆𝐴 110 𝑋 110 60 1 𝑅
 Hence,
𝑅
=
60
𝑋 220 𝑋 220 = 4
∴ 𝑅𝑈𝑆𝐴 = 4 1 1 100000
𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 = 𝛼 = 0.00125 = 125 = 800
𝑹
Answer (c) 𝑡 = 800 + 𝑡𝑜 = 800 + 20 = 820℃
𝟒
Answer (d) 𝟖𝟐𝟎℃
9. In a large building, there are 15 bulbs of 40 W, 5 bulbs of 100 W, 5 fans of 80 W
and 1 heater of 1k W are connected. The voltage of electric mains is 220 V. The 13. The internal resistance of a 2.1 V cell which gives a current of 0.2 A through a
maximum capacity of the main fuse of the building will be resistance of 10 Ω is
(a) 14 A (b) 8 A (c) 10 A (d) 12 A (a) 0.2 Ω (b) 0.5 Ω (c) 0.8 Ω (d) 1.0 Ω
Solution : Solution :
𝐸−𝑉 𝐸−𝐼 𝑅 2.1−(0.2 𝑋 10) 2.1−2 0.1
 Power of 15 bulbs each of 40 W = 15𝑋 40 = 600 𝑊  Internal resistance ; 𝑟 = = = = = = 0.5 Ω
𝐼 𝐼 0.2 0.2 0.2
Power of 5 bulbs each of 100 W = 5 𝑋 100 = 500 𝑊 0.5 Ω
Answer (b)
Power of 5 fans each of 80 W = 5 𝑋 80 = 400 𝑊
Power of 1 heater of 1 k W = 1 𝑋 1000 = 1000 𝑊 14. A piece of copper and another of germanium are cooled from room
temperature to 80 K. The resistance of
 Thus Total power ; 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 2500 𝑊
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 2500 (a) each of them increases
 Hence, 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑉 𝐼 (or) 𝐼 = = = 11.36 ≅ 12 𝐴 (b) each of them decreases
𝑉 220
Answer (d) 𝟏𝟐 𝑨 (c) copper increases and germanium decreases
10. There is a current of 1.0 A in the circuit shown (d) copper decreases and germanium increases
below. What is the resistance of P ? Solution :
(a) 1.5 Ω (b) 2.5 Ω  Copper is a conductor for which, 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∝ 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
1
(c) 3.5 Ω (d) 4.5 Ω  Germanium is a semiconductor for which, 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∝
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
Solution : copper decreases and germanium
𝑉 9
 By Ohm’s law ; 𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓 (or) 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = = = 9 Ω Answer (d)
𝐼 1 increases
 From the circuit, 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 3 + 2.5 + 𝑃 = 5.5 + 𝑃 (𝑜𝑟) 9 = 5.5 + 𝑃
15. In Joule’s heating law, when R and t are constant, if the H is taken along the y
(or) 𝑃 = 9 − 5.5 = 3.5 Ω axis and I2 along the x axis, the graph is
Answer (c) 𝟑. 𝟓 𝛀 (a) straight line (b) parabola (c) circle (d) ellipse
11. What is the current drawn out from the battery? Solution :
(a) 1A ( b) 2A  By Joule’s heating law ; 𝐻 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 𝑡
(c) 3A (d) 4A  Here R and t are constants. So 𝑯 = 𝑪 𝑰𝟐
Solution :  It is in the form of 𝒚 = 𝒎 𝒙 which is theequation of
 The effective resistance ; straight line
1 1 1 1 3
𝑅𝑃
= 15 + 15 + 15 = 15
(or) 𝑅𝑃 = 5 Ω
𝑉 5
 Then by Ohm’s law, 𝐼 = =5 =1𝐴
𝑅𝑃
Answer (a) 𝟏𝑨 Answer (a) straight line

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
10. Current is a scalar quantity. Why?
PART - II TWO MARK SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
 Current is defined as the scalar product of current density ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐽) and area vector
WITH SOLUTION (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴) in which charges crosses. (i.e.) 𝐈 = ⃗𝑱⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 = 𝑱 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
1. Define current electricity.
 The branch of physics deals with moving charges is called current electricity.  The current can be positive or negative depending on the choice of unit vector
2. Define electric current. normal to the surface area A.
 The electric current in a conductor is defined as the rate of flow of charges 11. Give the macroscopic form of Ohm’s law.
through a given cross - sectional area.  Let ‘V’ be the potential difference, ‘I’ be the current and ‘R’ be the resistance,
𝑄 𝑑𝑄 then the macroscopic form of Ohm’s law is V = I R
𝐼= (𝑜𝑟) 𝑖= 12. What are called ohmic and non ohmic materials?
𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 The S. I unit of current is ampere (A). It is a scalar quantity.  Materials for which the current against voltage graph is a straight line through
3. Define one ampere (1 A) the orgin are said to obey Ohm’s law and they are called ohmic materials.
 One ampere of current is equivalent to 1 coulomb of charge passing through a  But materials for which the
perpendicular cross section in 1 second. [𝟏 𝑨 = 𝟏 𝑪 𝒔−𝟏 ] current against voltage graph is
4. What is called conventional current? non - linear and they do not have
 By convention, this flow in the circuit should be from the positive terminal of the a constant resistance are called
battery to the negative terminal. This is called the conventional current or non - ohmic. They do not obey
simply current. Ohm’s law.
 It is in the direction in which a positive test charge would move. 13. Define resistance of the conductor.
5. What are called free electrons and positive ions?  The ratio of potential difference (V) across the given conductor to the current (I)
 Any material is made up of neutral atoms with equal number of electrons and passing through the conductor is called resistance (R).
protons. If the outermost electrons leave the atoms, they become free electrons 𝑽
𝑹=
and are responsible for electric current. 𝑰
 The atoms after losing their outer most electrons will have more positive  Its unit is ohm ( )
charges and hence are called positive ions. They will not move freely and hence 14. What are the factors that the resistance depend on?
the positive ions will not give rise to current.  The resistance of the conductor is,
6. Define drift velocity. 1) directly proportional to its length (l)
 The average velocity acquired by the free electrons inside the conductor when it 2) inversely proportional to its area of cross section (A)
𝒍 𝝆𝒍
is subjected to an electric field is called drift velocity (𝑣⃗𝑑 ). Its unit is 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 𝑹= =
7. Define mobility. 𝝈𝑨 𝑨
where, 𝝈 → conductivity of the conductor
 The magnitude of drift velocity acquired by the free electrons per unit electric
𝝆 → resistivity of the conductor
field is called mobility (𝜇). Its unit is 𝒎𝟐 𝑽−𝟏 𝒔−𝟏
15. Define resistivity of the material.
8. Define current density.
 The electrical resistivity of a material is defined as the resistance offered to
 Current density (J) is defined as the current per unit area of cross section of the
current flow by a conductor of unit length having unit area of cross section.
conductor. 𝟏 𝑹𝑨
𝐼 𝝆= =
𝐽= 𝝈 𝒍
𝐴  Its unit is ohm - metre ( m )
 It is a vector quantity. Its unit is 𝑨 𝒎−𝟐
 It depends only the type of material and not the dimension of the material.
9. Give the microscopic form of Ohm’s law.
16. Define conductivity of the material.
 The current density is given by,
 The reciprocal of resistivity is called conductivity and it is given by,
𝑒𝜏 𝑛 𝑒2 𝜏 𝟏
⃗𝐽⃗ = 𝑛 𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗𝑣⃗𝑑 = 𝑛 𝑒 [ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸] = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸
𝑚 𝑚 𝝈=
⃗𝑱⃗ = 𝝈 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝝆
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑬
 Its unit is mho- metre-1 (-1 m-1)
 Thus Currnt density is directly proportional to the applied electric field. This is
 It depends only the type of material and not the dimension of the material.
known as microscopic form of Ohm’s law.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
17. Reparing the electrical connection with the wet skin is always dangerous. 23. What is called electric cell (battery) ?
Why?  An electric cell is a device which converts chemical energy in to electrical energy
 The humam body contains a large amount of water which has low resistance of to produce electricity.
around 200  and the dry skin has high resistance of 500 k .  It contains two electrods (anode and cathode) immersed in an electrolyte.
 But when the skin is wet, the resistance is reduced to 1000  . 24. Define electromotive force.
𝑉
 By Ohm’s law [𝑅 = ] if resistance decreses, current increases. Hence reparing  The amount of work a battery or cell does to move a certain amout of charge
𝐼
around the circuit is called as electromotive force (𝜉). Its unit is volt (V)
electric connection with wet skin is dangerous.
 The emf of a battery or a cell is the voltage provided by the battery when no
18. Define temperature coefficient of resistivity.
current flows in the external circuit.
 It is defined as the ratio of increase in resistivity per degree rise in temperature
25. Define the internal resistance of the cell.
to its resistivity at 𝑇𝑜 . Its unit is 𝒑𝒆𝒓 ℃
 A real battery is made of electrodes and electrolyte.
19. Define Superconductivity.
 There is resistance to the flow of charges within the battery and this resistance is
 The resistance of certain material become zero below certain temperature called
called internal resistance (r)
critical or transition temperature (TC)
 A freshly prepared cell has low internal resistance and it increased with ageing.
 For mercury, TC = 4.2 K
26. State Kirchoff’s first law (current rule or junction rule)
 The materials which exhibit this property are known as super conductors.
 It states that the algebraic sum of currents at any junction in a circuit is zero
 The property of conducting current with zero resistance is called super
(∑ 𝐼 = 0).
conductivity.
 It is discovered by Kammerlingh Onnes.  It is a statement of conservation of electric charge.
20. Distinguish electric energy and electric power. 27. State Kirchoff’s second law (voltage rule or loop rule)
Electric energy Electric power  It states that in a closed circuit the algebraic sum of the products of the current
and reistance of each part of the circuit is equal to the total emf included in the
1) Work has to be done to move the 1) The rate at which the electrical
circuit ( ∑ 𝑰 𝑹 = ∑ 𝜺).
charge from one end to other end potential energy is delivered is
of the conductor and this called electric power.  It is a statement of conservation of energy for an isolated system.
workdone is called electric energy. 𝒅𝑼 28. Give the sign convention followed by the Kirchoff’s current rule.
𝑷= =𝑽𝑰  Current entering the junction is taken as positive and current leaving the
𝒅𝑾 = 𝒅𝑼 = 𝑽 𝒅𝑸 𝒅𝒕
2) Its S.I unit is joule ( J ) 2) Its S.I unit is watt (W) junction is taken as negative.
29. Give the sign convention followed by the Kirchoff’s votage rule.
3) Its practical unit is kilowatt hour 3) Its practical unit is horse power
(kWh) i.e. 1 𝑘𝑊ℎ = 3.6 𝑋 106 𝐽 (H P) i.e, 1 𝐻 𝑃 = 746 𝑊  The product of current and resistance is taken as positive when the direction of
21. Prove that the expression for power in an electrical circuit is 𝑷 = 𝑽 𝑰 the current is followed and is taken as negative when the direction of current is
opposite to the loop
 Electric energy is given by, 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑄
 The emf is considered positive when proceeding from the negative to the
 By definition, the rate at which electric potential energy is delivered is called
positive terminal of the cell and negative when proceeding from the positive to
power. (i.e)
𝑑𝑈 𝑑 (𝑉 𝑑𝑄) 𝑑𝑄 the negative terminal of the cell.
𝑃= = =𝑉 = 𝑽𝑰 30. What is called Galvanometer?
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝑸  A galvanometer is an instrument used for detecting and measuring even very
 Where, = 𝑰 → electric current small electric currents.
𝒅𝒕
22. Write down the various equations for power.  It is extensively useful to compare the potential difference between various parts
 The electric power is given by, of the circuit.
𝑷=𝑽𝑰 31. State the principle of potentiometer.
 By Ohm’s law, 𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅 and hence  Let ‘I’ be the current, ′𝑟 ′ be the resistance per unit length and ′𝑙 ′ be the balancing
𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 length, then emf is
 Also, 𝐼 = 𝑉/ 𝑅 and hence, 𝜺= 𝑰𝒓𝒍 (𝒐𝒓) 𝜺∝𝒍
𝑽𝟐  The emf is directly proportional to the balancing length. This is the principle of
𝑷=
𝑹 potentiometer.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
32. What is called Joule’s heating effect of current? 39. What are the applications of Seebeck effect?
 When current flows through a resistor, some of the electrical energy delivered to  Seebeck effect is used in thermoelectric generators (Seebeck generators) which
the resistor is converted into heat energy and it is dissipated. This heating effect are used in power plants to convert waste heat into electricity.
of current is known as Joule’s heating effect.  This effect is utilized in automobiles as automotive thermoelectric generators for
33. State Joule’s law of heating. increasing fuel efficiency
 It states that the heat develop in an electrical circuit due to the flow, current  Seebeck effect is used in thermocouples and thermopiles to measure the
varies directly as temperature difference between the two objects.
(i) the square of the current 40. Define Peltier effect.
(ii) the resistance of the circuit and  When an electric current is passed through a circuit of a thermocouple, heat is
(iii) the time of flow evolved at one junction and absorbed at the other junction. This is known as
(𝑖. 𝑒) 𝑯 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 𝒕 Peltier effect.
34. What are the properties of the substance used as heating element?  Peltier effect is reversiable.
 An alloy of nickel and chromium called Nicrome is used as heating element. It 41. Define Thomson’s effect.
has  If two points in a conductor are at different temperatures, the density of
(i) a high specific resistance electrons at these points will differ and as a result the potential difference is
(ii) high melting point created between these points.
(iii) heated to very high temperature without oxidation  Thomson effect is reversiable.
35. Write a note on electric fuses.
 Fuses are connected in series in a circuit to protect the electric device from the
heat developed by the passage of excessive current.
 It melt and breaks the circuit if the current exceeds certain value.
 It is a short length of a wire made of a low melting point material.
36. Write a note on circuit breakers (trippers)
 Now a days in housed, circuit breakers are used instead of fuses.
 Whenever there is an ecessive current produced due to faulty wire connection,
the circuit breaker switch opens.
 After repairing the faulty connection, we can close the circuit breaker switch.
37. Write a note on electric bulb or lamp.
 It consists of a tungsten filament kept inside a glass bulb and heated to
incandescence by current.
 Melting point of tungsten is 3380 ℃
 In incandescent electric lamps, only 5% of electric energy is converted into light
and the rest is wasted as heat.
38. Define Seebeck effect.
 In a closed circuit consisting of two dissimilar metals, when the junctions are
maintained at different temperature an emf is developed. This phenomenom is
called Seebeck effect or thermoelectric effect.
 The current that flows due to the emf developed is called thermoelectric current.
 The two dissimilar metals connected to form two junctions is known as
thermocouple.

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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
 The number of electrons available in the volume of length ‘ 𝑑𝑥 ’ is
PART- III THREE MARK SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS = 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑋 𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑣𝑑 𝑑𝑡 𝑋 𝑛
SOLUTION
1. Obtain an expression for drift velocity. How it is related with the mobility?  Then the total charge in this volume element is,
Drift velocity (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒗𝒅 ) : 𝑑𝑄 = 𝐴 𝑣𝑑 𝑑𝑡 𝑛 𝑒
 If there is no electric field, all the free electrons in a conductor are moves in  By definition, the current is given by
random directions. As a result no net flow of electrons in any direction and 𝑑𝑄 𝐴 𝑣𝑑 𝑑𝑡 𝑛 𝑒
𝐼= =
hence there will not be any current. 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 If the conductor is subjected toan electric field ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐸 ) free electrons experinces a 𝑰 = 𝒏 𝒆 𝑨 𝒗𝒅
force given by, 3. Write a note on carbon resistors.
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = −𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 − − − − − (1) Carbon resistors :
 So all the free electrons are accelerated in a direction opposite to the field. By  Carbon resistors consists of a ceramic core on which a thin layer of crystalline
Newton’s second law carbon is deposited.
⃗⃗⃗⃗  They ar inexpensive, stable and compact in size.
𝐹 −𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎= = − − − − − −(2)  Colour rings drawn over it are used to indicate the value of the resistance
𝑚 𝑚 according to the rules in the table.
 But the positive ions scatter the electrons and change its direction of motion. So
Colour Number Multiplier Coluur Tolerance
they move in zig-zag path.
Black 0 1 Gold 5%
 In addition to the zig-zag motion due to collisions, the electrons move slowly 1
Brown 1 10 Silver 10 %
along the conductor in a direction opposite to that of ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐸
Red 2 10 2
No ring (colourless) 20 %
 This average velocity acquired by the free electrons inside the conductors, when it
is subjected to the electric field is called drift velocity (⃗⃗⃗𝑣⃗𝑑 ) Orange 3 103
 The average time between successive collision is called the mean free time or Yellow 4 104
relaxation time (𝜏). Green 5 105
 Hence the drift velocity is given by, Blue 6 106
−𝒆 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 Violet 7 107
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒗𝒅 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂𝝉= 𝝉 = − 𝝁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑬 Grey 8 108
𝒎
𝑒𝜏 White 9 109
where , = 𝜇 → mobility of electrons
𝑚  There is three coloured bands on its left and one metallic coloured band on its
 The magnitude of the drift velocity acquired by the free electron per unit electric right side.
field is called mobility.  The first and second rings are the significant figures of the resistance and the
|⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒗𝒅 | third ring indicate the decimal multiplier after them. The fourth metallic ring
𝝁=
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 shows the tolerance of the resistor.
 It unit is 𝒎𝟐 𝑽−𝟏 𝒔−𝟏 Example :
2. Derive the relation between the drift velocity and the current.
Drift velocity and current - Relation :  For the given carbon resistor,
First ring (Green) = 5
 Area of cross section of the conductor =𝐴 Second ring (Blue) = 6
Number of electrons per unit volume =𝑛 Third ring (Orange) = 103
Applied electric field = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 Fourth metallic ring (Gold) = 5%
Drift velocity of electrons = 𝒗𝒅  Value of the resistor = 𝟓𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝛀 = 𝟓𝟔 𝐤 𝛀
Charge of an electrons =𝑒 Tolerance =5%
 Let ‘𝑑𝑥’ be the distance travelled by the electron in time ‘𝑑𝑡’, then
𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑑 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
4. Define temperature coefficient of resistivity. Obtain an expression for it. 6. Write a note on electric cells in parallel.
Temperature coefficient of resistivity : Cells in parallel :
 Resistivity of the substance depends on the temperature. Let  Let ‘n’ cells each of emf 𝜀 and internal
 Resistivity at 𝑇𝑜 ℃ = 𝜌𝑜 resistance ‘r’ are connected in parallel with
Resistivity at 𝑇℃ = 𝜌𝑇 an external resistance ‘R’.
∴ 𝜌𝑇 = 𝜌𝑜 [1 + 𝛼 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )] − − − −(1)  Total emf of the battery =𝑛𝜀
𝑟
Where, 𝛼 → Temperature coefficient of resistivity Total resistance of the circuit = +𝑅
𝑛
 From equation (1)  By Ohm’s law,
𝜌𝑇 = 𝜌𝑜 + 𝜌𝑜 𝛼 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ) 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝜀 𝑛 𝜀
𝜌𝑇 − 𝜌𝑜 = 𝜌𝑜 𝛼 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ) 𝐼= = 𝑟 = − − − − − (1)
𝝆𝑻 − 𝝆𝒐 ∆𝝆 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 +𝑅 𝑛𝑟+𝑅
∴ 𝜶= = 𝑛
𝝆𝒐 (𝑻 − 𝑻𝒐 ) 𝝆𝒐 ∆𝑻  If 𝑟 ≪ 𝑅, equation (1) becomes,
Where, ∆𝝆 = 𝝆𝑻 − 𝝆𝒐 → change in resistivity 𝑛 𝜀 𝜀
𝐼= ≈ 𝑛 𝐼1 [∵ = 𝐼1 ]
∆𝑻 = 𝑻 − 𝑻𝒐 → Change in temperature 𝑅 𝑅
 It is defined as the ratio of increase in resistivity per degree rise in (i.e.) if ‘r’ is negligible compared to ‘R’ the current supplied by the battery is ‘n’
temperature to its resistivity at 𝑇𝑜 . Its unit is 𝒑𝒆𝒓 ℃ times the that supplied by the single cell
 For conductors 𝜶 is positive (i.e) if the temperature of the conductor increases,  𝑟 ≪ 𝑅, equation (1) becomes,
𝑛 𝜀 𝜀
its resistivity also increases. 𝐼= = ≈ 𝐼1
𝑛𝑟 𝑟
 Thus resistance at 𝑇 ℃ (i.e.) if ‘r’ is very very greater than ‘R’, current due to the whole battery is same
𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝒐 [𝟏 + 𝜶 (𝑻 − 𝑻𝒐 )] as due to single cell.
 For semiconductor, 𝜶 is negative. (i.e.) if temperature increases, resistance 7. Explain the principle of
decreases. potentiometer.
 A semiconductor with a negative temperature coefficient of resistance is called a Principle of potentiometer:
thermistor.  A battery (Bt), key (K) and
5. Write a note on electric cells in series. potentiometer wire (CD) are
Cells in series : connected in series forms the
 Let ‘n’ cells each of emf 𝜀 and internal primary circuit.
resistance ‘r’ are connected in series with an  The positive terminal of
external resistance ‘R’. primary cell of emf ′𝜉 ′ is
 Total emf of the battery =𝑛𝜀 connected to the point C and
Total resistance of the circuit = 𝑛𝑟+𝑅 negative terminal is
 By Ohm’s law, connected to the point D
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝑛𝜀 through galvanometer (G)
𝐼= = − − − (1)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑛𝑟+𝑅 and high resistance (HR). This
 If 𝑟 ≪ 𝑅, equation (1) becomes, forms the secondary circuit.
𝑛𝜀 𝜀
𝐼= ≈ 𝑛 𝐼1 [∵ = 𝐼1 ]  Let contact be made at ‘J’ on the wire by jockey.
𝑅 𝑅  If the potential difference across CJ is equal to the emf (𝜉) of the cell, then the
(i.e.) if ‘r’ is negligible compared to ‘R’ the current supplied by the battery is ‘n’
galvanometer shows zero deflection. Here ‘CJ’ is the balancing length 𝒍
times the that supplied by the single cell
 If ‘r’ is the resistance per unit length of the wire, then by Ohm’s law,
 𝑟 ≪ 𝑅, equation (1) becomes,
𝑛𝜀 𝜀 Potential difference across CJ = 𝐼 𝑟 𝑙
𝐼= = ≈ 𝐼1 Hence, 𝜀 = 𝑰 𝒓 𝒍
𝑛𝑟 𝑟
(i.e.) if ‘r’ is very very greater than ‘R’, current due to the whole battery is same  Since I and r are constants, , 𝜀 ∝ 𝒍
as due to single cell.

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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
8. Explain Seebeck effect. Give its applications. 10. Distinguish between Peltier effect and Joule’s effect.
Seebeck effect : Peltier effect Joule’s effect
 Seebeck discoved that in a 1) Both heat liberated and absorbed 1) Heat liberated only occur
closed circuit consisting of two occur
dissimilar metals, when the 2) Occurs at junctions 2) Occurs all along the conductor
juctions are maintained at
different temperatures an emf 3) Reversiable effect 3) Irreversiable effect
(potential difference) is 11. Explain Thomson effect.
developed. This is called Thomson effect :
Seebeck effect.  Thomson showed that, if two points in a
 The current that flows due to the emf developed is called thermoelectric conductor are at different temperatures, the
current. density of electrons at these points will
 The two dissimilar metals connected to form two junctions is known as differ and as a result the potential difference
thermocouple. is created between these points. This is
known as Thomson effect.
 If hot and cold juntions are interchanged, the direction of current also reversed.
Hence Seebeck effect is reversiable.  Thomson effect is reversiable.
 The magnitude of emf developed in thermocouple depends on,  If current passed through copper bar AB
(i) Nature of the metals forming thermocouple which is heated at its mid point C, the point C
(ii) Temperature difference between the junctions will be at higer potential. This indicates that
Applications : the heat is absorbed along AC and evolved
along CB. Thus heat is transferred in the
 Seebeck effect is used in thermoelectric generators (Seebeck generators).
direction of the current. It is called positive
 This effect is utilized in automobiles as automotive thermoelectric generators.
Thomson effect.
 Seebeck effect is used in thermocouples and thermopiles.
(e.g) Ag, Zn. Cd
9. Explain Peltier effect.
Peltier effect :  When the copper bar is replaced by an iron
bar, heat is evolved along CA and absorbed
 When an electric current is passed through a circuit of a thermocouple, heat is
along BC. Thus heat is transferred in the
evolved at one junction and absorbed at the other junction. This is known as
direction opposite to the current. It is called
Peltier effect.
negative Thomson effect.
 (e.g.) Pt, Ni, Co, Hg

 In Cu - Fe thermocouple, the junctions A and B are maintained at the same

temperature.
 Let a current flow through the thermocouple.
 At junction ‘A’, where the current flows from Cu to Fe, heat is absorbed and it
becomes cold.
 At juction ‘B’, where the current flows from Fe to Cu, heat is liberated and it
becomes hot.
 When the direction current is reversed, junction ‘A’ becomes hot and junction ‘B’
becomes cold. Hence peltier effect is reversiable.
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

PART - IV FIVE MARK LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2. Obtain the macroscopic form of Ohm’s law from its microscopic form and
discuss its limitation.
1. Describe the microscopic model of current and obtain general form of Ohm’s Macroscopic form of Ohm’s law :
law.
Microscopic model of current and Ohm’ law :

 Consider a segment of wire of length ‘𝑙’ and area of cross section ‘𝐴’.
 Area of cross section of the conductor =𝐴  When a potential difference ‘V’ is applied across the wire, a net electric field is
Number of electrons per unit volume =𝑛 created in the wire which constitutes the current.
 If we assume the electric field is uniform in the entire length, the potential
Applied electric field along leftwads = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸
Drift velocity of the electrons = 𝒗𝒅 difference is given by,
𝑉
Charge of the electron = 𝒆 𝑉=𝐸𝑙 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐸=
 If ‘𝑑𝑥 ′ be the distance travelled by the electron in time ‘𝑑𝑡’, then 𝑙
𝑑𝑥  From the microscopic form of Ohm’s law,
𝑣𝑑 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑 𝑑𝑡 𝑽
𝑑𝑡 𝑱= 𝝈𝑬= 𝝈
 The number of electrons available in the volume of length ‘ 𝑑𝑥 ’ is = 𝒍
 By definition, the current density is
𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑋 𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑣𝑑 𝑑𝑡 𝑋 𝑛 𝐈
 Then the total charge in this volume element is, 𝑱=
𝑨
𝑑𝑄 = 𝐴 𝑣𝑑 𝑑𝑡 𝑛 𝑒  Hence,
 By definition, the current is given by I 𝑉
𝑑𝑄 𝐴 𝑣𝑑 𝑑𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 = 𝜎
𝐼= = 𝐴 𝑙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑙
 𝑰 = 𝒏 𝒆 𝑨 𝒗𝒅 ∴ 𝑉=I [ ]
𝜎𝐴
Current density (𝑱⃗) : 𝑽 = 𝐈𝑹
 Current density (J) is defined as the current per unit area of cross section of the 𝒍
Where,
𝝈𝑨
= 𝑅 → Resistance of the conductor
conductor.
𝐼 𝑛 𝑒 𝐴 𝑣𝑑  This is called macroscopic form of Ohm’s law.
𝐽= =
𝐴 𝐴
𝑱 = 𝒏 𝒆 𝒗𝒅
 Its unit is 𝑨 𝒎−𝟐
 In vector notation,
⃗𝑱⃗ = 𝒏 𝒆 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒗𝒅
𝒆𝝉 𝒏 𝒆𝟐 𝝉
⃗𝑱⃗ = 𝒏 𝒆 [− ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬] = − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬
𝒎 𝒎
𝒏 𝒆𝟐 𝝉
 where, = 𝝈 → conductivity Limittations:
𝒎
 From Ohm’s law, the graph between current versus voltage is straight line with a
∴ ⃗𝑱⃗ = − 𝝈 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑬
slope equal to the inverse of resistance (R) of the conductor.
 But conventionally, we take the dirction of current density as the direction of
 Materials for which the current against voltage graph is a straight line through
electric field. So the above equation becomes,
the origin are said to obey Ohm’s law and their behavior is said to be Ohmic.
⃗𝑱⃗ = 𝝈 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬  Materials that do not obey Ohm’s law are said to be non - ohmic. These materials
 This is called microscopic form of Ohm’s law. have more complex (non- linear) relationships between voltage and current.

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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
3. Explain the equivalent resistance of a series and parallel resistor network.  In parallel connection,
Resistor in series : (i) Potential difference across each resistance will be the same (V)
(ii) But current flows through different resistors will be different.
 Let 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , 𝐼3 be the currents flow through 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 respectively.
 Let 𝑹𝑷 be the equivalent resistance in parallel connection, then from Ohm’s law
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑽
𝐼1 = ; 𝐼2 = ; 𝐼3 = ; 𝑰=
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑹𝑷
 Hence the total current will be,
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
 When two or more resistors are connected end to end, they are said to be in 𝑽 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
series. = + +
𝑹𝑷 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
 Let 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 be the resistances of three resistors connected in series. 𝑉 1 1 1
 Let ‘V’ be the potential difference applied across this combination. =𝑉 [ + + ]
𝑅𝑃 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
 In Series connection, 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(i) Current through each resistor will be same (I) ∴ = + +
(ii) But potential difference across different resistor will be different. 𝑹𝑷 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
 Let 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 , 𝑉3 be the potential difference across 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 respectively.  When resistances are connected in parallel, the reciprocal of equivalent
 Let 𝑹𝑺 be the equivalent resistance in series connection, then from Ohm’s law resistance is equal to the sum of the reciprocal of the values of resistance of the
𝑉1 = 𝐼 𝑅1 individual resistor.
𝑉2 = 𝐼 𝑅2  The equivalent resistance in parallel connection will be lesser than each
𝑉3 = 𝐼 𝑅3 individual resistance.
𝑽 = 𝑰 𝑹𝑺 4. Explain the determination of the internal resistance of a cell using voltmeter.
 Total potential difference, Internal resistance of a cell :
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
𝐼 𝑅𝑆 = 𝐼 𝑅1 + 𝐼 𝑅2 + 𝐼 𝑅3
𝐼 𝑅𝑆 = 𝐼 [𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 ]
∴ 𝑹𝑺 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
 When resistances are connected in series, the equivalent resistance is the sum of
the individual resistances.
 The equivalent resistance in series connection will be greater than each
individual resistance.
Resistors in parallel :
 A real battery is made of electrodes and electrolyte.
 There is resistance to the flow of charges within the battery and this resistance
is called internal resistance (r)
 The emf of the cell is measured by connecting high resistance voltmeter across
it without connecting the external resistance R
 This circuit may be considered as open, the voltmeter reading gives the emf (𝜀)
of the cell.
 Then external resistance is included in the circuit and current ‘I’ is established
 When two or more resistors are connected across the same potential difference,
in the circuit.
they are said to be in parallel.
 This circuit is then considered as close, the voltmeter reading gives the
 Let 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 be the resistances of three resistors connected in parallel.
potential difference (V) across ‘R’
 Let ‘V’ be the potential difference applied across this combination. 𝑉
 By Ohm’s law, 𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅 (or) 𝐼 =
𝑅

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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
 Due to internal resistance of the cell, the voltmeter reads the value “V” which is The product ‘IR’ is taken as positive when we proceed along the direction of
less than the emf 𝜉 current and taken as negative when we proceed opposite to the direction of
 It is because, certain amount of voltage (Ir) has dropped across the internal current.
resistance ‘r’. Hence  Simillarly, the emf is considered as positive, when we proceed from negative to
𝑉 = 𝜀−𝐼𝑟 − − − − (2) positive terminal of the cell and as negative, when we proceed from positive to
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐼𝑟= 𝜀−𝑉 negative terminal of the cell.
𝜺−𝑽 𝜺−𝑽 6. Obtain the condition for bridge balance in Wheatstone’s bridge.
∴ 𝒓= = [ ]𝑹
𝑰 𝑽 Wheatstone’s bridge :
 Since 𝜉 , V and R are known, internal resistance ‘r’ and total current ‘I’ can be
determined.
 The power delivered to the circuit is,
𝑃 = 𝐼 𝜀 = 𝐼 ( 𝑉 + 𝐼 𝑟) = 𝐼 (𝐼 𝑅 + 𝐼 𝑟)
𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 + 𝑰𝟐 𝒓
where , 𝐼 2 𝑅 → power deliverd to R
𝐼 2 𝑟 → power deliverd to 𝑟
5. Explain Kirchoff’s law.
Kirchoff first law (current law) :
 It states that the algebraic sum of currents at any junction in a circuit is zero
(∑ 𝐼 = 0).
Explanation :
 It is a statement of conservation of electric
charge.
 Thus all charges that enter a given junction in a
circuit must leave that junction.
 Current entering the junction is taken as positive
and current leaving the junction is taken as  An important application of Kirchoff’s laws is the Wheatstone’s bridge.
negative.  It is used to compare resistances and also helps in determining the unknown
 Applying this law at junction ‘A’ resistance in the electrical network
𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 𝐼3 − 𝐼4 − 𝐼5 = 0  The bridge consists of four resistances P, Q, R, S connected as shown.
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 + 𝐼4 + 𝐼5  A galvanometer ‘G’ is connected between B and D
Kirchoff second law (voltage law) :  A battery ‘𝜀 ′ is connected between A and C
 It states that in a closed circuit the algebraic sum of the products of the current  Let 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , 𝐼3 , 𝐼4 currents through various branches and 𝐼𝐺 be the current through
and reistance of each part of the circuit is equal to the total emf included in the the galvanometer.
circuit ( ∑ 𝑰 𝑹 = ∑ 𝜺)  Applying Kirchoff’s current law at B and D,
Explanation : 𝐼1 − 𝐼𝐺 − 𝐼3 = 0 − − − − (1)
𝐼2 + 𝐼𝐺 − 𝐼4 = 0 − − − − (2)
 Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law ABDA and ABCDA,
𝐼1 𝑃 + 𝐼𝐺 𝐺 − 𝐼2 𝑅 = 0 − − − − (3)
𝐼1 𝑃 + 𝐼3 𝑄 − 𝐼2 𝑅 − 𝐼4 𝑆 = 0 − − − − (4)
 At balanced condition, the potential at B and D are same, and hence the
galvanometer shows zero deflection. So 𝑰𝑮 = 𝟎
 Put this in equation (1), (2) and (3)
𝐼1 − 𝐼3 = 0 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐼1 = 𝐼3 − − − − (5)
𝐼2 − 𝐼4 = 0 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐼2 = 𝐼4 − − − − (6)
 It is a statement of conservation of energy for an isolated system. 𝐼1 𝑃 − 𝐼2 𝑅 = 0 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐼1 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅 − − − − (7)
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
 Put equation (5) and (6) in (4) Due to imperfect contace of wire at its ends, some resistance might be
𝐼1 𝑃 + 𝐼1 𝑄 − 𝐼2 𝑅 − 𝐼2 𝑆 = 0 introduced at the contact. These are called end resistances.
𝐼1 (𝑃 + 𝑄) − 𝐼2 (𝑅 + 𝑆) = 0  By interchange P and Q,tThis error can be eliminated, and the average value of P
∴ 𝐼1 (𝑃 + 𝑄) = 𝐼2 (𝑅 + 𝑆) − − − − (8) is found.
 Divide equation (8) by (7)  Let 𝑙 be the length and r be the radius of wire, its specific resistance
𝐼1 (𝑃 + 𝑄) 𝐼2 (𝑅 + 𝑆) (resistivity) is given be.
=
𝐼1 𝑃 𝐼2 𝑅 𝑷𝑨 𝑷 𝝅 𝒓𝟐
𝑃+𝑄 𝑅+𝑆 𝑄 𝑆 𝝆= = − − − −(𝟑)
= (𝑜𝑟) 1+ =1+ 𝒍 𝒍
𝑃 𝑅 𝑃 𝑅 8. How the emf of two cells are compared using potentiometer?
𝑄 𝑆 𝑷 𝑹 Comparision of emf of two cells :
= (𝑜𝑟) = − − (𝟗)
𝑃 𝑅 𝑸 𝑺
7. Explain the determination of unknown resistance using meterbridge.
Meterbridge:

 Potentiometer wire CD is connected to battery (Bt) and a key (K) in series. This
 Metrebridge is another form of Wheatstone’s bridge is the primary circuit.
 It consists of uniform manganin wire AB of 1m length.  The end C is connected to central terminal M of DPDT switch and another central
 This wire is stretched along a metre scale between two copper strips C and D terminal N is connected to jockey through a galvanometer G and high reistance
 E is another copper strip mounted with two gaps G1 and G2 HR. This is the secondary circuit.
 An unknown resistance P is connected in G 1 and standard resistance connected  The cell whose emf 𝜀1 and 𝜀2 to be compared are connected to 𝑀1 𝑁1 and 𝑀2 𝑁2
in G2 of DPDT switch.
 A jockey J is connected from E through a galvanometer G and high resistance HR.  Initially the cell of emf 𝜀1 is included in the secondary circuit and the balancing
length 𝑙1 is found by adjusting jockey for zero deflection.
 A Lechlanche cell 𝜀 and key K is connected across the bridge wire.
 Simillarly the cell of emf 𝜀2 is included in the secondary circuit and the balancing
 The position of jockey is adjusted so that the galvanometer shows zero
length 𝑙2 is found.
deflection. Let the point be ‘J’
 Let ‘r’ be the resistance per unit length and ‘I’ be the primary current, then by the
 The lengths AJ and JB now replace the resistance R and S of the Wheatstone’s
principle
bridge. Then
𝜀1 = 𝐼 𝑟 𝑙1 − − − − (1)
𝑃 𝑅 𝑅 𝐴𝐽
= =  𝜀2 = 𝐼 𝑟 𝑙2 − − − − (2)
𝑄 𝑆 𝑅 𝐽𝐵  Divide equantion (1) by (2),
Where 𝑅 → resistance per unit length 𝜀1 𝐼 𝑟 𝑙1
𝑷 𝑨𝑱 𝒍𝟏 =
= = − − − −(𝟏) 𝜀2 𝐼 𝑟 𝑙2
𝑸 𝑱𝑩 𝒍𝟐 𝜺𝟏 𝒍𝟏
𝒍𝟏 = − − − −(𝟑)
(𝒐𝒓) 𝑷= 𝑸 − − − −(𝟐) 𝜺𝟐 𝒍𝟐
𝒍𝟐

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
9. Explain the method of measurement of internal resistance of a cell using
potentio meter.
Internal resistance by potentiometer :
 Potentiometer wire CD is
connected to battery (Bt) and a
key (K1) in series. This is the
primary circuit.
 The cell 𝜀 whose internal
resistance ‘r’ to be measured is
connected to the secondary
circuit.
 A resistance box R and a key K2 is
connected across the cell 𝜀
 With key K2 open, the balancing
point J is found out and balancing length CJ = 𝑙1 is measured.
 By the principle,
𝜀 ∝ 𝑙1 − − − −(1)
 A suitable resistance is included in R and key K2 is closed.
 The current flows through R and cell is,
𝜀
𝐼=
𝑅+𝑟
 Hence potential difference across R
𝜀
𝑉 =𝐼𝑅= 𝑅
𝑅+𝑟
 For this potential difference, again the balancing point J is found out and the
balancing length CJ = 𝑙2 is measured.
 By the principle,
𝜀
𝑅 ∝ 𝑙2 − − − −(2)
𝑅+𝑟
 Divide equation (1) by (2)
𝜀 𝑙1
𝜀 =
( 𝑅) 𝑙2
𝑅+𝑟
𝑅+𝑟 𝑙1
=
𝑅 𝑙2
𝑟 𝑙1
1+ =
𝑅 𝑙2
𝑟 𝑙1 𝑙1 − 𝑙2
= −1=
𝑅 𝑙2 𝑙2
𝒍𝟏 − 𝒍𝟐
𝒓=𝑹 [ ] − − − (𝟑)
𝒍𝟐
 By substituting 𝑅, 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 in equation (3) the internal resistance of the cell can be
measured.
 Here the internal reistance is not constant, and it increased with increase of
external resistance R.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
6. The resistance of a wire is 20 Ω. What will be new resistance, if it is stretched
WORKED EXAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS uniformly 8 times its original length?
Solution :- 𝑅1 = 20 Ω ; 𝑙1 = 𝑙 ; 𝑙2 = 8 𝑙 ; 𝑅2 = ?
1. Compute the current in the wire if a charge of 120 C is flowing through a copper  Though the wire is stretched, its volume remains unchanged.(i.e.)
wire in 1 minute. Initial volume = final volume
Solution :- 𝑡 = 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 60 𝑠 ; 𝑞 = 120 𝐶 ; 𝐼 = ? 𝐴1 𝑙1 = 𝐴2 𝑙2
 By definition, electric current (i.e.) rate of flow of charge is given by, 𝐴1 𝑙 = 𝐴2 (8 𝑙)
𝑞 120 𝐴2 1
𝐼= = =𝟐𝑨 = − − − − − − (1)
𝑡 60 𝐴1 8
2. If an electric field of magnitude 570 N C , is applied in the copper wire, find the
–1
𝑙
acceleration experienced by the electron.  Initial resistance ; 𝑅1 = 𝜌 1
𝐴1
Solution :- 𝐸 = 570 𝑁 𝐶 −1 ; 𝑒 = 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝐶 ; 𝑚 = 9.1 𝑋 10−31 𝑘𝑔 ; 𝑎 = ? 𝑙
 From Newton’s second law, force is given by ; 𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑎  New resistance ; 𝑅2 = 𝜌 2
𝐴2
 Hence the acceleration, 𝑅 𝑙 𝐴 𝐴 𝑙 1 𝑙 1
−19
 Hence the ratio ; 1 = 1 2 = 1 1 = 𝑋 = 64
𝐹 𝑒𝐸 1.6 𝑋 10 𝑋 570 912 𝑅 2 𝐴 1 2 𝑙 𝐴1 2𝑙 8 8 𝑙
𝑎= = = = 𝑋 1012 = 100.1 𝑋 1012 ∴ 𝑅2 = 64 𝑅1 = 64 𝑋 20 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝛀
𝑚 𝑚 9.1 𝑋 10−31 9.1
𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐  Hence, stretching the length of the wire has increased its resistance.
3. A copper wire of cross-sectional area 0.5 mm carries a current of 0.2 A. If the
2 7. Consider a rectangular block of metal of height A, width B and length C as
free electron density of copper is 8.4 × 10 m then compute the drift velocity
28 –3 shown in the figure. If a potential difference
of free electrons. of V is applied between the two faces A and B
2 −6 2
Solution :- 𝐴 = 0.5 𝑚𝑚 = 0.5 𝑋 10 𝑚 ; 𝐼 = 0.2 𝐴 ; 𝑛 = 8.4 𝑋 10 𝑚 28 −3 of the block [figure (a)], the current IAB is
 The relation between drift velocity of electrons and current in a wire of cross- observed. Find the current that flows if the
sectional area A is ; 𝐼 = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑒 𝑣𝑑 same potential difference V is applied
𝐼 between the two faces B and C of the block
 Hence, the drift velocity ; 𝑣𝑑 = [figure (b)]. Give your answers in terms of
𝑛𝐴𝑒
0.2 0.2 𝑋 10−3 IAB.
𝑣𝑑 = =
8.4 𝑋 1028 𝑋 0.5 𝑋10−6 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19 6.72 Solution :-
−2 −3
𝒗𝒅 = 2.976 𝑋 10 𝑋 10 = 2.976 𝑋 10 𝑚 𝑠 −5 −1  ln first case ; length =C and area = AB. Hence resistance and current
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐶
𝒗𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 𝑅𝐴𝐵 = 𝜌 = 𝜌
4. Determine the number of electrons flowing per second through a conductor, 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝐵
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 (𝐴𝐵)
when a current of 32 A flows through it. 𝐼𝐴𝐵 = = = − − − − (1)
Solution :- 𝐼 = 32 𝐴 ; 𝑡 = 1 𝑠 ; 𝑒 = 1.6 𝑋 10 −19
; 𝑛=? 𝑅 𝐶 𝜌𝐶
𝐴𝐵 [𝜌 ]
𝑞 𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝐵
 By definition, current (rate of flow of charge) is given by ; 𝐼 = =  ln second case ; length =A and area = BC. Hence resistance and current
𝑡 𝑡
 Hence the number of electrons flowing per second ; 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐴
𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 𝜌 = 𝜌
𝐼𝑡 32 𝑋 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐵𝐶
𝒏= = = 20 𝑋 1019 = 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 (𝐵𝐶)
𝑒 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝐼𝐵𝐶 = = = − − − − (2)
5. A potential difference across 24 Ω resistor is 12 V. What is the current through 𝑅𝐵𝐶 𝐴 𝜌𝐴
[𝜌 ]
the resistor? 𝐵𝐶
Solution :- R = 24  ; V = 12 V ; I=?  Divide equation (2) by (1), we get
𝐼𝐵𝐶 [𝑉 (𝐵𝐶)/𝜌 𝐴] 𝑉 (𝐵𝐶) 𝜌𝐶 𝐶2
 From Ohm’s law; = = 𝑋 = 2
𝑉 12 1 𝐼𝐴𝐵 [𝑉 (𝐴𝐵)/𝜌 𝐶] 𝜌𝐴 𝑉 (𝐴𝐵) 𝐴
𝐼= = = 𝑪 𝟐
𝑅 24 2 𝑰𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐 𝑰𝑨𝑩
𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑨 𝑨
 Since 𝐶 > 𝐴 , the current 𝑰𝑩𝑪 > 𝑰𝑨𝑩

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
8. Calculate the equivalent resistance for the circuit 11. Calculate the equivalent resistance between A and B in the given circuit.
which is connected to 24 V battery and also find
the potential difference across each resistors in
the circuit.
Solution :- 𝑅1 = 4 Ω ; 𝑅2 = 6 Ω ; V = 24 V
 Effective resistance in series circuit,
𝑹𝑺 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 4 + 6 = 𝟏𝟎 𝛀
𝑉 24 Solution :- 𝑅𝐴𝐵 = ?
 From Ohm’s law, current in the circuit ; 𝐼= 𝑹𝑺
= 10
= 𝟐. 𝟒 𝑨  Here, 2  and 2  , 4  and 4 , 6  and 6  are in parallel, then
 Hence voltage across the resistors, 1 1 1
= + = 1 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑅𝑃1 = 1 Ω
𝑉1 = 𝐼 𝑅1 = 2.4 𝑋 4 = 𝟗. 𝟔 𝑽 𝑅𝑃1 2 2
𝑉2 = 𝐼 𝑅2 = 2.4 𝑋 6 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒 𝑽 1 1 1 1
= + = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑅𝑃2 = 2 Ω
9. Calculate the equivalent resistance in the following 𝑅𝑃2 4 4 2
circuit and also find the values of current I, I1 and I2 in 1 1 1 2 6
the given circuit. = + = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑅𝑃2 = = 3 Ω
𝑅𝑃3 6 6 6 2
Solution :- 𝑅1 = 4 Ω ; 𝑅2 = 6 Ω ; V = 24 V  Thus the above circuit becomes,
 Effective resistance in parallel circuit,
1 1 1 1 1 6+4 10 1
= + = + = = =
𝑅𝑃 𝑅1 𝑅2 4 6 24 24 2.4
(or) 𝑹𝑷 = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝛀
 Then current flows through the resistors,  Here, 1 , 2  and 3  are in series, then the
𝑉 24 effective resistance becomes,
𝐼1 = = =𝟔𝑨 𝑅𝐴𝐵 = 𝑅𝑃1 + 𝑅𝑃2 + 𝑅𝑃3 = 1 + 2 + 3
𝑹𝟏 4
𝑉 24 𝑹𝑨𝑩 = 𝟔 𝛀
𝐼2 = = = 𝟒𝑨 12. Five resistors are connected in the configuration as shown in the figure.
𝑹𝟐 6
Calculate the equivalent resistance between the points a and b.
 The current I is the sum of the currents in the two branches. Then
Solution :-
𝑰 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 6 + 4 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑨
10. Two resistors when connected in series and parallel, their equivalent  Let us assume that a current is entering the
𝟓𝟔 junction at a.
resistances are 15 Ω and Ω respectively. Find the values of the resistances.  Since all the resistances in the outside loop are
𝟏𝟓
56 the same (1Ω), the current in the branches ac
Solution :- 𝑅𝑆 = 15 Ω ; 𝑅𝑃 = Ω ; 𝑅1 = ? ; 𝑅2 = ?
15 and ad must be equal. Hence the points C and D
 Effective resistance in series circuit ; 𝑹𝑺 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 are at the same potential and no current
15 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 − − − − − − − − − (1) through 5 Ω.
1 1 1 𝑅 +𝑅
 Effective resistance in parallel circuit ; = + = 1 2  It implies that the 5 Ω has no role in
𝑅𝑃 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2
15 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 15 determining the equivalent resistance and it can
= = [∵ 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (1)] be removed. So the circuit is simplified as shown in the figure.
56 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2
∴ 56 = 𝑅1 𝑅2 − − − − − − − − (2)
 From equation (1) & (2) ; 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 15 and 𝑅1 𝑅2 = 56, we get
𝑅1 = 7 & 𝑅2 = 8 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑅1 = 8 & 𝑅2 = 7
 If 𝑅1 = 7 then, 𝑅2 = 15 − 𝑅1 = 15 − 7 = 8 . So 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟕 𝛀 ; 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟖 𝛀
 If 𝑅1 = 8 then, 𝑅2 = 15 − 𝑅1 = 15 − 8 = 7 . So 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟖 𝛀 ; 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟕 𝛀

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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
 Effective resistance in series connection is, 16. Two electric bulbs marked 20 W – 220 V and 100
𝑹𝑺𝟏 = 𝑅𝑎𝑐 + 𝑅𝑐𝑏 = 1 + 1 = 2 Ω W – 220 V are connected in series to 440 V supply.
𝑹𝑺𝟐 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑 + 𝑅𝑑𝑏 = 1 + 1 = 2 Ω Which bulb will get fused?
 Effective resistance in parallel connection is, Solution :-
1 1 1 1 1
= + = + =1  To check which bulb will get fused, the voltage
𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑆1 𝑅𝑆2 2 2 drop across each bulb has to be calculated.
𝑹𝒂𝒃 = 𝟏 𝛀 𝑉2
13. If the resistance of coil is 3 Ω at 200 C and α = 0.004/0C then determine its  The power delivered by the battery ; 𝑃 = 𝑉 𝐼 =
𝑅
resistance at 100 0C.  Hence the resistance of the bulbs,
Solution :- 𝑇𝑜 = 20 𝐶 ; 𝑇 = 100  𝐶 ; 𝑅𝑜 = 3 Ω ; 𝑅𝑇 = ? 𝑉1 2 2202 48400
 Resistance at 𝑇 𝐶 ; 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑜 [1 + 𝛼 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )]
𝑅1 = 𝑃1
= 20
= 20 = 2420 Ω
𝑅𝑇 = 3 [ 1 + 0.004 (100 − 20)] = 3 [1 + 0.004 𝑋 80] 𝑉2 2202 48400
𝑅𝑇 = 3 [ 1 + 0.32] = 3 𝑋 1.32 𝑅2 = 2 = = = 484 Ω
𝑃2 100 100
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟔 𝛀  The two bulbs are connected in series, effective resistance
14. Resistance of a material at 200C and 400C are 45 Ω and 85 Ω respectively. Find 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 2420 + 484 = 2904 Ω
its temperature coefficient of resistivity.  When the bulbs are connected in series, the current passing
Solution :- 𝑇𝑜 = 20 𝐶 ; 𝑇 = 40 𝐶 ; 𝑅𝑜 = 45 Ω ; 𝑅𝑇 = 85 Ω ; α = ? through each bulb is the same and it is given by,
 The temperature coefficient of resistivity is 𝑉 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 220 + 220 440
1 Δ𝑅 1 (𝑅𝑇 − 𝑅𝑜 ) 𝐼= = = = 𝐴
𝛼 = 𝑅 Δ 𝑇 = 𝑅 ( 𝑇− 𝑇 ) 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 2904 2904
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
1 (85−45) 1 40 1 𝐼 = 1.515 𝑋 10−1 𝐴 = 0. 1515 𝐴
𝛼 = 45 𝑋 (40−20) = 45 𝑋 20 = 45 𝑋 2  The voltage drop across the 20W bulb is
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒 / 𝑪 𝑉1 = 𝐼 𝑅1 = 0.1515 𝑋 2420 = 3.667 𝑋 102 = 𝟑𝟔𝟔. 𝟕 𝑽
15. A battery of voltage V is connected to 30 W bulb  The voltage drop across the 100W bulb is
and 60 W bulb as shown in the figure. (a) Identify 𝑉2 = 0.1515 𝑋 484 = 7. 333 𝑋 101 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝑽
brightest bulb (b) which bulb has greater  The 20 W bulb will get fused because the voltage across it is more than the
resistance? (c) Suppose the two bulbs are voltage rating.
connected in series, which bulb will glow brighter? 17. A battery has an emf of 12 V and connected to a resistor of 3 Ω. The current in
Solution :- 𝑃1 = 30 𝑊 ; 𝑃2 = 60 𝑊 the circuit is 3.93 A. Calculate (a) terminal voltage and the internal resistance
(a) The power delivered by the battery ; 𝑃 = 𝑉 𝐼 . of the battery (b) power delivered by the battery and power delivered to the
Since the bulbs are connected in parallel, the resistor
voltage drop across each bulb is the same. If the voltage is kept fixed, then the Solution :- I = 3.93 A ; 𝜖 = 12 V ; R = 3 Ω
power is directly proportional to current (P ∝ I). Since 𝑃1 < 𝑃2 , we have 𝐼1 < (a) The terminal voltage of the battery is equal to voltage drop across the resistor
𝐼2 . So 60 W bulb draws twice as much as current as 30 W and hence 60 W bulb 𝑽 = 𝐼 𝑅 = 3.93 𝑋 3 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟗 𝑽
will glow brighter than 30 W bulb. Internal resistance of the battery,
𝜖−𝑉 12 − 11.79
𝑉2 1 𝑟= [ ]𝑅 = [ ] 𝑋3
(b) The power delivered by the battery ; 𝑃 = 𝑉 𝐼 = . Hence 𝑃  𝑉 11.79
𝑅 𝑅
0.21𝑋 3 0.63
Since 𝑃1 < 𝑃2 , we have 𝑅1 > 𝑅2 . It implies that, the 30W has twice as much 𝒓 = = = 5.341 𝑋 10−2 Ω = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟏 𝛀
11.79 11.79
as resistance as 60 W bulb. (b) The power delivered by the battery,
(c) When the bulbs are connected in series, the current passing through each bulb is 𝑃 = ∈ 𝐼 = 12 𝑋 3.93 = 47.16 𝑊
the same. It is equivalent to two resistors connected in series. The bulb which has The power delivered to the resistor
higher resistance has higher voltage drop. So 30W bulb will glow brighter than 𝑃 = 𝑉 𝐼 = 11.79 𝑋 3.93 = 46.33 𝑊
60W bulb. So the higher power rating does not always imply more brightness and The remaining power P = 47.16 − 46.33 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 𝑾 is delivered to the internal
it depends whether bulbs are connected in series or parallel. resistance and cannot be used to do useful work. (It is equal to 𝐼2 𝑟).
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
18. From the given circuit, Find 21. The following figure shows a complex network
(a) Equivalent emf of the combination of conductors which can be divided into two
(b) Equivalent internal resistance closed loops like EACE and ABCA.
(c) Total current Solution :-
(d) Potential difference across external  Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage rule (KVR) in EACE
resistance ∑𝐼 𝑅 = ∑ ∈
(e) Potential difference across each cell 𝐼1 𝑅1 + 𝐼2 𝑅2 + 𝐼3 𝑅3 = ∈
Solution :- 𝑛 = 4; ∈= 9𝑉; 𝑟 = 0.1 Ω  Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage rule (KVR) in ABCA
∑𝐼 𝑅 = ∑ ∈
(a) Equivalent emf of the combination ; ∈𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑛 ∈ = 4 𝑋 9 = 𝟑𝟔 𝑽
𝐼4 𝑅4 + 𝐼5 𝑅5 − 𝐼3 𝑅3 = 0
(b) Equivalent internal resistance ; 𝒓𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑛 𝑟 = 4 𝑋 0.1 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝛀
22. Calculate the current that flows in the 1 Ω resistor in the following circuit.
(c) Total current ;
𝑛 ∈ 4𝑋9
𝐼= =
𝑅+𝑛𝑟 10 + 4 𝑋 0.1
36 36
𝑰 = = = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝟐 𝑨
10 + 0.4 10.4
(d) Potential difference across external resistance ; 𝑽 = 𝐼 𝑅 = 3.462 𝑋 10 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟔𝟐 𝑽
𝑉 34.62
(e) Potential difference across each cell ; 𝐯 = = = 𝟖. 𝟔𝟓𝟓 𝑽
4 4
19. From the given circuit. Find Solution :-
(a) Equivalent emf
 We can denote the current that flows from 9V battery as I1 and it splits up into I2
(b) Equivalent internal resistance and (I1 – I2) at the junction E according Kirchhoff ’s current rule (KCR).
(c) Total current (I)  Now consider the loop EADFE and apply KVR, we get
(d) Potential difference across each cell ∑𝐼𝑅 = ∑ ∈
(e) Current from each cell 3 (𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) − 𝐼2 = 6
Solution :- 3 𝐼1 − 3 𝐼2 − 𝐼2 = 6
(a) Equivalent emf ; ∈𝒕𝒐𝒕 = ∈ = 𝟓 𝑽 3 𝐼1 − 4 𝐼2 = 6 − − − − − − (1)
𝑟 0.5  Now consider the loop EFCBE and apply KVR, we get
(b) Equivalent internal resistance ; 𝒓𝒕𝒐𝒕 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝛀
∈ 5
𝑛 4 ∑𝐼𝑅 = ∑ ∈
(c) Total current ; 𝐼 = 𝑟 = 0.5 𝐼2 + 3 𝐼1 + 2 𝐼1 = 9
𝑅+ 10+
𝑛 4 5 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 9 − − − − − − (2)
5 5 (2) 𝑋 4 ⇒
𝐼= = 20 𝐼1 + 4 𝐼2 = 36 − − − − − − (3)
10 + 0.125 10.125  (1) + (3) ⇒ 23 𝐼1 = 42
𝑰 = 4. 939 𝑋 10−1 𝐴 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟗 𝑨 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑨 42
(d) Potential difference across each cell ; 𝑽 = 𝐼 𝑅 = 0.5 𝑋 10 = 𝟓 𝑽 𝑰𝟏 = = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐𝟔 𝑨
23
I 0.5  Put , 𝐼1 = 1.826 in equation (1)
(e) Current from each cell ; 𝑰𝟏 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑨
n 4 3 (1.826) − 4 𝐼2 = 6
20. For the given circuit find the value of I. 5.478 − 4 𝐼2 = 6
Solution :- −4 𝐼2 = 6 − 5.478 = 0.522
 From Kirchoff’s first law, at junction P ; ∑ 𝐼 = 0 (𝑜𝑟) 4 𝐼2 = −0.522
0.2 + (−0.4) + 0.6 + (−0.5) + 0.7 + (−𝐼) = 0 0.522
0.2 − 0.4 + 0.6 − 0.5 + 0.7 − 𝐼 = 0 𝑰𝟐 = − = − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟓 𝑨
4
∴ 𝐼 = 0.2 − 0.4 + 0.6 − 0.5 + 0.7  It implies that the current in the 1  resistor flows from F to E.
𝑰 = 𝟏. 𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟗 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝑨

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
23. In a Wheatstone’s bridge P = 100 Ω, Q = 1000 Ω and R = 40 Ω. If the 28. An electric heater of resistance 10 Ω connected to 220 V power supply is
galvanometer shows zero deflection, determine the value of S. immersed in the water of 1 kg. How long the electrical heater has to be
Solution :- switched on to increase its temperature from 30°C to 60°C. (Specific heat
 From the balanced condition of Wheatstone’s bridge, capacity of water is s = 4200 J kg–1 K–1)
𝑃 𝑅 Solution :- R = 10 Ω ; V = 220 V ; m = 1 kg ; 𝑇1 = 30C ; 𝑇2 = 60C ; t = ?
= 𝑉2
𝑄 𝑆  From Joule’s law of heating ; 𝐻 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 𝑡 = 𝑡
𝑅
𝑅𝑄 40 𝑋 1000  Heat absorbed by the water ; 𝐻 = 𝑚 𝑠 Δ𝑇 = 𝑚 𝑠 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑺= = = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝛀
𝑃 100  Here, heat produced by the heater in time ‘t’ is equal to the heat absorbed by the
24. What is the value of x when the Wheatstone’s network is balanced? water to increase its temperature (i.e.)
Solution :- P = 500 Ω, Q = 800 Ω, R = x + 400, S = 1000 Ω 𝑉2
 From the balanced condition of Wheatstone’s bridge, 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑠 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑅
𝑃 𝑅 𝑅
= 𝑡 = 2 𝑚 𝑠 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑄 𝑆 𝑉
500 𝑥 + 400 10
= 𝑡= 𝑋 1 𝑋 4200 𝑋 (60 − 30)
800 1000 2202
5 𝑥 + 400 10
= 𝑡= 𝑋 4200 𝑋 30
8 1000 220 𝑋 220
5000 = 8 (𝑥 + 400) 4200 𝑋 3 12600
5000 = 8 𝑥 + 3200 𝑡= = = 2.604 𝑋 101
22 𝑋 22 484
8 𝑥 = 5000 − 3200 = 1800 𝒕 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟒 𝒔
1800
𝒙 = = 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝛀
8
25. In a meter bridge experiment with a standard resistance of 15 Ω in the right
gap, the ratio of balancing length is 3:2. Find the value of the other resistance.
Solution :- Q = 15 Ω ; 𝑙1 ∶ 𝑙2 = 3 ∶ 2 ; 𝑃 = ?
𝑃 𝑙1
 From the theory of meter bridge ; =
𝑄 𝑙2
𝑙1 3 45
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑃=𝑄 = 15 𝑋 =
𝑙2 2 2
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝛀
26. In a meter bridge experiment, the value of resistance in the resistance box
connected in the right gap is 10 Ω. The balancing length is l1 = 55 cm. Find the
value of unknown resistance.
Solution :- Q = 10 Ω ; 𝑙1 = 55 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑙2 = 100 − 𝑙1 = 45 𝑐𝑚 ; P = ?
𝑃 𝑙1
 From the theory of meter bridge ;
𝑄
= 𝑙2
𝑙1 55 550
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑃=𝑄 = 10 𝑋 =
𝑙2 45 45
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝛀
27. Find the heat energy produced in a resistance of 10 Ω when 5 A current flows
through it for 5 minutes.
Solution :- R = 10 Ω ; 𝐼 = 5 𝐴 ; 𝑡 = 5 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 300 𝑠 ; 𝐻 = ?
 From Joule’s law of heating,
𝐻 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 𝑡 = 52 𝑋 10 𝑋 300 = 25 𝑋 3000
𝑯 = 𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑱 = 𝟕𝟓 𝒌 𝑱
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
3. A copper wire of 10–6 m2
area of cross section, carries a current of 2 A. If the
EXERSICE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS number of free electrons per cubic meter in the wire is 8 × 10 28, calculate the
1. The following graphs represent the current versus voltage and voltage versus current density and average drift velocity of electrons.
current for the six conductors A,B,C,D,E and F. Which conductor has least Solution :- 𝐴 = 10−6 𝑚2 ; 𝐼 = 2 𝐴 ; 𝑛 = 8 𝑋 1028 ; 𝐽 = ? ; 𝑣𝑑 = ?
resistance and which has maximum resistance?  Current density ;
𝐼 2
𝑱= = = 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑨 𝒎−𝟐
𝐴 10−6
 Aveage drift velocity ;
𝐼 𝐽
𝑣𝑑 = =
𝑛𝐴𝑒 𝑛𝑒
2 𝑋 106 1
𝑣𝑑 = 28 −19
= 𝑋 10−3
8 𝑋 10 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10 6.4
𝒗𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
Solution :-
4. The resistance of a nichrome wire at 200C is 10 Ω. If its temperature coefficient
Figure (1) : of resistivity of nichrome is 0.004/0C, find the resistance of the wire at boiling
Δ𝑉 2
 Resistance of conductor - A ; 𝑅𝐴 = Δ𝐼 = 4 = 0.5 Ω point of water. Comment on the result.
Δ𝑉 4 Solution :- 𝑇𝑜 = 0 𝐶 ; 𝑇 = 100  𝐶 ; 𝑅𝑜 = 10 Ω ; 𝑅𝑇 = ?
Resistance of conductor - B ; 𝑅𝐵 = Δ𝐼 = 3 = 1.33 Ω
 Resistance of the conducting wire at T 0C is,
Δ𝑉 5 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑜 [1 + 𝛼 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )]
Resistance of conductor - C ; 𝑅𝐶 = = = 2.5 Ω
Δ𝐼 2 𝑅𝑇 = 10 [ 1 + 0.004 (100 − 0)]
Figure (2) : 𝑅𝑇 = 10 [1 + 0.004 𝑋 100]
Δ𝑉 4 𝑅𝑇 = 10 [ 1 + 0.4] = 10 𝑋 1.4
 Resistance of conductor - D ; 𝑅𝐷 = Δ𝐼 = 2 = 2 Ω
Δ𝑉 3
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒 𝛀
Resistance of conductor - E ; 𝑅𝐸 = Δ𝐼 = 4 = 0.75 Ω  As the temperature increases the resistance of the wire also increases.
Δ𝑉 2 5. The rod given in the figure is made up of two different materials. Both have
Resistance of conductor - F ; 𝑅𝐹 = Δ𝐼 = 5 = 0.4 Ω square cross sections of 3 mm side. The resistivity of the first material is
 Thus conductor F has least resistance (i.e.) 𝑹𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝛀 4 × 10–3 Ωm and that of second material has resistivity of 5 × 10–3 Ωm. What is
And conductor C has maximum resistance (i.e.) 𝑹𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝛀 the resistance of rod between its ends?
2. Lightning is very good example of natural current. In
typical lightning, there is 109 J energy transfer across
the potential difference of 5 × 107 V during a time
interval of 0.2 s. Using this information, estimate the Solution :- 𝐴 = 3𝑚𝑚𝑋3𝑚𝑚 = 9 𝑚𝑚2 = 9 𝑋 10−6 𝑚2 ; 𝑙1 = 25 𝑐𝑚 = 25 𝑋 10−2 𝑚
following quantities 𝑙2 = 70 𝑐𝑚 = 70 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ; 𝜌1 = 4 𝑋 10−3 ; 𝜌2 = 5 𝑋 10−3
(a) total amount of charge transferred between cloud  Resistance of first material ;
𝜌1 𝑙1 4 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 25 𝑋 10−2 1000
and ground (b) the current in the lightning bolt (c) the 𝑅1 = = = Ω
𝐴 9 𝑋 10 −6 9
power delivered in 0.2 s.
 Resistance of second material ;
Solution :- 𝑉 = 5 𝑋 107 𝑉 ; 𝑡 = 0.2 𝑠 ; 𝑈 = 109 𝐽 𝜌2 𝑙2 5 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 70 𝑋 10−2 3500
𝑈 109 1 𝑅2 = = = Ω
(a) Total charge ; 𝑸 =
𝑉
= 5 𝑋 107
= 5 𝑋 102 = 0.2 𝑋 102 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑪 𝐴 9 𝑋 10 −6 9
𝑄 20 200  Since the two materials are in series, their effective resistance,
(b) Current ; 𝑰= = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑨 1000 3500 1000 + 3500 4500
𝑡 0.2 2 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = + = =
𝑈 10 9 9 9 9 9
(c) Power ; 𝑷 = 𝑡 = 0.2 = 𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑾 = 𝟓 𝑮 𝑾 𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝛀

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
6. Three identical lamps each having a resistance R are connected to the battery of (d) Power delivered :
emf 𝝐 as shown in the figure Suddenly the switch S is closed. (a) Calculate the  When S is open,
current in the circuit when S is open 𝜖 𝜖 𝝐𝟐
and closed (b) What happens to the 𝑷𝑨 = 𝑉 𝐴 𝐼 = 𝑋 =
3 3𝑅 𝟗𝑹
intensities of the bulbs A,B and C. 𝜖 𝜖 𝝐𝟐
(c) Calculate the voltage across the 𝑷𝑩 = 𝑉𝐵 𝐼 = 𝑋 =
3 3𝑅 𝟗𝑹
three bulbs when S is open and 𝜖 𝜖 𝝐𝟐
closed (d) Calculate the power 𝑷 𝑪 = 𝑉𝐶 𝐼 = 𝑋 =
3 3𝑅 𝟗𝑹
delivered to the circuit when S is 𝝐𝟐 𝝐𝟐
Total power delivered; 𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑷𝑨 + 𝑷𝑩 + 𝑷𝑪 = 𝟑 ( ) =
𝟗𝑹 𝟑𝑹
opened and closed (e) Does the
 When S is closed,
power delivered to the circuit
𝜖 𝜖 𝝐𝟐
decrease, increase or remain same? 𝑷𝑨 = 𝑉𝐴 𝐼 = 𝑋 =
Solution :- 2 2𝑅 𝟒𝑹
𝜖 𝜖 𝝐𝟐
(a) Current : 𝑷𝑩 = 𝑉𝐵 𝐼 = 𝑋 =
2 2𝑅 𝟒𝑹
 When S is open, all the bulbs A, B and C are in series, and hence their effective 𝑷𝑪 = 0
resistance becomes ; 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 + 𝑅 = 3 𝑅 . Thus from Ohm’s law, 𝝐𝟐 𝝐𝟐
𝜖 𝝐 Total power delivered; 𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑷𝑨 + 𝑷𝑩 + 𝑷𝑪 = 𝟐 ( ) =
𝟒𝑹 𝟐𝑹
𝑰= =
𝑅𝑇 𝟑𝑹 (e) When S is suddenly closed, the power delivered to the circuit will increases.
 When S is closed, only the bulbs A and B are in series and hence their 7. An electronics hobbyist is building a radio which requires 150 Ω in her circuit.
effective resistance becomes 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 = 2 𝑅 and no current flows But she has only 220 Ω, 79 Ω and 92 Ω resistors available. How can she connect
through bulb C. Thus from Ohm’s law, the available resistors to get the desired value of resistance?
𝜖 𝝐 Solution :-
𝑰= =
𝑅𝑇 𝟑𝑹  The value of equivalent resistance in series connection will be greater than each
(b) Intensity : individual resistance. Similarly the value of equivalent resistance in parallel
 When S is open, all the bulbs A, B and C are in series. Here current through all connection will be lesser than each individual resistance.
the bulbs are same. So all the bulbs glow with equal intensity.  When all the three resistors are connected in series, their effective resistance
 When S is closed, only the bulbs A and B are in series . The intensities of the will be greater than 220 Ω and when all the three resistors are connected in
bulbs A and B equally increase. Bulb C will not glow since no current pass parallel, their effective resistance will be less than 79 Ω
through it.  Initially first two resistors 220 Ω and 79 Ω are connected in parallel and their
(c) Voltage (Potential difference) : effective value,
 When S is open, 1 1 1 220 + 79 299
𝜖 𝝐 = + = =
𝑽𝑨 = 𝐼 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑋𝑅 = 𝑅𝑃 220 79 220 𝑋 79 17380
3𝑅 𝟑 17380
𝜖 𝝐 ∴ 𝑅𝑃 = = 5. 811 𝑋 101 Ω ≈ 𝟓𝟖 𝛀
𝑽𝑩 = 𝐼 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑋𝑅 = 299
3𝑅 𝟑
𝜖𝜖 𝝐  Now 58 Ω and third resistor 92 Ω are connected in series its effective value,
𝑽𝑪 = 𝐼 𝑅𝐶 = 𝑋𝑅 = 𝑅𝑺 = 58 + 92 = 150 Ω
3𝑅 𝟑
 When S is closed,  Thus in order to get 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝛀 resistance, 220 Ω and 79 Ω are connected in parallel
𝜖 𝝐 and this combination is connected in series with 9𝟐 𝛀
𝑽𝑨 = 𝐼 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑋𝑅 =
2𝑅 𝟐
𝜖 𝝐
𝑽𝑩 = 𝐼 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑋𝑅 =
2𝑅 𝟐
𝑽𝑪 = 0

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
8. A cell supplies a current of 0.9 A through a 2 Ω resistor and a current of 0.3 A 10. A potentiometer wire has a length of 4 m and resistance of 20 Ω. It is connected
through a 7 Ω resistor. Calculate the internal resistance of the cell. in series with resistance of 2980 Ω and a cell of emf 4 V. Calculate the potential
Solution :- 𝐼1 = 0.9 𝐴 ; 𝐼2 = 0.3 𝐴 ; 𝑅1 = 2 Ω ; 𝑅2 = 7 Ω ; r = ? gradient along the wire.
 From Ohm’s law (V = I R), Solution :- 𝑙 = 4 𝑚 ; 𝑅 = 20  ; 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = 2980  ; ϵ = 4 V ; 𝑉 = ?
𝜖 = 𝐼1 (𝑅1 + 𝑟) = 0.9 (2 + 𝑟) − − − − (1)  Resistance per unit length of the potentiometer wire, 𝑟=
20
= 5 Ω 𝑚−1
4
𝜖 = 𝐼2 (𝑅2 + 𝑟) = 0.3 (7 + 𝑟) − − − − (2) 𝜖 4 4
 From equation (1) and (2)  From Ohm’s law ; 𝐼 = = (20+2980) = 3000
(𝑅+ 𝑅𝑒𝑥 )
0.9 (2 + 𝑟) = 0.3 (7 + 𝑟) 4
𝐼= = 1. 33 𝑋 10−3 𝐴
1.8 + 0.9 𝑟 = 2.1 + 0.3 𝑟 3 𝑋 103
0.9 𝑟 − 0.3 𝑟 = 2.1 − 1.8  Potential difference across the potentiometer wire
0.6 𝑟 = 0.3 𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅 = 1.33 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 20 = 26.6 𝑋 10−3 𝑉
0.3 1  Then the potential gradient along the wire
𝑟= = 2 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝛀
0.6 𝑽 = 𝐼 𝑟 = 1.33 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 5 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑽𝒎−𝟏
9. Calculate the currents in the following circuit. 11. Determine the current flowing through the galvanometer (G) as shown in the
figure.
Solution :-
 Apply Kirchoff’s current law at the junction P,
2 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 (𝑜𝑟)
𝐼2 = 2 − 𝐼1 − − − − − − (1)
 Apply Kirchoff’s voltage law to the closed loop
PQSP ,
5 𝐼1 + 10 𝐼𝑔 − 15 𝐼2 = 0
Solution :- 5 𝐼1 + 10 𝐼𝑔 − 15 (2 − 𝐼1 ) = 0
 Apply Kirchoff’s current law at the junction B, 5 𝐼1 + 10 𝐼𝑔 − 30 + 15 𝐼1 = 0
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 − − − − − − (1) 20 𝐼1 + 10 𝐼𝑔 − 30 = 0
 Apply Kirchoff’s voltage law to the closed loop ABEFA and BCDEB, 20 𝐼1 + 10 𝐼𝑔 = 30 − − − − − − (2)
100 𝐼3 + 100 𝐼1 = 15 − − − − − − (2)  Similarly Apply Kirchoff’s voltage law to the closed loop QRSQ,
and 100 𝐼2 − 100 𝐼3 = − 9 − − − − − − (3) 10 (𝐼1 − 𝐼𝑔 ) − 10 𝐼𝑔 − 20 (𝐼2 + 𝐼𝑔 ) = 0
 Put equation (1) in (2) 10 𝐼1 − 10 𝐼𝑔 − 10 𝐼𝑔 − 20 𝐼2 − 20 𝐼𝑔 = 0
100 𝐼3 + 100( 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 ) = 15 10 𝐼1 − 40 𝐼𝑔 − 20 𝐼2 = 0
100 𝐼3 + 100 𝐼2 + 100 𝐼3 = 15
10 𝐼1 − 40 𝐼𝑔 − 20 (2 − 𝐼1 ) = 0
100 𝐼2 + 200 𝐼3 = 15 − − − − − − (4)
(4) − (3) ⟹ 300 𝐼3 = 24 10 𝐼1 − 40 𝐼𝑔 − 40 + 20 𝐼1 = 0
24 8 30 𝐼1 − 40 𝐼𝑔 − 40 = 0
𝐼3 = = = 0.08 𝐴 30 𝐼1 − 40 𝐼𝑔 = 40 − − − − − − (3)
300 100
 Put this in equation (3) (2)𝑋 3 ⟹ 60 𝐼1 + 30 𝐼𝑔 = 90 − − − − − − (4)
100 𝐼2 − 100 (0.08) = − 9 (3)𝑋 2 ⟹ 60 𝐼1 − 80 𝐼𝑔 = 80 − − − − − − (5)
100 𝐼2 − 8 = − 9 (4) − (5) ⟹ 110 𝐼𝑔 = 10
100 𝐼2 = − 9 + 8 = − 1 11 𝐼𝑔 = 1
1 𝟏
𝐼2 = − = − 0.01 𝐴 𝑰𝒈 = 𝑨
100 𝟏𝟏
 Then equation(1) becomes,
𝐼1 = − 0.01 + 0.08 = 0.07 𝐴
 Thus , 𝑰𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 𝑨 ; 𝑰𝟐 = − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝑨 ; 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 𝑨

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
12. Two cells each of 5V are connected in series with a 8 Ω resistor and three Solution :-
parallel resistors of 4 Ω, 6 Ω and 12 Ω. Draw a circuit diagram for the above
arrangement. Calculate (i) the current drawn from the cells (ii) current
through each resistor
Solution :-
 Circuit diagram for the above arrangement,

14. In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35

(i) The current drawn from the cells : cm length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance
 Here, 4, 6  and 12  all are in parallel, their effective resistance, point shifts to 63 cm, what is the emf of the second cell?
1 1 1 1 3+2+1 6 1 Solution :- : 𝜖1 = 1.25 𝑉 ; 𝑙1 = 35 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑙2 = 63 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝜖2 = ?
= + + = = = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑅𝑃 = 2 Ω
𝑅𝑃 4 6 12 12 12 2  The ratio of emf’s of two cells using potentiometer,
 Also, 8  and 2  are in series, their effective resistance, ‹ 𝜖1 𝑙1
𝑅𝑺 = 8 + 2 = 10  =
𝜖2 𝑙2
 Total potential difference(voltage) ; 𝑉 = 5 + 5 = 10 𝑉 𝑙2
 Then current in the circuit, 𝜖2 = 𝜖1
𝑙1
𝑉 10 63 𝑋 10−2 78.75
𝑰= = =𝟏𝑨 𝜖2 = 1.25 𝑋 =
𝑅𝑆 10 35 𝑋 10 −2 35
 The potential difference across parallel combination of effective 𝝐𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 𝑽
resistance 𝑅𝑃 = 2 Ω is ; 𝑉𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑃 = 1 𝑋 2 = 2 𝑉
(ii) Current through each resistor :
 Current through 8 Ω resistor ; 𝑰 = 𝟏 𝑨
𝑉𝑃 𝟐
 Current through 4 Ω resistor ; 𝑰𝟏 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑨
4 𝟒
𝑉𝑃 𝟐
 Current through 6 Ω resistor ; 𝑰𝟐 = = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝑨
6 𝟔
𝑉𝑃 𝟐
 Current through 12 Ω resistor ; 𝑰𝟑 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝑨
12 𝟏𝟐
13. Four bulbs P, Q, R, S are connected in a circuit of unknown arrangement. When
each bulb is removed one at a time and replaced, the following behavior is
observed. Draw the circuit diagram for these bulbs.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
8. Is Ohm’s law universally applicable for all conducting elements? If not give
UNIT - 2 CONSEPTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS examples of elecment which do not obey Ohm’s law.
1. What is the charge on a wire, when a current flow through the wire?  According to Ohm’s law, 𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑉 ∝ 𝐼
 The net charge on the wire is zero.  For metallic conductor, the current versus voltage graph is a straight line
 Eventhough there is drifting of the free electrons. the total number of electrons through the orgin. Thus, Ohm’s law holds good in the case of metallic conductor
in the wire at any instant is equal toe the total number of protons. So the total and so they are called Ohmic conductor.
charge is zero.  But in case of liquids, vacuum tubes, semiconductor diodes, transistors,
2. A metal contains a large number of free electrons and they are in motion. Then thyristors etc., the current versus voltage graphis non - linear, having more
why there is no current in a piece of wire which it is not connected to a cell? comples relationship and they do not have a constant resistance. Thus these
 The free electrons in a wire moves in random direction. (i.e.) they move in all materials do not follow Ohm’s law and so they are called non - Ohmic.
possible directions. It is due to their collisions with the positive ions of the 9. Why is electric current a scalar quantity but current density a vecor quantity?
metal.So the net charge flowing in a fixed direction is zero. Hence there is no  For a quantity to be a vector it has to have magnitude, direction and has to obey
current in the wire. law of addition of vectors. Since current has magnitude and direction but it does
3. The electron drift velocity is estimated to be only few mm/s (i.e.) 10 -4 m/s for not obey the law of vector addition and it follows only algebraic addition current
currents in the range of a few ampere (A). Then how current established and is a scalar quantity. By definition, current ; 𝑰 = ⃗𝑱⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨
electric bulb glows almost the instant, when we switch on the battery?  But current density at a point inside the conductor is a vector, whose direction is
 For the flow of current to start through the wire, the electrons need not travel the direction of flow of charge at that point and whose magnitude is the current
from one end to the other end of the wire. When the circuit is closed, the free through the unit area perpendicular to the dirction of flow. Hence current
electrons begins to move away from the negative terminal of the battery and this density satisfies the conditions for a quantity to be a vector.
electron exerts force on the nearby electrons. 10. It is easier to start a car engine on a warm day than on a chilly day. Why?
 Thus an electric field is established in it and propagation of electric impulse  With increase in temperature on a warm day, the internal resistance of a car
takes place through the wire at the speed of light. in other words, the energy is battery decreases. Due to it, the battery can supply large current which helps in
transported from the battery to the bulb at the speed of light through starting the car engine easily
propagating electric field. 11. A high tension supply of say 6 KV must have a large internal resistance. Why?
 Due to this reason, the bulb glows as soon as the battery is switched on.  A high tension supply shoud be provided with large internal reistance so that
4. Why manganin is preferred for making standard resistance? current does not exceed the safely limit.
 The temperature coefficient of resistance of magnanin is nearly zero. So the  If the internal resistance is not large, then the current drawn can exceed the
resistance of magnanin does not change with temperature. safey limits which damage the circuits.
 This is the reason for magnanin is preferred for making standard resistance. 12. Give the dimensional formula for resistance and specific resistance.
5. If coil of wire is used to construct resistors, what is the length of the wire used  Dimensional formula for resistance, [S I unit is ohm () ]
for making infinite resistance? 𝑊 𝐹𝑠
𝑉 ( ) ( ) 𝐹𝑠 [𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 −2 ] [𝐿]
𝑞
 No wire is used to produce infinite resistance. 𝑅= = = 𝐼𝑡 = 2 ⟹ = [𝑴 𝑳𝟐 𝑻−𝟑 𝑨−𝟐 ]
 Infinite resistance is produced by an air gap. 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝑡 [𝐴2 ] [𝑇]
6. If the electron drift is so small and the electron charge is small, how can we still  Dimensional formula for specific resistance, [S I unit is ohm - metre ( m) ]
obtain large amount of current in the conductor? 𝑅𝐴 [𝑀 𝐿2 𝑇 −3 𝐴−2 ] [𝐿2 ]
𝜌= ⟹ = [𝑴 𝑳𝟑 𝑻−𝟑 𝑨−𝟐 ]
 We know that, electric current ; 𝐼 = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑒 𝑣𝑑 𝑙 [𝐿]
 Thus the current depends on the number of free electrons per unit volume ‘n’ 13. The light from a bath room bulb get dimmer for a moment when the geyser is
(i.e.) electron density , in addition to charge ‘e’ and drift velocity ‘𝑣𝑑 ’ swithched on. Why?
 Here the electron density is very large quantity. Hence the current is large.  Since geyser is initially at low temperature, its resistance is comparatively low.
7. When electrons drift in a metal from lower potential to higher potential, does it Thus power consumed by the geyser is high and it consumes more current when
mean that all the free electrons of the metal are moving in the same direction? switched on. So voltage drop across the geyser increses. Because of this,
 No. The free electrons always have their random thermal velocities. The drift available votage for the bulb comes down. So the light gets dimmer.
velocity is superposed over this. So all the electrons need not move from lower  After geyser become hot with consequent increase in resistance, it consumes
to a higher potential. lesser power. So the brightness of the bulb is restored.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
14. Why repairing the electrical connection with the wet skin is always dangerous? 20. Why the jockey should not be pressed too hard on the wire when sliding over it?
 The dry skin of the human body has high resistance of around 500 k  .  Sliding the jockey with a hard press, will scratch the wire and make its thickness
 But when the skin is wet, the resistance is reduced to around 1000  and hence non-uniform. Then the resistance per unit length of the wire will not remain
its conductivity increases. So it is not safe, while repairing electrical connection constant because resistance depend upon area of cross-section.
with wet hand. 21. Will the interchange of positions of cell and galvanometer in wheatstones
15. Two wires of equal lengths, one is copper and the other is mangnanin, have the bridge affect the balance condition?
same resistance. Which wire is thicker?  No. The condition of balanced Wheatstone bridge remains satisfied.
𝑹𝑨 22. What is meant by end - correction for a metre bridge?
 The resistivity is given by ; 𝝆 =
𝒍
 The two ends of the manganin wire not exactly coincide with the zero mark and
 Given that ‘R’ and ′𝑙′ are same for both copper and manganin. So 𝝆 ∝ 𝑨
100 cm mark of the metre scale. Also the two ends of the long wire need not be
(i.e.) area of cross section (thickness) is greater for metal with greater resistivity.
in good contact with the copper strips at the ends.
 The resistivity of copper is ; 𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟖  m
 A correction has to be applied for this. This is called end correction.
 The resistivity of manganin is ; 𝝆 = 𝟒. 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟕  m
23. Which is preferred for measuring emf of a cell, a volt meter or a potentiometer.
 Hence manganin wire is thicker than copper, because of its resistivity is greater Why?
than that of copper.
 For measuring emf of a cell, potentiometer is preferred. Because, at balancing
16. Wheatstone bridge method of determination of resistance is considered to be
point, the potentiometer does not draw any current from the source of emf.
more accurate than the voltmeter-ammeter method. Why?
 But a voltmeter always draws small current and hence it gives a reading less
 Wheatstone bridge method is a null method. The resistance determined does not
than the emf of the cell. Also there can be error in reading the deflections of the
depend on the deflection of the galvanometer and the supply voltage
voltmeter.
fluctuations. So it is more accurate than other methods.
24. Why is a ten-wire potentiometer more sensitive than a four- wire one?
17. Wheatstone bridge is not suitable for measuring very low resistance and very
 The potential gradient (i.e) fall of potential per unit length of the potentiometer
high resistance. Why?
wire decreases with an increase in the length of the potentiometer wire.
 While measuring a low resistance, all the other resistances must also be low, so
 Smaller the potential gradient, better its sensitivity.
that bridge is sensitive. But a low resistance galvanometer is insensitive. Further
the wire resistance and lead resistance come into the picture and affect the  Hence, a 10-wire potentiometer having a smaller potential gradient is more
sensitive than a 4-wire one.
result.
25. Why copper wire is not used in potentiometer? What is the preferred material
 While measuring a high resistance, the current through the galvanometer is very
used for making potentiometer wires?
low. Hence the galvanometer needs to be sensitive to sense the low current.
 The resistivity of copper is very small and its temperature coefficient of
Otherwise it shows zero deflection even if there is current flowing through it and
resistance large. Since change in resistance with increase in temperature is high,
the bridge is unbalanced.
copper wire is not used in potentiometer.
18. It is better to get the null point in the middle of the wire in a metre bridge.
Why?  Manganin or Constantan alloy are preferred material used for making
potentiometer wire because, it is characterised by a low temperature coefficient
 Because, when the null point is in the middle, the resistances of the ratio arms
of resistance and a high resistivity. This will enable us to have a large fall of
are nearly equal and the bridge is sensitive. Further it minimise the effect of
potential across any length of wire without any appreciable change in resistance
neglecting of end resistances in calculations.
due to change in temperature.
19. Why is a metre bridge so called? It is also called a slide bridge. Why? If the
26. While preforming an experiment with potentiometer, the deflection in the
length of the wire used be 120 cm, how will formula used to measure
galvanometer is found to be in the same direction, when jockey is pressed at
resistance of unknown resistance will change?
the starting and extreme end of the wire. Also it is seen that (i) the deflection is
 Since the bridge uses one metre long manganin wire, it is called a metre bridge.
less at the extreme end than at the starting end and (ii) the deflection is more
 It is also called slidebridge because, the jockey is slide over the bridge wire while
at the extreme end than at the starting end. Why?
performing the experiments.
(i) In this case, although the driver cell in the primary circuit and the source of emf
 If this bridge uses a manganin wire of 120 cm, then the formula for finding in the secondary circuit are connected with their positive terminals at the same
𝒍𝟏 𝒍
unknown resistance will be ; 𝑷 = 𝑸 =𝑸 [ 𝟏 ] end, we ae not getting the balancing point, because the emf of the driver cell is
𝒍𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟎− 𝒍𝟏
less than the emf of the cell in the secondary circuit. So use a driver cell with
higher value of emf.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
(ii) In this case, the driver cell and the cell in the secondary circuit are connected 𝑽
 It can inferred from the given table that the ratio of votage with current (i.e.) is
with wrong polarities. Change the polarity of one of the cell to get balancing 𝑰
point. a constant, which is equal to 18. Hence manganin is an Ohmic conductor (i.e.) the
27. Two wires of A and B are of same metal and of same length have their areas of alloys obeys Ohm’s law.
cross section in the ratio 2 : 1 . If the same potential difference is applied across  According to Ohm’s law, the ratio of votage with current is the resistance (R) of
each wire in turn, what will be the ratio of current flowing in A and B? the conductor. Hence the resistance of given manganin is 𝑹 = 𝟏𝟖 
𝒍 𝟏 32. Two devices of rating 44W ; 220 V and 11W ; 220 V are connected in series. The
 The resistance is given by, 𝑹 = 𝝆 . Here 𝝆 and 𝒍 are constants. So 𝑹 ∝ . combination is connected across a 440 V mains. The fuse of which of the two
𝑨 𝑨
Since the ratio of area of cross section is 2 : 1, the ratio of resistance will be 1 : 2 devices is likely to burn when switch is on? Justify your answer.
𝑽 𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝑿 𝟐𝟐𝟎
 By Ohm’s law, 𝑰 = . Here 𝑽 is constant. So 𝑰 ∝  Resistance of 11 W device ; 𝑹 = = = 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎 
𝑹 𝑹 𝑷 𝟏𝟏
Therfore current will be in the ratio 2 : 1 𝑽𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝑿 𝟐𝟐𝟎
28. A set of ‘n’ identical resistors, each of resistance ‘R’, when connected in series  Resistance of 44 W device ; 𝑹 =
𝑷
= 𝟒𝟒
= 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 
have an effective resistance of ‘X’ and when they are connected in parallel have  Here the resistance of 11 W device will be four times that of the device 44 W
an effective resistance of ‘Y’. Find the relation between R, X and Y?  Since they are in series connection, the current flows through them will be same
 If ‘n’ resistors are connected in series, their effective resistance will be, 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟒𝟎
and it is given by ; 𝑰 = = = = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝑨
𝑋 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 + 𝑅 + ⋯ (𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠) = 𝑛 𝑅 𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎+𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟎
 If ‘n’ resistors are connected in parallel, their effective resistance will be,  The voltage across 11 W device = 𝑰 𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝑿 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟓𝟐 𝑽
1
=
1 1
+𝑅
1
+𝑅 + ⋯ (𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠) =
𝑛
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑌=
𝑅 The voltage across 44 W device = 𝑰 𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟖 𝑽
𝑌 𝑅 𝑅 𝑛  Hence 352 V across the device of rating 11 W ; 220 V is sufficient to burn the
𝑅
 Then multiply above equations, we get 𝑋 𝑌 = 𝑛 𝑅 [ ] = 𝑅2 ∴ 𝑹 = √𝑿 𝒀 fuse of that device.
𝑛
29. The filament of a bulb glows, but the connecting wires supplying current flows 33. Several electric bulbs designed to be used on a 220 V electric supply line are
through the connecting wire are not heated. Why? rated 10 W. How many bulbs can be connected in parallel with each other
 From Joule heating effect, the heat produced in a conductor is ; 𝐻 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 𝑡 across the two wires of 220 V line, if the maximum allowable current is 5 A?
 Here, the same current flows through the wire and the bulb and hence. 𝑯 ∝ 𝑹  Let ‘n’ be the number of bulbs and ‘R’ be the resistance of each bulb. Then
𝑉2 220 𝑋 220
 Since the resistance of the filament is high and it gets heated up and glows. 𝑅= = = 4840 
𝑃 10
 But the resistance of the connecting wire is small. So it does not heated up.  For a flow of 5 A current, the effective resistance of the ‘n’ bulbs in parallel circuit
30. A circuit consists a piece of semiconductor in series with a variable resistor 𝑽 𝟐𝟐𝟎
(R), an ammeter (A) and a source of constant voltage (V). Would you increase By Ohm’s law, 𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒇 = = = 𝟒𝟒 
𝑰 𝟓
or decrease the value of R to keep the reading of ammeter constant, when  But the effective resistance in parallel combination is given by,
semiconductor is heated? Give reasons. 1 1 1 1 𝑛 𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓
= 𝑅
+ 𝑅 + 𝑅 + ⋯ (𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠) = 𝑅
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑛
 In order to maintain flow of current as constant, the effective resistance of the
𝑹 𝟒𝟖𝟒𝟎
circuit will be remain unchanged. ∴ 𝒏= = 𝟒𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒇
 When the temperature of semiconductor is increased by heating, its resistance
decreases and hence the effective resistance of the circuit also decreases.  Thus 110 bulbs have to connected in parallel
 So the current in the circuit increases. In order to maintain the ammeter reading 34. Which uses more energy, a 250 W TV set in 1 hour or a 1200 W toaster in 10
as constant, the value of R can be increased. minutes?
31. What conclusion can you draw from the following observation on a resistor  Energy consumed by TV = Power X time = 250 𝑋 3600 = 9 𝑋 105 𝐽
made of alloy of manganin? Energy consumed by Toaster = Power X time = 1200 𝑋 600 = 7.2 𝑋 105 𝐽
Voltage V (volts) Current I (ampere)  Therfore energy consumed by TV set is more
0.2 3.6 35. Why is the series arrangement not used for domestic circuits?
 In a series connection, if one electrical appliance stops working due to some
0.4 7.2
defect, then all other appliances would stop working.
0.6 10.8  In a series connection, all electrical appliances have only one switch due to which
0.8 14.4 they cannot be turned on and off separately.
1.0 18.0
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
 In a series conection, all the appliances do not get the same voltage as the voltage 𝟏 𝟏
 Power consumed by 100 W bulb ; 𝑃100 = 𝐼 2 𝑅100 = 𝐼 2 [ 𝑅50 ] = 𝑃50
𝟐 𝟐
gets divided in series combination.
(i.e.) the power consumed by 50 W bulb is twice that of 100 W bulb.
 In a series connection, the equivalent resistance increases too much due to
So 50 W bulb will be brighter.
which the amount of current flowing becomes very small.
 In Parallel connection, voltage ‘V’ is constant, then
36. Copper wire cannot be used as a filament in an electric bulb. Why?
𝑽𝟐
 The material used in filament bulb works on the principle of heating effect of  Power consumed by 50 W bulb ; 𝑃50 =
𝑅50
electric current. This effect requires the filament to be of a very high resistance 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐
and high metling point, so that the filament heats up and gives out light for  Power consumed by 100 W bulb ; 𝑃100 =
𝑅100
= 𝟏 = 𝟐 𝑃50
[ 𝑅50 ]
𝟐
illumination.
(i.e.) the power consumed by 100 W bulb is twice that of 50 W bulb.
 But a copper wire has very low resistance, therefore it is used for wires for
So 100 W bulb will be brighter.
conduction and transmission of electricity, but cannot be used as a filament in a
41. A heater coil is cut into two equal parts and only one part is used in the heater.
bulb working on the principle of heating effect of electric current.
What is the ratio of the heat produced by this half coil to that by the original ?
37. Is therer any difference between fuse wire and a heating coil? 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝒕 𝑨
 Fuse wire is used to protect an electrical appliance from getting overloaded. Its  The heat produced in the coil of length is ; 𝑯 = 𝒕= 𝝆𝒍 𝒕=
𝑹 ( ) 𝝆𝒍
melting point is low. 𝑨

 The heating coil is the reistance wire used in the electrical appliances for 𝑽𝟐 𝒕 𝑨 𝑽𝟐 𝒕 𝑨
 If length of the coil is halved, then , 𝑯𝑰 = 𝒍 =𝟐 [ ] =𝟐𝑯
generating heat. Its melting point will be high. 𝝆[ ] 𝝆𝒍
𝟐
38. What is the change in the power dissipated if the current flowing through the  Hence the heat produced will be doubled.
circuit is doubled? 42. What is the cause for the production of heat in a current carrying conductor?
 Power dissipated is given by ; 𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹  In a conductor, the free electrons are always at random motion making collisions
 ‘I’ is doubled and keeping ‘R’ as constant the power dissipation becomes, with ions or atoms of the conductor.
𝑷𝟏 = (𝟐𝑰)𝟐 𝑹 = 𝟒 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 = 𝟒 𝑷  When a voltage V is applied between the ends of the conductor, resulting in the
 Therefore, when ‘I’ is doubled, P becomes 4 times. flow of current I, the free electrons are accelerated.
39. It takes 10 minutes to boil water in an electric kettle. By changing the length of  Hence the electrons gain energy at the rate = 𝑉 𝐼
the heating element in the kettle, using the same power supply, water is to be  The lattice ions or atoms receive this kinetic energy from the colliding electrons
boiled in 7 minutes. How it is to be done? in random bursts and appers as heat.
𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝒕 𝑨  Thus for a steady current I, the amount of heat produced in time t is ; 𝑯 = 𝑽 𝑰 𝒕
 By Joule’s effect, the heat produced is given by ; 𝑯 = 𝒕= 𝝆𝒍 𝒕=
𝑹 ( ) 𝝆𝒍 43. How conduction of electricity through metal varies with elecorolyte?
𝑨
𝒍𝟏 𝒕𝟏  Current flow is due to, drifting of free electrons in metals whereas bodily
 In this case H, V, A and  are constants. So 𝒍 ∝ 𝒕 (or) =
𝒍𝟐 𝒕𝟐 movement of positive and negative ions in electrolyte
𝒕𝟐 𝟕 𝑿 𝟔𝟎 𝟕
 Therefore, 𝒍𝟐 = 𝒍𝟏 = 𝒍𝟏 = 𝒍𝟏  Due to passage of electric current, there is, no chemical change in metals
𝒕𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝑿 𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝟕
whereas chemical decomposition takes place in electrolyte
 The length of the heating element in the second case must be [ ] times its initial  During flow of current, no transporation of matter in metals whereas
𝟏𝟎
length transporation of matter occurs in the form of positive and negative ions and are
40. Two electric bulbs of 50 W and 100 W are given. Which one will be brighter, deposited at the electrodes in elcrolyte
when they are connected (i) in series and (ii) in parallel  With rise in temperature, the resistance of the metal increases whereas the
𝑽𝟐 resistance of the electrolyte decreases
 The resistance of 50 W bulb ; 𝑅50 =  Conductivity is high for metals whereas very low for electrolyte
𝟓𝟎
𝑽𝟐 𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝟏 44. Which thermocouple is more efficient? Why?
 The resistance of 100 W bulb ; 𝑅100 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
= [ ]
𝟐 𝟓𝟎
= 𝟐
𝑅50
 An antimony - bismuth (Sb-Bi) thermocouple is more efficient than any other
(i.e.) the resistanceof 50 W bulb is twice that of 100 W bulb. thermocouple. Because antimony and bismuth are widely separated in the
 Brightness depends on the power consumed by the bulb. thermo electric series and hence the thermocouple formed by Sb-Bi produces
 In series connection, current ‘I’ is constant, then maximum thermo emf compared to Cu - Fe (or) any other thermocouple.
 Power consumed by 50 W bulb ; 𝑃50 = 𝐼 2 𝑅50

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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
45. Name the factors that neutral temperature and inversion temperature depends 50. A wire of resistance 8  is bent in the form of a circle.
on? What is the effective resistance between the ends of a
 Neutral temperature , depends on nature of the metals used as thermocouple diameter AB?
and independent of the junction temperature  Here 4  and 4  are in parallel, the effective reistance
 Inversion temperature, depends on temperature of the cold junction and also 1 1 1 2 1
between A and B is ;
𝑅𝐴𝐵
= 4
+ 4
= 4
= 2
depends on the nature of the metals used to form the thermocouple
46. Some heat is produced in a certain heating element when connected to mains.  Therefore, 𝑹𝑨𝑩 = 𝟐 
Now the element is doubled in itself by connecting its free ends together. How 51. Two students A and B were asked to pick a resistor of 15 kΩ from a collection
much heat will be produced in same time, if this doubled element is connected of carbon resistors. ‘A’ picked a resistor with bands of colours brown, green,
across the mains? orange while ‘B’ chose a resistor with bands of black, green, red. Who picked
𝑽𝟐 the correct resistor?
 Heat produced in singlel element of resistance ‘R’ is ; 𝑯= 𝒕  From colour code, 1  brown ; 5  green ; 103 (𝑘)  orange
𝑹
 When doubled in itself by connecting its free end together, it can be treated to be  So Student ‘A’ picked up the correct resistor of 15 kΩ.
𝑅 52. Why the terminal voltage of a battery decreases when current drawn from it is
parallel combination of two elements each of reistance ( ) . Now the effective
2 increases?
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝑹
resistance in this case is,
𝑹𝑰
= 𝑹/𝟐 + 𝑹/𝟐
= 𝑹
+ 𝑹 = 𝑹 (or) 𝑹𝑰 = 𝟒
 Terminal voltage is nothing but the potential difference between any two points
𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 in a closed circuit and it is given by; 𝑽𝒕 = ∈ − 𝑰 𝒓 (here r internal resistance)
 Hence the heat produced in this case ; 𝑯𝑰 = 𝒕= 𝒕=𝟒 𝒕=𝟒𝑯  It is clear from this equation, when ‘I’ is large, the factor ‘ 𝑰 𝒓 ’ becomes large and
𝑹𝑰 (𝑹/𝟒) 𝑹
 Therefore, heat produced will be increased by four times. 𝑽𝒕 becomes small. Hence terminal voltage of a battery decreases when current
47. Three equal resistors connected in series across a source of emf together drawn from it is increased.
dissipate 10 W of power. What should be the power dissipated if the same 53. Give the values of given carbon resistor.
resistors are connected in parallel across the same source of emf?
 The net resistance when they are connected in series ; 𝑹𝒔 = 𝑹 + 𝑹 + 𝑹 = 𝟑 𝑹
𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐
 Power dissipation ; 𝑷𝒔 =
𝑹𝑺
= 𝟑 𝑹 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑾
 The net resistance when they are connected in parallel ;
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝑹  The colour code is easily memorized by,
= + + = (or) 𝑹𝑷 =
𝑹𝑷 𝑹 𝑹 𝑹 𝑹 𝟑
 Then power dissipation in this case ; Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White
𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑷𝑷 =
𝑹𝑷
= 𝑹/ 𝟑 = 𝟑 ( 𝑹 ) = 𝟗 (𝟑 𝑹) = 𝟗 𝑷𝒔 = 𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟗𝟎 𝑾 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
48. A wire is turned red hot by passing electric current through it. Half of this
heated wire is immersed in cold water. What will happen to the amount of heat (i) From colour code, (ii) From colour code,
produced per unit length in the second half? Brown - 1 (First digit) Red - 2 (First digit)
 Due to immersion of half the wire in cold water, its temperature and hence its Black - 0 (Second digit) Violet - 7 (Second digit)
resistance decreases. This results in an increase in current through the wire. Blue - 106 ( Number of zero) Brown - 101 ( Number of zero)
Therefore, second half of wire will start producing more heat in a given time. Resistance=10 X 106  (or) 10 M  Resistance=27 X 101  (or) 27 
49. What do you mean by the current capacity of a cell? Tolerance = 5 % (Gold Tolerance = 5% (Gold)
 It is the capability of the cell to supply a certain value of current for a certain
time. It is measured in ampere hour (A h).
 It is independent of rate of charging of cell.

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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
NAME : EXAM NO 8. In India electricity is supplied for domestic use at 220 V. It is supplied at 110 V
in USA. If the resistance of a 60W bulb for use in India is R, the resistance of a
Time - 2 : 30 hours UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY Total - 60 marks 60W bulb for use in USA will be
(a) R ` (b) 2 R
PART - I 15 X 1 = 15 𝑅 𝑅
Note : (i) Answer all the questions (c) (d)
4 2
(ii) Choose the best answer and write the option code and 9. In a large building, there are 15 bulbs of 40 W, 5 bulbs of 100 W, 5 fans of 80 W
corresponding answer and 1 heater of 1k W are connected. The voltage of electric mains is 220 V. The
1. The following graph shows current versus voltage values maximum capacity of the main fuse of the building will be
of some unknown conductor. What is the resistance of (a) 14 A (b) 8 A
this conductor? (c) 10 A (d) 12 A
(a) 2 ohm 10. There is a current of 1.0 A in the circuit shown below. What is the resistance of P ?
(b) 4 ohm (a) 1.5 Ω
(c) 8 ohm (b) 2.5 Ω
(d)1 ohm (c) 3.5 Ω
(d) 4.5 Ω
2. A wire of resistance 2 ohms per meter is bent to form a
circle of radius 1m. The equivalent resistance between
its two diametrically opposite points, A and B as shown 11. What is the current drawn out from
in the figure is the battery?
𝜋 (a) 1A
(a) 𝜋 Ω (b) Ω
2 ( b) 2A
𝜋
(c) 2 𝜋 Ω (d)
4
Ω (c) 3A
(d) 4A
3. A toaster operating at 240 V has a resistance of 120 Ω. Its power is
(a) 400 W (b) 2 W
(c) 480 W (d) 240 W
4. A carbon resistor of (47 ± 4.7) k Ω to be marked with rings of different colours 12. The temperature coefficient of resistance of a wire is 0.00125 per °C. At 20°C,
for its identification. The colour code sequence will be its resistance is 1 Ω. The resistance of the wire will be 2 Ω at
(a) Yellow – Green – Violet – Gold (b) Yellow – Violet – Orange – Silver (a) 800 °C (b) 700 °C
(c) Violet – Yellow – Orange – Silver (d) Green – Orange – Violet - Gold (c) 850 °C (d) 820 °C
5. What is the value of resistance of the following resistor? 13. The internal resistance of a 2.1 V cell which gives a current of 0.2 A through a
(a)100 k Ω (b)10 k Ω resistance of 10 Ω is
(c) 1k Ω (d)1000 k Ω (a) 0.2 Ω (b) 0.5 Ω
6. Two wires of A and B with circular cross section are made up of the same (c) 0.8 Ω (d) 1.0 Ω
material with equal lengths. Suppose RA = 3 RB, then what is the ratio of radius 14. A piece of copper and another of germanium are cooled from room
of wire A to that of B? temperature to 80 K. The resistance of
(a) 3 (b) √3 (a) each of them increases
1 1 (b) each of them decreases
(c) (d) (c) copper increases and germanium decreases
√3 3
7. A wire connected to a power supply of 230 V has power dissipation P1. Suppose (d) copper decreases and germanium increases
the wire is cut into two equal pieces and connected parallel to the same power 15. In Joule’s heating law, when R and t are constant, if the H is taken along the y
𝑷𝟐 axis and I2 along the x axis, the graph is
supply. In this case power dissipation is P2 . The ratio is
𝑷𝟏 (a) straight line (b) parabola
(a)1 (b) 2 (c) circle (d) ellipse
(c) 3 (d) 4
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
PART - II 6 X 2 = 12
Note : (i) Answer any 5 of the following questions .
(ii) Question No. 17 is compulsory
16. Distinguish between drift velocity and mobility.
17. Define current density. Give its unit.
18. Define temperature coefficient of resistance. Give its unit.
19. Define Superconductivity.
20. State Kirchoff’s second law (voltage rule or loop rule)
21. Distinguish electric energy and electric power.
22. Define Seebeck effect.
23. A copper wire of 10–6 m2 area of cross section, carries a current of 2 A. If the number
of free electrons per cubic meter in the wire is 8 × 10 28, calculate the current density
and average drift velocity of electrons. கனியிடை ஏறிய சுடையும் - முற்றல் கடையிடை ஏறிய சாறும்
பனிமலர் ஏறிய ததனும் - காய்ச்சுப் பாகிடை ஏறிய சுடையும்
PART - III 6 X 3 = 18 நனிபசு பபாழியும் பாலும் - பதன்டை நல்கிய குளிரிை நீரும்,
Note : (i) Answer any 5 of the following questions . இனியை என்தபன் எனினும் - தமிடை என்னுயிர் என்தபன்
(ii) Question No. 24 is compulsory
24. Derive the relation between the drift velocity and the current. கண்டீர்
25. Write a note on carbon resistors.
26. Write a note on electric cells in parallel. நன்கு பழுத்த பழத்தின் சுளையில் இனிளை உண்டு- முற்றிய கரும்பு
27. Explain Thomson effect. சாற்றிலும் இனிளை உண்டு - ைலர் தரும் ததனிலும் இனிளைஉண்டு -
28. Obtain the macroscopic form of Ohm’s law from its microscopic form காய்ச்சிய வெல்லப்பாகிலும் இனிளை உண்டு - பசு தரும் பாலிலும்
29. Resistance of a material at 200C and 400C are 45 Ω and 85 Ω respectively. Find its இனிளை உண்டு - வதன்ளையின் இைநீரிலும் இனிளை உண்டு ஆைாலும்,
temperature coefficient of resistivity தமிழ் வைாழியாைது என் உயிராக உள்ைது. இந்த சுளெகளை நுகர உயிர்
30. The resistance of a wire is 20 Ω. What will be new resistance, if it is stretched தெண்டும் அல்லொ.
uniformly 8 times its original length?
தமிழின் இனிடம - பாதைந்தர் பாரதிதாசன்
PART - IV 3 X 5 = 15
Note : (i) Answer all the questions
31. Explain the equivalent resistance of a series and parallel resistor network.
(OR)
Explain the determination of the internal resistance of a cell using voltmeter.
32. Obtain the condition for bridge balance in Wheatstone’s bridge.
(OR)
Explain the determination of unknown resistance using meter bridge.
33. Explain the method of measurement of internal resistance of a cell using
potentiometer.
(OR)
Describe the microscopic model of current and obtain general form of Ohm’s law.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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