unUNIX

CTRL+ALT+T -->For Opening the Terminal

In ubuntu, we will call files as files only but the folder we will call as directory

pwd --> Present/Print Working Directory -->will return the current path u are on

ls-->list-->This will list down all the directory in the current path

● ls -ltr -->long List time reverse--> -->will return permission,timestamp and

directoryname
t means it will sort descendingly all in with order by time
r means it will sort descending all in the order by name of directory
together -ltr means it will first sort descending by time and after that it will sort reverse
that order
● ls -a-->it will show all the hidden directories
● ls -F--> will give / for all directories mentioned
One command; 2nd command ;3rd command

You can mention this in single line itself but the unix will execute them seperately

ls -al→ shows the space occupied for

du (disk usage)--> a→all, h→human readable format

DIRECTORY COMMANDS

Mkdir-->make directory

● mkdir directory_name ….-->mkdir one two three--> this will create one two three
as directories
● mkdir -p parent/child/Nkv--> -p -->parent directory-->it created subfolders
cd--> change directory

● cd /-->will go to direct root directory

● cd -->will go to home directory
rmdir-->remove directory

● rmdir directory_name-->rmdir one two three-->this will removes the

mentioned directory
● rm -r parent--> will remove subdirectories and files
● Incase u want to delete the rmdir u need to delete all inside files
FILE HANDLING COMMANDS

File creation command

Touch file_name-->touch sample.txt--> This will create a 0kb file

Touch .file_name-->touch .indict.txt-->this will create a hidden file

To View the content of file u can use vi editor

Vi file_name-->vi sample.txt--> this will open editor u edit also the content of file
Incase u enter any content in the file the size of file also increases accordingly

Important shortcuts for using vi Editor

Command mode(by default)--> you can issue command to editor to copy lines and move and
insert and delete

Insert Mode→ in this mode you can insert data into file (editing mode)

i→ to switch to into insert mode

To switch back to command mode from insert mode use ESC

To delete a character type x

To delete the entire line type dd

To copy a line use yy

To paste a line use p

Scroll up/down → CTRL+u or CTRL+d

:w → To save changes and save file on disk

:q → Quit Vim editor

:wq→ To save and quit file

/of → this commands makes to search of keyword in the file with highlighted the keyword

Cat(concatenate the file)

cat file_name--> it displays the content of the file

cat >file_name-->It will create that file and u will get next line for entering the content u want in
that file

cat >>sample1.txt -->Using this u can add more lines of contents to existing contents

Cp(COPY)
cp file_name directory_name-->Copy the file from one directory to another directory

cp file_name1 filename2-->copy the file content of filename1 to filename2 incase filename2 not
exists it will create the file

Cp -r <dir1> <dir2> <target_location>--> copy the directory from one location to another location

To know whether entered command was successful or not.

You can use command --> echo $? --> it will show the 0 if previous statement was successful
and any other number then it means command was unsuccessful.
Mv(Move)

Mv filename directory_name -->this will move the file from one directory to another

Mv filename1 filename2 -->this will rename the filename1 to filename2 in that same location
Mv directoryname1 directoryname2 -->this command will change the name of directory also
HEAD

Head filename-->head employees.csv--> This will print first 10 lines of file including the header
line also

head -n no.of.lines filename-->head -n 5 employees.csv -->It will print just first 5 lines including
the header line also

Head filename1 filename2-->head employees.csv departments.csv--> this will print both file
data file1 first 10 and file2 first 10 lines and separation between them is there filename will
mentioned
Head -v filename-->head -v employees.csv--> this prints the filename with content of the files

Head -c no.of.characters filename-->head -c 25 employees.csv-->this will print respective no.of

characters from the file

Head -q filename1 filename2 --> head -q employees.csv departments.csv--> this will print the
both the file contents but there wont be filename present of these
TAIL

tail has similar commands as the head

incase u want records from 201 to 203

Head -n 7 employees.csv | tail -n 3

| this means it will apply the after | pipe command before | results

Means it will apply tail on head results

Sed means stream editor it help perform various actions file searching ,insertion and replacing

Sed -n ‘startnumberline,endnumberlinep’ filename-->sed -n ‘5,7p’ employees.csv

After command >filename -->this means inserting data into mentioned file

Head -n 7 employees.csv | tail -n 3 >employee_middle.txt

Means the command output “Head -n 7 employees.csv | tail -n 3” is inserted into file created
employee_middle.txt
More filename-->more employees.csv--> this will show content of file in percentage form like
50% then 75% as page type

Incase u click enter button it will go one record by record

If u enter tab button it will go to next page

Up arrow for seeing previous record

Down arrow for seeing next records

U can use similar command as – less filename-->less employees.csv

To exit from this u need to enter Q in keyboard

Grep – global regular expression pattern

● To search required pattern

grep ‘Hazel’ employees.csv--> it will give output if it finds hazel in file employees.csv

grep -i ‘john’ employees.csv-->i means case insensitive for search purpose

grep -n ‘John’ employees.csv-->grep -n ‘Search’ filename-->n means it will show line number of
record

grep -c ‘John’ employees.csv-->grep -c ‘Search’ filename-->c means count it will show count of
search in whole file

we can add in both command them with -i for case sensitive

grep ‘John’ employees.csv departments.csv--> this will give filename and records details for the
search mentioned
grep -l ‘John’ employees.csv departments.csv-->grep -l ‘Search’ filename1 filename2-->l means
it will show the filename which has the searched string/number/character

Word Count(wc)

wc filename--> this will give no.of_lines no.of_bytes(size of file) count_of_words filename

l-->line numbers , w-->size of file , c-->count of words

SORT-->TO SORT DATA

sort -r employee.txt-->this will sort data in descending order(reverse way)

sort employees.csv --> this will sort data in ascending order by default

sort employees.csv >srteddata.txt --> means it will create a file if not present and if present it will
override the data

sort employees.csv >>srteddata.txt-->means it will create a file if not present and if present It will
append data in the same file

UNIQ-->to find whether file has duplicate data or not only condition is data should ne
sorted for working of uniq

Uniq filename-->uniq emplydata.csv-->This will show unique data of file

Uniq -d filename-->uniq -d emplydata.csv--> This will show duplicate data of the file

Uniq -i filename-->uniq -i emplydata.csv-->this will case in sensitive

Uniq -c filename-->this will count of unique numbers

Uniq -u filename-->this will distinct data of file

Uniq -c employee.csv| grep ‘2’-->this will give which all data having count =2 that duplicate data

Uniq -d filename-->uniq -d employees.csv-->it will duplicates data

gedit filename-->gedit names.txt--> this will create a file and will give text editor interface to
enter the data
uname -a -->will show the whether the operating system used is unix or not

Deleting specific line of file

sed ‘start_line_number,endline_numberd’ filename-->sed ‘1,1d’ employees.csv

tac filename-->tac CustomerDetails.csv--> this will reverse the content order that last line will be
first and vice versa

For removing last lines from files with the help of tac and sed command and d in sed means
delete
Another method of deleting last lines by using variable and “”->double quotes as we are using
variable in command
Command-->Filelist

find /home/nkv/Practice2 -type f | sort > /home/nkv/filelist.txt

Find directory_name will show all directories and files present in that location

-type f will restrict the output only to the files

-type d will restrict the output only to the folders/directories

Sort will sort the output of previous commands -->sort –r will reverse teh order
To get list of folder and subfolders in filelist just replacing –type f to type d

Zipping of file

Zipping can be acheived by gzip or bzip2

Gzip –kv file_name

k--> it will keep the orignal file

v-->verbose data its shows details about the percentage of compression and other details

Gunzip zip_file_name-->this will unzip the file mentioned in zip format

Gunzip –d zip_file_name-->d—decompress

Same commands goes for bzip2 compression method

Stat file_name -->gives the metadata of file

Exiftool file_name -->gives the detail metadata of the files

Df→ gives us the disk space