EE213_Lab_Manual_New updated

UNIVERSITY OF HAFR AL BATIN
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS II
EE 213
Lab Manual
February 2022
EE 213 Lab Manual Electric Circuits II
Preface
The EE 213-Electric Circuits Lab is an essential component of the Electrical Engineering

program. The lab is designed to help students understand the basic principles of electric
circuits and to give them an insight into the design, simulation and hardware
implementation of electric circuits. The main objective is to provide hands-on experience for
the students so they are able to put theoretical concepts into practice.
The experiments include both software circuit simulations and hardware-based

measurements with actual electrical components. Computer simulation is stressed as a key
analysis tool in engineering design. NI Multisim software is used for simulation of electric
circuits. Hardware experimentation with components and laboratory equipment is always
important for acquiring the necessary hands-on practical skills in engineering education.
The present manual includes eleven experiments that cover topics taught in the two Electric
Circuits courses EE211 and EE213. The manual also includes appendices on components
color codes and general laboratory regulations and safety rules. The manual is based on
KFUPM EE 213 course lab manual. It has been updated and revised based on the equipment
and software at University of Hafr Al Batin.
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Table of Contents
Preface................................................................................................................... 2
Experiment 1 Introduction to Electrical Circuits Simulation and Testing ................ 4
Experiment 2 Electric Circuits Fundamental Laws ................................................ 15
Experiment 3 Voltage & Current Dividers and Superposition Principle ................ 23
Experiment 4 Thevenin’s Theorem and Maximum Power Transfer ...................... 30
Experiment 5 The Oscilloscope and Function Generator ...................................... 35
Experiment 6 Sinusoidal AC Analysis .................................................................... 43
Experiment 7 Transient Circuit Analysis ............................................................... 47
Experiment 8 Three Phase Circuits ....................................................................... 53
Experiment 9 Transformer Circuit ........................................................................ 59
Experiment 10 Frequency Selective Circuits ......................................................... 64
Experiment 11 Two-Port Networks ...................................................................... 72
3
Experiment 1
Introduction to Electrical Circuits Simulation and Testing
Simulation is a mathematical way of emulating the behavior of a real world system. With
simulation modeling, we can determine a circuit’s performance without physically
constructing the circuit or using actual test instruments. Multisim Workbench is a complete
system design tool that offers a very large component database, schematic entry, full
analog/digital SPICE simulation, etc. It also offers a single easy-to-use graphical user
interface for all design needs.
Introduction
Complete the following step to launch Multisim:
1. Select Start » All Programs » National Instruments » Circuit Design Suite 11.0 »
Multisim 11.0.
2. A blank file opens on the workspace called Design 1 as shown in Figure 1.1 below.
Figure 1.1: Main window of Multisim
4
The various parts of the Graphic User Interface (GUI) are explained in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2: Multisim interface
Multisim includes the following toolbars:

 Standard Toolbar—Contains buttons for commonly-performed Windows functions.
 Main Toolbar—Contains buttons for commonly-performed Multisim functions.
 Simulation Toolbar—Contains buttons used during simulation.
 View Toolbar—Contains buttons used to manipulate the appearance of the workspace.
 Components Toolbar—Contains buttons used to place components onto the workspace.
 Virtual Toolbar—Contains buttons used to place virtual components on the workspace.
 Graphic Annotation Toolbar—Contains buttons used to draw graphic elements such as
lines and circles on the workspace. You can also place comments and pictures from here.
 Instruments Toolbar—Contains buttons used to place instruments on the workspace.
We will now try to learn about Multisim simulation techniques by solving a simple
example.
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Example
Build the circuit shown in Figure 1.3 using Multisim.
Vab
a b
R1 30K
Vs R2
Ibc
30V 20K
Figure 1.3: Circuit for Multisim Simulation
Step A: Placing Components

The first step in schematic capture is to place the appropriate components on your circuit
window.
Each button on the Components toolbar corresponds to a group of components with similar
functionality. Click one of these buttons to open the component browser and select the
desired component.
Component toolbar
Sources icon
Basic icon
Figure 1.4: Component toolbar

The figure below is the component browser where a “Select a Component” dialog box
appears. You can also select Place » Component to display the Select a Component dialog
box.
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Figure 1.4: Component browser
Components are organized by database, group, and family (for example, Master Database,
Sources Group, Power Sources Family).
Select Master Database, appropriate Group and then Family of components will list all the
components in that particular family. For example in Figure 1.4, Master database >>
Transistor >> BJT_PNP is selected to show list of all BJT of type NPN.
1. Place Battery (DC Source)

For the circuit in Figure 1.3, we need a source, resistors and ground for the circuit.
In the component toolbar, select the sources icon. This will pop up the Select a
Component dialog box as shown below.
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Figure 1.5: Selecting DC power source
Select the DC_POWER by clicking on the mouse over it. Click OK to place the
component on the circuit window.
Once the component is placed, the Select a Component dialog box will pop up again.
2. Place Resistance and ground
Similarly select the resistors (click Basic icon Figure 1.4) and ground (click Sources
icon Figure 1.4) from the Component section and place them on the circuitwindow.
Once you select the last component, click Close instead of OK. This will prevent the
dialog box to appear again once you place the component on the circuit window.
3. Changing Properties
To modify the properties of any component, double-click on the placed component to
display its properties dialog box, and select one of the tabs shown in figure below:
8
Figure 1.6: Tabs under properties dialog box
There are 6 tabs in the dialog box. The most important of them is Value where you
can modify the value of the component for example changing the DC voltage or
resistance.
The Label tab allows you to change the name of the component. For instance, you
may want to name the source as Vs and load resistance as RL by change its RefDes
under the Label tab.
4. Adding Multiple Components

If you have multiple number of components (like 3 resistances for instance) you can
place one component and then just copy-paste that same component on to the circuit
window using the usual short cuts copy (CTRL+C) and paste (CTRL+V).
In order to do this you first need to select the component by clicking on it and then
use the copy/paste commands.
5. Rotate components
Select a component on the circuit window and press CTRL+R to rotate the component
in the required orientation by an angle of 90 clockwise.
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Step B: Connecting Components
1. Arrange the components properly

Arrange the components according to the circuit given in Figure 1.3. You can select
and drag the component to any place in the workspace. Select the components and
drag them one by one to their proper places as shown in Figure 1.7.
Figure 1.7: Placing components properly
2. Connect DC Voltage Source “Vs” to “R1

Bring the cursor close to the upper pin of “Vs”; the cursor shape will change to a plus
sign. Click and move a little upward. A wire appears, attached to the cursor. Click again
at a small distance above the “Vs” source. Notice that the line will change
direction. Control the flow of the wire by clicking on points as you drag. Each click
fixes the wire to that point as shown in Figure 1.8. In this way, when the cursor
reaches the pin of R1 click again and this will connect “Vs” to “R1”.
Figure 1.8: Connection of components
3. Connect “R1” to “R2”

Connect R1 to R2 using the same procedure.
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4. Making use of the Junction to connect the Ground
In a similar manner, connect the ground with Vs and R2. Notice that a small black
circle appears just above the ground, this is called the junction. When two or more
components are connected at one point, a junction is created. A junction can also be
placed manually by pressing Ctrl+J or selecting Place>>Place Junction. This can
be used to control the connection points manually.
This completes the connection and the complete circuit is shown in Figure 1.9.
R1
R2
20kΩ
Figure 1.9: Complete circuit in Multisim
STEP C: Placing Multimeter or Voltmeter in parallel to measure voltage

1. To connect a Multimeter
a. The instrument toolbar is shown in Figure 1.10. From the toolbar,
select multimeter. It is the first icon on the toolbar.
b. Click on the Multimeter icon. Now click in the workspace to place the
Multimeter. Drag it and place it near resistor R1 as shown in Figure
1.11. Make a connection from the “+” terminal of the Multimeter to the
left pin of R1 and from the “-” terminal to the right pin of R1. Note that
the reversal of + and – terminals will give opposite readings.
XMM1
R1
30kΩ
R2
V1 20kΩ
30 V
Figure 1.10:
Instrument
toolbar
Figure 1.11: Multimeter connection for voltage measurement.
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c. Set the Multimeter to measure DC voltage
Double-click on Multimeter to open the properties window shown in Figure
1.12. Select “V” to measure voltage. Select the DC wave shape. (Notice that the
meter can also measure current “A” and resistance “Ω”. It can measure AC as well
as DC values. Leave the window open for viewing the measurements.
Selection of voltage
AC measurement DC measurement
Figure 1.12: Multimeter properties window
STEP D: Placing a Multimeter or Ammeter in series to measure current

1. Place a second Multimeter in the workspace as we did in Step C. Remove the
connection between R1 and R2. Connect the “+” terminal of the Multimeter
towards R1and the “-” terminal towards R2 as shown in Figure 1.13.
2. Set the Multimeter to measure current
Double click on this Multimeter and select “A” in the Multimeter properties
window. Set the wave shape to DC. If the current flows from 3 to zero, the meter
will read positive.
XMM1
R2
20kΩ
Figure 1.13: Multimeter connection for current measurement
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STEP E: Circuit Simulation
1. Save the file.
Select File>>Save
Save by entering any appropriate name.
2. Simulate the circuit by clicking on the Run/Resume Simulation button shown in
Figure 1.14.
Figure 1.14: Run/resume Simulation button
3. If the properties window of the multimeters is not open, double-click the

Multimeter. Results will appear in the properties window of the Multimeter.
Compare your result with those in Figure 1.15 and show them to your instructor.
Figure 1.15: Simulation result
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Exercise 1
1. Build the circuit of Figure 1.16 in Multisim.
2. Connect a voltmeter between nodes “a” and “b”.
3. Connect an ammeter for the measurement of 𝐈𝐛𝟎.
Figure 1.16: Exercise 1
Exercise 2

2. Simulate the circuit and find 𝑖𝑥 and 𝑖𝑦 (magnitude and phase).
𝟐𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕)
Figure 1.17: Exercise 2
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Experiment 2
Electric Circuits Fundamental Laws
Introduction
This experiment covers electrical circuit’s fundamental laws, including Ohm’s law, and
Kirkchoff’s voltage and current laws. It consists of three parts which have to be first carried
out using the Multisim software, and then repeated with hardware components and
laboratory equipment. The experiments involve the measurement of resistance, voltage and
current in DC circuits.
PART I: Resistance, Voltage & Current in DC Circuits
Objectives
1. Use of voltmeter & ammeter to measure voltage and current through a resistor
2. Verification of component power rating
Materials
DC power supply
DC 0-20V Voltmeter
DC 0-100mA Ammeter
Multimeter
5V/1W lamp
Assorted carbon resistors (100Ω, 150 Ω, 220 Ω, 330 Ω)
NOTE: Use ¾ W or 1W resistors. If not available then use either 10 times the resistor
value (10x given R) or decrease the Vs.
Figure 2.1: Measuring current and voltage: a lamp connected across a battery
15
Procedure
Workbench Simulation
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 2.1 on the Multisim. Use a 5V, 1W lamp for
simulation. (In the Components Toolbar select the Indicator icon; now find
Voltmeter, Ammeter and Lamp in this window).
2. Set the DC supply voltage to 3V, click the Simulate Switch and verify that the
battery voltage is 3V as measured by the voltmeter. Record the voltage across the
lamp terminals “V” and the current “I” flowing through it in Table 2.1. Calculate
power dissipation in the lamp using the relationship P=VI, and note it down.
3. Change the DC supply voltage to 5V. Run the analysis again. Record voltageand
current in Table 1 and calculate power dissipation in the lamp.
4. Change the DC supply voltage to 7V. Run the analysis and see the effect on
the intensity of light. Record voltage and current in Table 1 and calculate
power dissipation.
5. Change the DC supply voltage to 8V. Run the analysis and observe the value of
the current; also observe the glow of the lamp. What happened? Explain.
Table 2.1: Simulation results using Multisim Electronics Workbench
Source Voltage (V) Lamp Voltage (V) Current (A) Power, VI (W)
Note: The lamp is rated at 5V, 1W
Question: Why would the lamp be damaged when the voltage goes to 8V? Explain by
comparing power dissipation with its rated value.
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PART II: Resistance Measurement and Ohm’s Law
Objectives
1. Usage of the Multimeter to measure resistance.
2. Verification of Ohm’s law
Procedure
1. Build the circuit of Figure 2.2 using Multisim. Connect a Multimeter between the
terminals of the resistor and set it to read resistance. Select 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝛀. Click the
Simulation Switch to run the analysis. Record the value of resistance R1 in Table
2.2 Ohmmeter Reading.
2. Build the circuit given in Figure 2.3. Set 𝑽𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝑽 and 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝛀. Click
Simulation Switch to run the analysis. Record voltage ‘V1’ across resistor R1 by
connecting a Multimeter in parallel to it. Record the value of current ‘I’ flowing
through R1 by connecting another Multimeter in series to R1. Note down the
values in Table 2.2. From the voltage current readings verify Ohm’s law 𝑉1 = 𝑅1𝐼.
Considering the Multimeter reading as a reference, calculate the % error.
3. Repeat the experiment and build the circuit in Figure 2.4.
4. Vary the DC supply voltage Vs in steps of 2V and record the current in each case.
Enter your results in Table 2.3 and Table 2.4.
5. Plot ‘V’ vs. ‘I’ in the graph of Figure 2.4.
6. Calculate the resistor value based on the slope of the V-I curve plotted in step 4.
Vs R1
10 V 330Ω
Figure 2.3: Verifying Ohm's Law
Figure 2.2: Measuring resistance
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R1
R2
20kΩ
Figure 2.4
18
Hardware Experiment
7. Repeat steps 1-5 with the laboratory hardware components.
Table 2.2: Resistance Measurement
Ohm’s Law
Ohmmeter Reading
V1 I 𝑅 = 𝑉1/𝐼
Workbench Simulation 𝑅=
Hardware Experiment 𝑅=
Table 2.3: V-I Measurements
Workbench Simulation Theoretical
V (Volts) I (mA) V (Volts) I (mA)
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
Table 2.4 V-I Measurements
Workbench Simulation Theoretical
V (Volts) I (mA) V (Volts) I (mA)
0 0
5 5
10 10
15 15
19
20 20
25 25
30 30
V-I Plot
V in Volts
I (mA)
Resistance measurement from V-I slope
 Electronics Workbench experiment 𝑅=

 Hardware experiment 𝑅=
20
Questions
1. Compare the values of resistance obtained with the Ohmmeter and with Ohm’s law
(V/I) in the hardware experiment. Find the percentage error between them with the
Ohmmeter reading as the reference.
2. Comment on your results and observations.
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PART III: Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Laws

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around any
closed path equals zero. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of all
the currents at a node is zero (the current entering a node has the opposite sign to the current
leaving the node).
Objectives
1. Voltage and Current measurement in a DC circuit
2. Verification of Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws.
Figure 2.4: Resistive Circuit Diagram
Procedure
Figure 2.5
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 2.4 and 2.5 using Multisim.
2. Measure the voltages and currents
3. Verify KVL and KCL for both Figures
4. Repeat the simulation by varying the supply voltages in steps of 2V and measure the
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voltages and currents
5. Compare results between theoretical and simulation and record them in tabular
form.
6. Compute the percentage errors. Comment on any discrepancy in the

voltage/current simulation and theoretical values.
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Experiment 3
Voltage & Current Dividers and Superposition Principle
Introduction
This lab covers two parts:
1. The voltage divider and current divider rules
2. The superposition principle
The lab work is based on the use of Multisim simulation and hardware-based
circuits to verify the voltage current divider and voltage divider rules.
PART I: Voltage & Current Dividers

For a series circuit the voltage divider rule (VDR), refer to Figure 3.1:
𝑅1
𝑉 = 𝑉
1
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝑠
𝑅2
𝑉 = 𝑉 (1)
2 𝑠
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑅3
𝑉 = 𝑉
3 𝑠
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
For a parallel circuit the current divider rule (CDR), refer to Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.1: Series Circuit Figure 3.2: Parallel Circuit
Objectives
1. To verify the voltage current divider and voltage divider rules.
2. To verify the superposition principle using Multisim.
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Materials
DC power supply
Multimeter
Assorted carbon resistors (100Ω, 150 Ω, 220 Ω, 330 Ω)
NOTE: Use ¾ W or 1W resistors. If not available then use either 10 times the resistor
value (10x given R) or decrease the Vs.
Procedure
Simulation Experiment
1. Build the circuit given in Figure 3.3 on Multisim.
2. Connect voltmeters, ammeters (or Multimeters) at appropriate positions to
measure voltages and currents shown in Table 3.1.
3. Disconnect the voltage source. Connect a Multimeter, measure the total resistance
and record the value in Table 3.1. (Remember: resistance is always measured
without any source connected to the circuit)
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for the circuit of Figure 3.4 and record the values in T
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
25
Results Vs R1 R2 R3 V1 V2 V3
Simulation
Theoretical
PART II: Superposition Principle

If there is more than one source in an electric network, the response (voltage or current) can
be obtained by considering one source at a time. The total response is the algebraicsum
of the individual responses. This is known as the superposition principle. While determining
the responses with a particular source, all other sources have to be deactivated (voltage
sources are shorted and current sources are opened).
Objectives
1. To verify the superposition principle using Multisim.
2. To verify superposition with hardwired components.
Materials
Two DC power sources
Multimeter
Assorted carbon resistors (100Ω, 220 Ω, 330 Ω, 1k Ω, 1.5k Ω)
Figure 3.5: Resistive circuit with two sources
Procedure
Simulation
1. Construct the circuit in Figure 3.5 on Multisim. Put the meters in the appropriate
places to read the voltages and currents.
2. Run the simulation. Record all the voltages and currents in Table 3.3. You can
use ammeters for current measurements, voltmeter for voltage measurements
26
or Multimeter for both.
3. Note the current directions and voltage polarities shown in Figure 3.5.
4. Remove the 5-V source from the circuit. Replace it with a short circuit.
5. Run the simulation. Measure the voltages and currents and fill in Table 3.4.
6. Put the 5-V source back in the circuit. Remove the 10-V source and replace it with a
short circuit.
7. Run the simulation. Record all the voltages and currents in the circuit. Enter them in
Table 3.5.
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Table 3.3: Simulation results for voltage and current with both sources
1KΩ 220 Ω 100 Ω 1.5 KΩ 330 Ω
Voltage
Current
Table 3.4: Simulation results with the 10-V source only
1KΩ 220 Ω 100 Ω 1.5 KΩ 330 Ω
Voltage
Current
1KΩ 220 Ω 100 Ω 1.5 KΩ 330 Ω
Voltage
Current
Hardware Experiment
8. Repeat the procedure with hardwired circuit elements. Enter your results below.
Table 3.6: Simulation results for voltage and current with both sources
1KΩ 220 Ω 100 Ω 1.5 KΩ 330 Ω
Voltage
Current
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1KΩ 220 Ω 100 Ω 1.5 KΩ 330 Ω
Voltage
Current
1KΩ 220 Ω 100 Ω 1.5 KΩ 330 Ω
Voltage
Current
Questions
1. Check for the superposition principle. Write your observations.
2. Compare the simulation and experimental results, and comment on any error
causes.
3. Superposition only applies to current and voltage, but not to power. Explain why.
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Experiment 4
Thevenin’s Theorem and Maximum Power Transfer
Introduction
A two-terminal resistive network can be replaced by a voltage source in series with an
equivalent resistor. The value of the voltage source equals the open circuit voltage of the
two terminals under consideration. The value of the equivalent resistor equals the resistance
measured between the open terminals when all the independent sources ofthe circuit are
deactivated (voltage source shorted and current source opened). This is known as
Thevenin’s theorem. The voltage source is called Thevenin‟s voltage (VTH) and the
equivalent resistor, the Thevenin‟s resistance (RTH).
Instead of representing two-terminal resistive network with a voltage source in series with
a resistor, we can represent it with a current source in parallel with a resistor. This is known
as Norton Equivalent Circuit. The value of the current source (ISC) equals the current passing
through a short circuit placed between the two terminals under consideration. In general,
the two equivalent circuits are related by source transformation. Then:
Figure 4.1: Thevenin’s and Norton Equivalent Circuits
The maximum power output to a variable output resistance occurs when the valueof
the output resistance equals Thevenin’s resistance.
Figure 4.2: Maximum power output condition
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The value of the maximum output power or transferred power is given as,
2
𝑇𝐻
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
4𝑅𝑇𝐻
Objectives
1. To construct Thevenin’s equivalent using Workbench.
2. To construct Norton’s equivalent using Workbench.
3. To verify the equivalent obtained in step 1 and 2 using hardwired components.
4. To determine the maximum power transfer condition experimentally.
Materials
Two DC power sources
One Multimeter
Assorted carbon resistors (1kΩ, 10kΩ, 33kΩ, 47kΩ)
One decade resistor
Figure 4.3: Circuit for Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent
Procedure
Simulation
1. Construct the circuit given in Figure 4.3 on Multisim Electronics Workbench.
2. Remove the load resistor RL and connect a Multimeter or voltmeter to read the open
circuit voltage between a and b. Simulate and record the voltage. This is VTH for this
circuit between a and b. Record the value in Table 4.1.
3. Place an ammeter (represents a short circuit) between terminals a and b to read the
short circuit current between a and b. Simulate and record the current. This is ISC for
this circuit between a and b. Record the value in Table 4.1.
4. Remove the 10-V source. Replace it with a short circuit.
5. Remove the 5-V source. Replace it with a short circuit.
6. Connect a Multimeter in the resistance measurement mode (Ohmmeter) between
a and b. Run the simulation and record the value of the resistor. This is RTH in Figure
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4.1. Manual
EE 213 Lab Record the value in Table 4.1. Electric Circuits II
32
Hardwired Experiment
7. Build the circuit of Figure 4.3 with hardwired components in the laboratory.
8. Repeat steps 2 to 6 and find the values of VTH, ISC and RTH experimentally.
Considering the Workbench results as the base, compute the percentage errors.
9. In the circuit of Figure 4.3 connect a variable resistor (RL) between a and b.
10. Vary RL between 2.5 kΩ and 10.5 kΩ in steps of 500 Ω. Measure the voltage
between a and b (VL) in each case. Enter your results in Table 4.2.
Table 4.1: Simulation and experimental results for Thevenin voltage and resistance
VTH ISC RTH
Workbench
Hardwired
% Error
Table 4.2: Experimental results for maximum power transfer
RL
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10 10.5
(K𝛀)
Workbenc
h
Hardwired
% Error
33
11. Plot RL vs. PL
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Questions
1. At what value of RL does the maximum value of PL occur in the graph?
2. Does this value of RL compare with RTH you obtained experimentally or through
Workbench?
3. Using your results show that the two equivalent circuits are related by source
transformation.
4. Can you give examples for cases were Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalents are not
related by source transformation?
35
Experiment 5
The Oscilloscope and Function Generator
Oscilloscope
The Oscilloscope is one of the most important electronic instruments available for making
circuit measurements. It displays a curve plot of time-varying voltage on the Oscilloscope
screen. The Oscilloscope provided with Multisim is a dual trace Oscilloscope that looks
and acts like a real Oscilloscope. A dual trace Oscilloscope allows the user to display and
compare two time-varying voltages at one time.
The controls on the Oscilloscope are as follows shown in Figure 5.1:
1. The TIME BASE control adjusts the time scale on the horizontal axis in time per
division when Y/T is selected. When B/A is selected, the horizontal axis no longer
represents time. The horizontal axis now represents the voltage on the channel A
input and the vertical axis represents the voltage on channel B input. When A/B
is selected, the horizontal axis represents the voltage on the channel B input and the
vertical axis represents the voltage on the channel A input. The X_POS control
determines the horizontal position where the curve plot begins.
2. The CHANNEL A control adjusts the volts per division on the vertical axis for the
channel A curve plot. The Y-POS control determines the vertical position of the
channel A curve plot relative to the horizontal axis. Selecting AC places a capacitance
between the channel A vertical input and the circuit testing point. Selecting “0”
connects channel A vertical input to ground.
3. The CHANNEL B control adjusts the volts per division of the vertical axis for the
channel B curve plot. The Y-POS determines the vertical position of the channelB
curve plot relative to the horizontal axis. Selecting AC places a capacitance between
the channel B vertical input and the circuit test point. Selecting “0” connects the
channel B vertical input to ground.
4. The trigger settings control the conditions under which a curve plot is triggered
(begins to display). Triggering can be internal (based on one of the input signals) or
external (based on a signal applied to the Oscilloscope external trigger input). With
internal triggering AUTO, A, or B. If A is selected, the curve plot will be triggered by
channel A input signal. If |B is selected, the curve plot will be triggered by channel
B input signal. If you expect a flat input wave shape or you want the curve plot
displayed as soon as possible, select AUTO. The display can be set to start on a positive
or negative slope of the input by selecting the appropriate EDGE selection. The trigger
LEVEL control determines the voltage level of the input
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signal waveform, in divisions on the vertical axis, before the waveform will begin to
display.
Once a circuit simulation has been activated and a voltage curve plot has been displayed on
the Oscilloscope screen, the Oscilloscope probes can be moved to other test points inthe
circuit without running the simulation again. Moving the probes automatically redraws the
voltage curve plot for the new test point. You can also fine tune the settings either during or
after a simulation and the display will be redrawn on the screen automatically. You can
„pause‟ or ‟resume‟ through the “Analysis Option”. The zoom feature can be used by using
“Expand”. Normal size will be restored by clicking “Reduce”. You can learn other features
through the help menu.
Figure 5.1: Dual trace oscilloscope
The Function Generator

The Function Generator is a voltage source that supplies different time-varying voltage
functions. Multisim can supply Sine Wave, Square Wave, and Triangular Wave voltage
functions. The wave shape, frequency, amplitude, duty cycle, and DC offset can be easily
changed. It has three voltage output terminals. Connect the COM terminal to ground
symbol. The +ve terminal provides output voltage that is positive with respect
37
to the COM terminal and the –ve terminal proves an output voltage that is negative with
respect to the COM terminal.
The controls on the Function Generator are as follows shown in Figure 5.2:
1. You can select a wave shape by clicking the appropriate wave shape on the top of the
Function Generator.
2. The frequency control allows you to adjust the frequency of the output voltage up to
999 MHz. Click up or down arrow to adjust the frequency, or click the frequency
box and type the desired frequency.
3. The AMPLITUDE control allows you to adjust the amplitude of the output voltage
measured from the reference level (common) to peak level. The peakto peak
value is twice the amplitude setting.
4. The OFFSET control adjusts the DC level of the voltage curve generated by the
Function Generator. An offset of 0 positions the curve plot along the x-axis with an
equal positive and negative voltage setting. A positive offset raises the curve plot
above the x -axis and a negative offset lowers the curve plot below the x-axis.
Figure 5.2: the Function generator
Consult the Multisim User and Reference manuals for more details on the Oscilloscope
and Function Generator.
Procedure
1. From the instrument panel pull down the Function Generator and
Oscilloscope and connect them as shown in Figure 5.3. You can select different
38
colored wires by double clicking the line and choosing the colors. Select Sine Wave
from the Function Generator. Set frequency to 1 kHz and amplitude to 10V. On the
Oscilloscope start with the Time Base of 0.2ms/div and channel A, B settings of
5V/div.
2. Click the on-off switch to run the analysis. Connect the positive output of the Function
Generator to Oscilloscope channel A input and negative output to channel B input.
You may use red color for Ch. A and blue to for Ch. B, if you wish.
Figure 5.3: The Function Generator and Oscilloscope connection
3. Select the “0” on the Oscilloscope channel B input and run the analysis again.
Question: What change occurred on the Oscilloscope Channel B curve plot?
Explain.
39
4. Change the Oscilloscope channel A to 5 V/div.

Question: What change occurred on the Oscilloscope Channel A curve plot?
Explain.
5. Change the Oscilloscope Time Base to 0.1ms/div and run the analysis again.
Explain.
6. Change the Oscilloscope Channel A Y-POS to 1.00 and run the analysis again.
Explain.
7. Change the channel A Y-POS back to 0.00 and select DC on channel B input and run
the analysis again.
Question: What change occurred on the Oscilloscope curve plot? Explain.
40
8. Return the Oscilloscope time base to the settings you started with and select “0” on
the channel B input again. Select the Triangular Wave shape on the Function
Generator and run the analysis again.
9. Select the Square Wave on the Function Generator and run the analysis again.
10. Change the AMPLITUDE on the Function Generator to 5V and run the analysis again.
11. Change the frequency on the Function Generator to 2 kHz and run the analysis again.
41
12. Change the offset on the Function Generator to 3 and run the analysis again.
13. Change the Oscilloscope channel A input to AC and run the analysis again.
14. Click “expand” on the Oscilloscope. Measure the time period (T) of one cycle
on the wave shape.
Question: What was the time period (T) of one cycle on the wave shape?
42
Repeat the steps above with the laboratory Function Generator and Oscilloscope and record
your answers in the same order as the Workbench. State any difficulties you encountered in
carrying out the steps.
Figure 5.4: Measurement of RMS voltage
Connect the hardwired circuit shown in Figure 5.4. Measure the amplitude (peak value)
of voltage 𝑣𝑎𝑏 using the Oscilloscope and record it.
𝑣𝑎𝑏(𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘)(using 𝐎𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞) =
Connect an AC voltmeter between terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’ and record the value
𝑣𝑎𝑏(using 𝐀𝐂 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫) =
This value is called the RMS value of the voltage wave.
Questions
1. Find the ratio of the two measured values.
𝑣𝑎𝑏(using Oscilloscope)
=
𝑣𝑎𝑏(using Voltmeter)
2. Compare the above value with the theoretical (ideal) value and find the percentage
error.
43
Experiment 6
Sinusoidal AC Analysis
Introduction
The students learned how to use the Function Generator and Oscilloscope in the previous
experiment. In this experiment they will learn to build and take measurements in AC circuits.
The circuit will be simulated on Multisim. Then they will build it with hardware components
and check the accuracy of the measurements compared with the simulation results. Consider
the circuit given in Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.1: RLC circuit
The equation for sinusoidal current is written in the form,
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) (1)
where, 𝑖(𝑡) is the instantaneous value of current, 𝑖𝑚 is the peak value, ω is the angular
frequency and θ is the phase angle of the current with respect to the sourcevoltage. Phase
angle can be measured by using the two traces of a dual trace Oscilloscope and measuring
the time difference between two waveforms, as shown in Figure 6.2.
Figure 6.2: Phase angle measurement
44
The RMS (Root Mean Square) or effective value of the sinusoid is given as 𝑖𝑚/√2. The real
power dissipated can be computed by using,
P = V𝑟𝑚𝑠I𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos 𝜃 (2)
Objectives
1. Measure currents in each branch of the circuit of Fig. 1 using the Oscilloscope.
2. Verify KCL for AC circuit.
3. Calculate the power dissipated in the resistor.
Materials
Dual trace Oscilloscope
Signal generator
Resistors (1kΩ, 1.5kΩ, 220Ω)
Inductor, 12mH (iron core)
Capacitor, 0.022 μF
Procedure
1. Construct the circuit of Figure 6.1. Connect Ch A of the Oscilloscope to the output of
signal generator at point ‘a’. Oscilloscope ground and circuit ground should be the
same. Set the Oscilloscope to AUTO sweep, and use Ch A as the TRIGGERsource.
Adjust the output of the signal generator to provide a sinusoidal voltage with an
amplitude (peak value) of 5V (10 Vp-p) and frequency of the Function Generator at
f=10 kHz.
2. Use Ch B of the Oscilloscope to observe the voltage at point d. This is the voltage
across resistor R2. Measure the peak (half of peak to peak) voltage 𝑣2 (across R2).
Determine phase angle θ2 of voltage 𝑣2 with respect to generator voltage ′𝑣′. Calculate
the current 𝐼2(𝑡) = 𝑣2(𝑡)/𝑅2 and enter time domain expression for 𝑖𝐿 below.
Table 6.1: Sinusoidal expressions for voltage (𝒗𝟐) and current (𝒊(𝒕))
𝑣2(𝑡)
𝑣2(𝑡) 𝜃2 𝐼 (𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒) = Expression 𝑖𝐿(𝑡)
(amplitude) (phase, deg) 𝐿
𝑅2
Workbench
Hardwired
3. Move Ch B of the Oscilloscope to observe the voltage at point f. This is the voltage
across R3. Measure the amplitude 𝑣3 and phase 𝜃3 with respect to ′𝑣(𝑡)′. Calculate the
current 𝑖𝐶 (𝑣3(𝑡)/𝑅3) and enter time domain expression for 𝑖𝐶(𝑡) below.
45
Table 6.2: Sinusoidal expressions for voltage (𝒗𝟑) and current (𝒊𝑪(𝒕))
𝑣3(𝑡)
𝑣3(𝑡) 𝜃3 𝐼 (𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒) = Expression 𝑖𝐶(𝑡)
(amplitude) (phase, deg) 𝐶
𝑅3
Workbench
Hardwired
Figure 6.3: RLC circuit
4. Change the position of resistor R1 to that shown in Figure 6.3. This change will not
affect the circuit. Connect Ch A to point ‘a’ and Ch B to point ‘e’. Measure amplitude
of the voltage across R1 (V1) from Ch B. Determine phase angle θ1 of voltage 𝑣1(𝑡) with
respect to generator voltage ‘𝑣1(𝑡)’. Calculate the current
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼1 = 𝑉1/𝑅1 and enter time domain expression for 𝑖(𝑡) below.
Table 6.3: Sinusoidal expressions for voltage (𝒗𝟏) and current (𝒊(𝒕))
𝑣1(𝑡) 𝜃1 𝑣1(𝑡)
𝐼(𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒) = Expression 𝑖(𝑡)
(amplitude) (phase, deg) 𝑅1
Workbench
Hardwired
46
Questions
1. Convert the measured values of currents 𝑖𝑅, 𝑖𝐿 and 𝑖𝐶 obtained in steps 2-4 into phasor
form (example, 𝐼 = 5∠30°𝐴). Compare these values with the ones obtained through
simulation.
Hardwired Experimental Values Simulation Values
2. Use complex algebra to show that the data in step 1 (above) satisfies Kirchhoff‟s
current law.
47
Experiment 7
Transient Circuit Analysis
Introduction
For electrical circuits such as the RC circuit of Fig. 1, the total step response (sum of forced
“steady-state” response and “transient” natural response) can be obtained by solving the 1st
order differential equation describing the circuit. When there is no initial charge across the
capacitor, the voltage 𝑉𝐶(𝑡)for 𝑡 ≥ 0 is shown to be given by:
𝑡
−
𝑉𝐶(𝑡) = 𝑉 (1 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 ) (1)
For the 2nd order series RLC circuit shown in Fig.2, the total step response is also given by
the sum of the forced and natural response, where the latter can be over-damped,
underdamped or critically damped depending on whether the characteristic roots 𝑆1,2 are
real, complex conjugates, or double roots. With 𝛼 = 𝑅/2𝐿 and 𝜔2𝑜 = 1/𝐿𝐶, we have:
𝑆1,2 = −𝛼 ± √𝛼2 − 𝜔𝑜2 (2)
The characteristic roots are real (negative) for 𝛼 > 𝜔𝑜, complex conjugates for 𝛼 < 𝜔𝑜, or
double for 𝛼 = 𝜔𝑜. The different forms of 𝑉𝐶(𝑡)(for 𝑡 ≥ 0) are respectively given by
𝑣𝐶(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑓 + 𝐴′ 𝑒𝑠1𝑡 + 𝐴′ 𝑒𝑠2𝑡
1 2
𝑣𝐶(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑓 + 𝐵′ 𝑒−𝛼𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑑𝑡 + 𝐵′ 𝑒−𝛼𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑑𝑡

1 2
𝑣𝐶(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑓 + 𝐷′𝑡𝑒−𝛼𝑡 + 𝐴′ 𝑒−𝛼𝑡

1 2
Where 𝑉𝑓 is the final forced response of 𝑉𝐶(𝑡)
Figure 7.1: Series RC circuits Figure 7.2: Series RLC circuits
48
Objectives
The experiment covers the analysis of the transient step response of 1st and 2nd order circuits.
The experiment is based on Multisim Workbench simulation and verification with hardware
measurements and real components. The main objectives are:
1. To perform transient analysis of a 1st order RC circuit.

2. To perform transient analysis of a 2nd order RLC circuit
Part I: Transient Analysis of RC Circuit
Materials
Function Generator
Oscilloscope
22nF Capacitor
3kΩ Resistor
Procedure
1. Build the circuit of Figure 7.1 in Multisim. Note node numbers. Use a bipolar source
to match the square wave in the function generator during Hardware Experiment.
2. Run the Transient Analysis. The procedure is as follows:
a. Select Simulate from the Main Menu
b. Select Analysis
c. Select Transient Analysis
d. Select Analysis Parameters
 Initial Conditions: Set to zero
 Start time: 0 s End time: 0.5 ms
e. Select Output Variables
 Select node which is the node for the capacitor
f. Select Simulate
3. Observe the wave shape. Using the cursor tool, record the results and enter the data
in Table 7.1. Plot Vc vs. time on the graph provided.
Hardware Experiment
4. Build the circuit given in Figure 7.1 with the hardware components. The voltage
source should be drawn from the Function Generator.
5. Set the Function Generator to produce a square wave signal with amplitude 5V and
frequency 1 KHz. This represents a repetitive (periodic) step voltage input.
6. Apply the input voltage to Channel A of the Oscilloscope, and the capacitor voltage to
Channel B. Adjust the amplitude scale to 5V/div and time base 0.1ms/div to get a full
screen display (showing only 1 period of the square wave).
7. Read the values of the output voltage VC and record the data in Table 7.1.
49
8. Plot the voltage response on the same graph paper as the simulation results.
Table 7.1: 𝑉𝐶 transient response of RC circuit
Time (ms) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
𝑽𝑪 Simulation
𝑽𝑪 Hardware
Figure 7.3: Simulated and Measured Transient Voltage Responses
50
Questions
1. What is the theoretical value of the time constant 𝜏 of the circuit in Figure 7.1?
2. Explain how to calculate the time constant from the Vc vs. time curves (simulation and
hardware). Comment on any difference between them.
3. If you apply a square wave input with frequency 1MHz, explain whether this is suitable for
measuring the time constant of the circuit and why?
51
Part II: Transient Analysis of RLC Circuit
Materials
Function Generator
Oscilloscope
22nF Capacitor
12mH Inductor
220Ω Resistor, 10kΩ Resistor
Procedure
1. Build the circuit of Figure 7.2 in Multisim. Use 220Ω resistor.
2. Run the Transient Analysis following the same procedure as in Part I.
3. Observe and record the 𝑉𝐶 waveform. Enter the data in Table 7.2. Plot 𝑉𝐶 vs. time on
the graph provided in Figure 7.4.
Hardware Experiment
4. Build the circuit of Figure 7.2 with the C & L components and the 220Ω resistor. The
voltage source is applied from the Function Generator.
5. Set the Function Generator to produce a square wave signal with amplitude 5V and
frequency 1 kHz.
6. Apply the input voltage to Channel A of the Oscilloscope, and the capacitor voltage
to Channel B. Adjust the scale and time base to get a full-screen display.
7. Read the values of the output voltage 𝑉𝐶 and record the data in Table 7.2.
8. Plot the voltage response on the same graph paper as the simulation results.
9. Change the resistor to 10KΩ value. Notice the impact on the transient response.
Table 7.2: 𝑉𝐶 transient response of RLC circuit
Time (ms) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
𝑽𝑪 Simulation
𝑽𝑪 Hardware
52
Figure 7.4: Simulated and Measured Transient Voltage Responses
Questions
1. What is the type of the transient response? What are the theoretical values of the
damping factor 𝛼 and the oscillation frequency 𝜔𝑑?
2. Using the measured Vc values, estimate these factors directly from the
waveform plots. Comment on any difference between the values.
3. When the resistor is set to 10kΩ, what is the type of the transient response?
Explain why?
53
Experiment 8
Three Phase Circuits
Introduction
Three phase circuits or system are made of three phase source, three phase feeder and
three phase load. The three phase loads are connected in why (Y) or delta Δ shape. The line
(L) and phase (P) quantities of a balanced three phase circuits are related to each other as
follows. In a Y-connection, the line and the phase quantities are related by:
𝑉𝑃 = 𝑉𝐿/√3 (1)
𝐼𝑃 = 𝐼𝐿 (2)
Whereas the relationships for a Δ-connection are

𝐼𝑃 = 𝐼𝐿/√3 (3)
𝑉𝑃 = 𝑉𝐿 (4)
The real and reactive powers for a 3 phase circuit (either Y or Δ connection) are given as
𝑃 = √3𝑉𝐿𝐼𝐿 cos(𝜃) (5)
𝑄 = √3𝑉𝐿𝐼𝐿 sin(𝜃) (6)
Where θ is the power factor angle of the load

𝜃 = tan−1(𝑄/𝑃) (7)
𝑝𝑓 = cos(𝜃) (8)
Equation (7) and (8) can be used also to calculate the per factor for every phase.
Objectives
1. Voltages and currents measurement in the three-phase circuits.
2. Power measurement and power factor determination in three-phase circuits.
Materials
1 Variable AC power supply 0-400V.
1 Resistive load bank.
1 Inductive load bank.
1 Capacitive load.
1 Set of 30 safety connectors, blue, black, red
1 Set of 10 safety connectors, green/yellow.
1 Digital multi meter.
1 Multifunction meter
54
Figure 8.1: Phase resistance measurement Figure 8.2: Phase internal resistance
measurement
Figure 8.3: Y-Connected Resistive Inductive Load
Figure 8.4: Y-Connected Resistive Capacitive Load
55
Procedure
1. For preliminary measurements use the digital Multimeter to measure each phase
resistance of the resistive load bank as per Figure 8.1 while the resistance control
position is at (40%) then enter each phase resistance value in Table 8.1. Do not
change the position of the resistance knob through the rest of the experiment.
2. Repeat the phase measurement for the inductive load bank (L=0.2H, 0.65A) internal
series resistance for each phase as per Figure 8.2 and enter the values in Table 8.2.
Table 8.1: Load Resistance measurements
Resistance control
Load1 (Ω) Load2 (Ω) Load3 (Ω)
position
40%
Table 8.2: Inductance internal series resistance measurements
Inductance (H),
Load1 (Ω) Load2 (Ω) Load3 (Ω)
Current Rating (A)
0.2H, 0.65A
3. Build circuit shown in Figure 8.3 using Multisim.
4. Simulate the three phase Y connected voltage source and apply 200 V line to neutral.
5. Use the resistance values recorded in Table 8.1 and Table 8.2 and indicated value
to estimate the power factor for each phase.
6. Connect the ammeters and voltmeters at appropriate positions to measure voltages
and currents, real and reactive powers then enter the simulation data shown in Table
8.3 and Table 8.4.
7. Repeat steps 3 to 6 for the circuit given in Figure 8.4 then enter the simulation data
values in Table 8.5 and Table 8.6.
8. Build the circuit of Figure 8.3 with the hardwired components. Take the
measurements of voltages, currents, power factor (from step 5) real power, reactive
power and frequency then record them in Table 3 and table 4. Considering the
Workbench results as the base, compute the percentage errors.
measurements of voltages, currents, power factor (from step 7) real power,
56
reactive power and frequency measurements through the multifunction meter then
record them in Table 8.5 and Table 8.6. Considering the Workbench results as
the base, compute the percentage errors.
Note: (PF: Power Factor and FR: Power Frequency)
Table 8.3: Simulation and experimental results for Figure 8.3
57
Questions
1. Compare the results obtained with Workbench with those from the hardware circuit,
and comment on the error obtained between hardwired and Workbench results of
each case.
2. What is the relation between the line voltage and the corresponding phase voltage
based on the Multisim workbench results? Is it confirmed by the hardwired results?
3. Do we get similar relation between phase and line current if the load is Δ connected?
58
4. In a balanced system, all phase voltages have the same magnitude, what makes
the difference between two consecutive voltages higher 170% of the phase voltage?
5. Do reactive powers in Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 circuit have the same direction? Why?
6. Does the value of the capacitance have any impact on the load voltage magnitude and
phase? Explain.
59
Experiment 9
Transformer Circuit
Introduction
The principal purpose of a transformer is to convert AC power at one voltage level to AC

power of the same frequency at another voltage level. It is made of two winding and
a magnetic core. Both windings are linked by magnetic flux through a magnetic core.
The transformer has NP turns at the input or primary side and NS turns at its output or
secondary winding. The relationship between the voltage VP applied to the primary
side of the transformer and the voltage VP produced on the secondary side is
𝑉𝑃 𝑁
= 𝑃 (1)
𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑃
=𝑎 (2)
𝑁𝑆
Where a is defined as the turns ratio of the transformer. The relationship of the current IP
flowing in the primary side of the transformer and the current IS flowing out of the
secondary side of the transformer is
𝐼𝑃 1 (3)
=
𝐼𝑆 𝑎
The real power PP supplied to the transformer by the primary circuit is given by
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑉𝑃𝐼𝑃 cos(𝜃𝑃) (4)

Where 𝜃𝑃 is the angle between the primary voltage and the primary current. The real
power PS supplied by the transformer secondary circuit to its load is given by
𝑃𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆𝐼𝑆 cos(𝜃𝑆) (5)

Where 𝜃𝑆 is the angle between the secondary voltage and the secondary current.
Objectives
1. To verify the voltages and currents transformer ratio.
2. To evaluate the Power behavior for loaded single phase transformer.
Materials
1 Variable AC power supply 0-400V.
1 Single-phase transformer. (NP = 847, NS = 456, NT= 456)
1 Resistive load bank.
1 Inductive load bank.
1 Capacitive load .
60
EESet
1 213ofLab
30 Manual
safety connectors, blue, black, red Electric Circuits II
1 Set of 10 safety connectors, green/yellow.
2 Digital Multi meters.
61
Figure 9.1: No load test voltage measurements
Figure 9.2: Resistive load voltage, current and power measurements
Figure 9.3: Inductive load voltage, current and power measurement
62
Procedure
Calculation and Initial Measurements
1. Consider the circuit shown in Figure 9.1 then fix the source voltage at 200 V line
to neutral.
2. Place the ammeter and voltmeters at appropriate position in Figure 9.1 circuit.
Calculate the voltages, current and the apparent power then enter the calculated data
in Table 9.1.
3. While the resistive load bank is separated from Figure 9.2 circuit, fix its control knob
at 40% then measure the per phase load resistance using the Multimeter.
4. Calculate the voltages, currents and powers for the connected Figure 9.2 circuit
then enter the data in Table 9.2.
5. While the inductive part of the load is separated from Figure 9.3 circuit, measure the
per phase internal series resistance of the inductive load using the Multimeter.Choose
the per phase inductance 1.2 Henry.
6. Calculate the voltages, currents and powers for the connected Figure 9.3 circuit and
enter the obtained data in Table 9.3.
measurements of voltages, currents, and record them in Table 9.1. Considering the
calculated results as the base, compute the percentage errors.
8. Build the circuit of Figure 9.2 with the hardwired components (control knob at
40%). Take the measurements of voltages, currents and powers then record them in
Table 9.2. Considering the calculated results as the base, compute the percentage
errors.
9. Build the circuit of Figure 9.3 with the hardwired components (control knob at
40%). Take the measurements of voltages, currents and powers then record them in
Table 9.3. Considering the calculated results as the base, compute the percentage
errors.
Quantity IS VP SP VS
Calculated
Hardwired
% Error
63
Quantity VP IP PP QP VS IS PS QS
Calculated
Hardwired
% Error
Quantity VP IP PP QP VS IS PS QS
Calculated
Hardwired
% Error
Questions
1. Compare the calculated results with those obtained from the hardware circuit,
and comment on the error obtained between hardwired and calculated results of
each case.
2. Is relation (2) verified with relation (1) in Figure 8.1 circuit?
3. Is SP = SS? Why? (SP=VP*IP and SS=VS*IS)
64
4. Why do we have primary current in the circuit of Figure 8.1 although there is no
load at the secondary side of the transformer?
5. What is the reason behind VS of circuit in Figure 8.2 being lower then VS of circuit in
Figure 8.1?
6. What is the nature of the current IS in the circuit of Figure 8.3? Is it in favor of the
voltage support?
7. Physically, what causes the consumption of QP and QS in the circuit in Figure

8.3? Explain?
65
Experiment 10
Frequency Selective Circuits
Introduction
Frequency selective circuits exhibit a behavior that depends on the frequency of the applied
signals. Filters (and other circuits such as resonant circuits) are typical examples of
frequency selective circuits, and have many numerous applications in electrical engineering.
In this experiment, we study examples of low-pass and band-pass filters.
Figure 10.1: RC low-pass filter circuit
For the RC circuit example shown in Figure10.1, the transfer function 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑉𝑜(𝑠)/𝑉𝑖(𝑠)
is easily obtained by VDR. The evaluation of its magnitude and phase (for 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔) gives:
1
|𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = 𝑅𝐶 2 , 𝜃(𝑗𝜔) = − tan−1 𝜔𝑅𝐶 (1)
√𝜔2 + ( 1
𝑅𝐶)
This is a low-pass filter with half-power (3dB) cutoff frequency 𝜔𝑐 = 1/𝑅𝐶.
On the other hand, for the RLC circuit of Figure 10.2 (where the output is taken
across R), the resulting transfer function will have the following magnitude and phase:
Figure 10.2: Band-pass RLC filter circuit

𝑅
𝜔𝐿
|𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = 2
, 𝜃(𝑗𝜔) = 90 − tan−1 𝜔𝑅𝐶 (2)
√( 1 𝑅 2
2
66
𝐿𝐶 − 𝜔 ) + (𝜔 𝐿 )
67
The circuit frequency response is that of a band-pass filter with center frequency (in
rad/s):
1
𝜔𝑜 = √ (3)
𝐿𝐶
and the 3dB (half-power) cutoff frequencies are given (in rad/s) by:
𝑅 √ 𝑅
2 1
𝜔𝑐1 =− + ( ) + (4)
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶
𝑅 𝑅 2 1
𝜔𝑐2 √
= + ( )+ (5)
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶
Objectives
The experiment deals with the steady-state analysis of frequency selective filter circuits. The
experiment is based on Multisim Workbench simulation and hardware measurements. The
main objectives are:
1. To perform AC frequency response analysis of a low-pass RC filter circuit.

2. To perform AC frequency response analysis of a band-pass RLC filter circuit
Part I: Frequency Response of Low-pass RC Filter Circuit

Materials
Function Generator
Oscilloscope
22nF Capacitor
1kΩ Resistor
Procedure
2. Select Options/Preferences, to show node numbers
3. Select Simulate from the Main Menu
4. Select Analysis/AC Analysis
5. Select Analysis Parameters
a. Start frequency: 1Hz
b. Stop frequency: 100kHz
c. Sweep type: decade
d. Number of pts/dec: 5
e. Vertical scale: linear
6. Select Output Variables
a. Select node for the capacitor voltage
68
7. Lab
EE 213 Select Simulate
Manual Electric Circuits II
69
8. Observe the filter frequency response. Using the cursor tool, read the coordinates of
the points on the plot. In particular, read the values at the half-power cutoff frequency
9. Fill Table 10.1, and plot the filter magnitude and phase response on the graph
provided.
Hardware Experiment
10. Build the circuit given in Figure 10.1 with the hardware components. The voltage
source is applied from the Function Generator.
11. Set the Function Generator to produce a sine wave signal with fixed 1V amplitude
(the frequency will be changed from 1 to 100 kHz).
12. Apply the input voltage to Channel A of the Oscilloscope, and the capacitor voltage to
Channel B. The display should be set to facilitate reading the output voltage gain and
phase shift with respect to the input.
13. Change the input frequency in small steps, taking a few points per decade.Pay
attention to take a measurement at the cutoff frequency.
14. Read the values of the output voltage magnitude and phase (w.r.t the input voltage)
and record the data in Table 10.1. Plot the circuit magnitude response and phase
response on the same graph paper as the simulation results.
15. Change the input waveform shape to square wave type, with a 5 kHz
frequency. Observe and record the output signal.
Table 10.1: Frequency response of RC LPF
Freq (Hz)
Mag (Vo)
Phase (Vo)
70
Figure 10.3A: RC LPF Frequency Response
Figure 10.3B: RC LPF Frequency Response
71
Questions
1. From the plotted graphs, what is the filter type? What it the measured 3dB
cutoff frequency (in Hz)? Compare it to the theoretical value.
2. Explain the reason for your observations with the square wave input in Step 9.
3. If the capacitor is replaced with a 10mH inductor, explain qualitatively the

impact on the filter type and its characteristics.
Part II: Frequency Response of Band-pass RLC Filter Circuit

Materials
Function Generator
Oscilloscope
5nF Capacitor
12mH Inductor
1kΩ Resistor, 220Ω Resistor
Procedure
1. Build the circuit of Figure 10.2 in Multisim (use the 1kΩ resistor first).
2. Run the frequency sweep analysis following the same procedure as in Part I. Use the
cursor to mark the values for cutoff frequencies.
3. Observe and record the circuit magnitude and phase frequency response. Enter the
data in Table 10.2. Plot the magnitude and phase on the graph provided in Figure 10.4.
4. Change the resistor to 220Ω observe and record the impact on the response.
72
Hardware Experiment
5. Build the circuit of Figure 10.2 with the hardwired R, L & C components. The voltage
source is applied from the Function Generator.
6. Set the Function Generator to produce a sine wave signal with 1V fixed amplitude (the
frequency will be varied from 10Hz to100kHz).
7. Apply the input voltage to Channel A of the Oscilloscope, and the resistor voltage to
Channel B.
8. Change the frequency in small steps, taking a few points per decade. Make sure to take
measurements at the cutoff frequencies. Record the values of the output voltage
magnitude and phase (with respect to the input voltage) in Table 10.2.
9. Plot the circuit magnitude and phase responses on the same graph paper as the
simulation results.
Table 10.2: Frequency response of RLC BPF
Freq (kHz)
Mag (Vo)
Phase (Vo)
Figure 10.4A: RLC BPF Frequency Response
73
Figure 10.4B: RLC BPF Frequency Response
Questions
1. Comment on the frequency response type?
2. For each of the two resistors, specify the values of the half-power (3dB) cutoff edge
frequencies (in Hz)? Discuss and compare with theoretical values.
3. What are the bandwidth and quality factor (for both resistors)?
74
4. Comment of the resonance behavior of this circuit (for both resistors)
5. If the output is taken across L&C (together), explain qualitatively the type of filter in
this case, and why?
75
Experiment 11
Two-Port Networks
76

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UNIVERSITY OF HAFR AL BATIN

Department of Electrical Engineering

The EE 213-Electric Circuits Lab is an essential component of the Electrical Engineering

The experiments include both software circuit simulations and hardware-based

Experiment 1 Introduction to Electrical Circuits Simulation and Testing ................ 4

Experiment 2 Electric Circuits Fundamental Laws ................................................ 15

Experiment 3 Voltage & Current Dividers and Superposition Principle ................ 23

Experiment 4 Thevenin’s Theorem and Maximum Power Transfer ...................... 30

Experiment 5 The Oscilloscope and Function Generator ...................................... 35

Experiment 6 Sinusoidal AC Analysis .................................................................... 43

Experiment 7 Transient Circuit Analysis ............................................................... 47

Experiment 8 Three Phase Circuits ....................................................................... 53

Experiment 9 Transformer Circuit ........................................................................ 59

Experiment 10 Frequency Selective Circuits ......................................................... 64

Experiment 11 Two-Port Networks ...................................................................... 72

Figure 1.1: Main window of Multisim

Figure 1.2: Multisim interface

Multisim includes the following toolbars:

Build the circuit shown in Figure 1.3 using Multisim.

Figure 1.3: Circuit for Multisim Simulation

Step A: Placing Components

Figure 1.4: Component toolbar

Figure 1.4: Component browser

1. Place Battery (DC Source)

Figure 1.5: Selecting DC power source

2. Place Resistance and ground

Figure 1.6: Tabs under properties dialog box

4. Adding Multiple Components

1. Arrange the components properly

Figure 1.7: Placing components properly

2. Connect DC Voltage Source “Vs” to “R1

Figure 1.8: Connection of components

3. Connect “R1” to “R2”

Figure 1.9: Complete circuit in Multisim

STEP C: Placing Multimeter or Voltmeter in parallel to measure voltage

Figure 1.11: Multimeter connection for voltage measurement.

Figure 1.12: Multimeter properties window

STEP D: Placing a Multimeter or Ammeter in series to measure current

Figure 1.13: Multimeter connection for current measurement

Figure 1.14: Run/resume Simulation button

3. If the properties window of the multimeters is not open, double-click the

Figure 1.15: Simulation result

Figure 1.16: Exercise 1

1. Build the circuit of Figure 1.17 in Multisim.

Figure 1.17: Exercise 2

PART I: Resistance, Voltage & Current in DC Circuits

Table 2.1: Simulation results using Multisim Electronics Workbench

Note: The lamp is rated at 5V, 1W

PART II: Resistance Measurement and Ohm’s Law

Figure 2.3: Verifying Ohm's Law

Figure 2.2: Measuring resistance

Table 2.2: Resistance Measurement

Table 2.3: V-I Measurements

Workbench Simulation Theoretical

V (Volts) I (mA) V (Volts) I (mA)

Workbench Simulation Theoretical

V (Volts) I (mA) V (Volts) I (mA)

Resistance measurement from V-I slope

 Electronics Workbench experiment 𝑅=

2. Comment on your results and observations.

3. Is SP = SS? Why? (SP=VPIP and SS=VSIS)