⭕PRECALCULUS

1st Semester, 2nd Quarter | S.Y. ‘24—’25 | Mrs. Michelle Cariaga | ✝️👑
DMS to DEG For X°Y’Z”, use:
I. ANGLES 𝑋 + 60𝑌 + 3600𝑍

DEG to DMS For WHOLE-NUMBER.DECIMAL,

Angle
- An angle is a union of rays formed by rotating a use:
𝐷𝐸𝐶𝐼𝑀𝐴𝐿
ray about its endpoint. Minutes = 60
- Angles are limitless and can be either positive Seconds =
𝐷𝐸𝐶𝐼𝑀𝐴𝐿 𝑂𝐹 𝑀𝐼𝑁𝑈𝑇𝐸𝑆

or negative
60

- The ray that forms the initial side of the angle is

FInal answer:
rotated around the origin with the resulting ray
WHOLE-NUMBER° MINUTES’ SECONDS”
being called the terminal side of the angle

STANDARD POSITION

Standard Position
- An angle whose vertex is at the origin and its
terminal side lies on the positive x-axis.

Quadrantal Angles
- An angle in standard position whose terminal
Rotation side lies on the x- or y-axis.
- An angle is said to be positive when the
location of the terminal side results from a Coterminal Angles
counter-clockwise rotation. - Angles that are both in standard position and
- An angle is said to be negative when the have the same terminal side.
location of the terminal side results from a - Angles are coterminal if and only if their degree
clockwise rotation. or radian measures differ by 360k° or 2πk
respectively (𝑘 ∈ ℤ)

ANGLE MEASUREMENT Least Positive Coterminal Angle

- Smallest positive coterminal angle that is less
than 360° (2π).
- Can be obtained by adding/subtracting 360°
Angle Measurement (2π) until the angle lies between 0 and 360°
- Revolution (rev): Results when an angle’s initial - For given angles already between 0 and 360°,
side rotates completely around its vertex (i.e, add 360°
the terminal side coincides with the initial side.
- Degree (deg, °): The measure of a central angle Greatest Negative Coterminal Angle
subtended by an arc whose length is 1/360 of - Greatest negative coterminal angle that is
that of the circle’s circumference. greater than -360° (-2π).
- Radian (rad): The measure of a central angle - Can be obtained by adding/subtracting 360°
subtended by an arc whose length is equal to (2π) until the angle lies between -360° and 0°
the circle’s radius. - For given angles already between -360° and 0°,
- Gradient (grad, g) subtract 360°
- Minute (‘): 1/60 of 1°
- Second (“): 1/60 of 1’, 1/3600 of 1°
II. ARC LENGTH AND SECTOR AREA
Conversion

Review of Terms
DEG to RAD Multiply by
π
180°

RAD to DEG Multiply by

180°
π

Property of: 11 - Euler

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⭕PRECALCULUS
1st Semester, 2nd Quarter | S.Y. ‘24—’25 | Mrs. Michelle Cariaga | ✝️👑
Center Find s given that r = 15 𝑠 = 𝑟θ
2π
The point that is 2π 𝑠 = 15 𝑐𝑚 · 3
cm and 𝜃 = 3
equidistant to all points 𝑠 = 5 · 2π 𝑐𝑚
on the circle 𝑠 = 10π 𝑐𝑚

SECTOR AREA

Radius Sector Area

A segment that extends - A sector of a circle is a portion/part of the
from the center to any interior of the circle bound by two radii of a
center angle and its intercepted arc.
point on the circle
- The area of the circle is proportional to its
center angle.

Formula
- Given a circle with radius r and a central angle
Arc 𝜃, then the sector area A bound is given as:
2
θπ𝑟
A part of the circle’s - Degrees: 𝐴 = 360°
2
θ𝑟
circumference - Radians: 𝐴 = 2

Example:

2
Find A given that r = 24 𝐴 =
θπ𝑟
360°
cm and 𝜃 = 60°
2 2
60° · π · 24 𝑐𝑚
Central Angle 𝐴 = 360°
An angle whose rays are
2
576π 𝑐𝑚
𝐴 = 6
two radii and vertex is the 2
𝐴 = 96π 𝑐𝑚
center of the circle

III. UNIT CIRCLE

Unit Circle
- A circle of radius 1 and center at the origin
- If an angle 𝜃 in the unit circle is in standard
ARC LENGTH position, then:
- Cos 𝜃 = x
Arc Length - Sin 𝜃 = y
- Defined as the distance between two points - Tan 𝜃 = y/x
along the curve of a circle
- The length of an arc of a circle is proportional to The coordinates of the unit circle for the angles in the
its central angle first quadrant are:
- 0°: (1, 0)
3 1
Formula - 30°: ( , 2)
2
- Given a circle with radius r and a central angle 2 2
𝜃, then the subtended arc length is given as: - 45°: ( 2 , 2 )
π𝑟θ
- Degrees: 𝑠 = 180° -
1 3
60°: ( 2 , 2 )
- Radians: 𝑠 = 𝑟θ - 90°: (0, 1)
Example:

Property of: 11 - Euler

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⭕PRECALCULUS
1st Semester, 2nd Quarter | S.Y. ‘24—’25 | Mrs. Michelle Cariaga | ✝️👑
- If 𝜃 is an angle in standard position, its
reference angle 𝜃′ is the acute angle formed by
IV. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ANY the terminal side of 𝜃 and the x-axis.
ANGLE

Example
To find the reference angle of 𝜃 = 300°, we notice that it
is in the fourth quadrant. Thus, we subtract it from 360°
to obtain the reference angle. 𝜃’ = 360° - 300° = 60°.
Let 𝜃 be an angle in standard position and P(x, y) a
point that lies on the terminal side of 𝜃. Let r represent
the nonzero distance of P to the origin (i.e, VI. FEATURES AND GRAPHS OF CIRCULAR
𝑟 =
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≠ 0). Then, the trigonometric functions of 𝜃 FUNCTIONS
are:

𝑦 𝑥 f(x) = sin(x)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑟
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑟
Given f(x) = asin(bx+c)+d:
𝑦 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = - a: Vertical stretch/shrink and flip
𝑥 𝑦
- b: Horizontal stretch/shrink and flip
- c: Horizontal shift
𝑟 𝑟
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = - d: Vertical shift
𝑦 𝑥
- Amplitude: |a|
2π
- Period: |𝑏|
Example: The point (-4, -3) lies on the terminal side of - Phase Shift: − |𝑏|
𝑐
an angle 𝜃 in standard position. Find the
- Vertical Shift: d
values of the six trigonometric functions of 𝜃
- Asymptotes: none
- Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Given y = -3 and x = -4, r must equal 5, thus: - Range: d - |a| ≤ f(x) ≤ d + |a|

3 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = − f(x) = cos(x)
5 5

3 4 Given f(x) = acos(bx+c)+d:

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 =
4 3 - a: Vertical stretch/shrink and flip
- b: Horizontal stretch/shrink and flip
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 = −
5
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = −
5 - c: Horizontal shift
3 4 - d: Vertical shift
- Amplitude: |a|
2π
- Period: |𝑏|
𝑐
- Phase Shift: − |𝑏|
V. REFERENCE ANGLES - Vertical Shift: d
- Asymptotes: none
Reference Angle - Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Property of: 11 - Euler

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⭕PRECALCULUS
1st Semester, 2nd Quarter | S.Y. ‘24—’25 | Mrs. Michelle Cariaga | ✝️👑
- Range: d - |a| ≤ f(x) ≤ d + |a| For any f(x) = asin(bx+c)+d or f(x) = acos(bx+c)+d:
1. Identify the period and phase shift
2. Locate the value of the phase shift on the x-axis
f(x) = csc(x) and increment it by period/4, four times
3. Identify the vertical shift and plot the
equilibrium line
Given f(x) = acsc(bx+c)+d: 4. Determine min/max values using the amplitude
- a: Vertical stretch/shrink and flip 5. Use the pattern of sin(x) [middle, up, middle,
- b: Horizontal stretch/shrink and flip down, middle] or cos(x) [up, middle, down,
- c: Horizontal shift middle, up]
- d: Vertical shift 6. IF a < 0, then the pattern of sin(x) and cos(x) flip
- Amplitude: none upside down
2π
- Period: |𝑏| 7. Plot points with regard to the pattern
𝑐
- Phase Shift: − |𝑏| 8. Connect the dots
- Vertical Shift: d
𝑘π−𝑐
- Asymptotes: 𝑥 = 𝑏 , 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
𝑘π−𝑐
- Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ 𝑏 , 𝑘 ∈ ℤ}
GRAPHING CSC(X) AND SEC(X)
- Range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ|𝑦 ∉ (𝑑 − |𝑎|, 𝑑 + |𝑎|)}

For any f(x) = asec(bx+c)+d or f(x) = acsc(bx+c)+d:

f(x) = sec(x) 1. Graph the respective reciprocal function (ex: to
graph y=2csc(2x-1)+1, graph y=2sin(2x-1)+1
first)
Given f(x) = asec(bx+c)+d: 2. Draw vertical asymptotes where the reciprocal
- a: Vertical stretch/shrink and flip function touches its equilibrium line
- b: Horizontal stretch/shrink and flip 3. From a maximum of the reciprocal function,
- c: Horizontal shift draw a curve that approaches infinity as it
- d: Vertical shift approaches its nearest asymptotes
- Amplitude: none 4. From a minimum of the reciprocal function,
2π
- Period: |𝑏| draw a curve that approaches negative infinity
𝑐
- Phase Shift: − |𝑏| as it approaches its nearest asymptotes
- Vertical Shift: d 5. Remove the reciprocal function
(2𝑘+1)π−2𝑐
- Asymptotes: 𝑥 = 2𝑏
, 𝑘∈ ℤ
(2𝑘+1)π−2𝑐
- Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ 2𝑏
, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} VII. PROBLEMS INVOLVING CIRCULAR
- Range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ|𝑦 ∉ (𝑑 − |𝑎|, 𝑑 + |𝑎|)} FUNCTIONS

IN GENERAL Problem 1
Use the information in the table below to write a
sinusoidal function that models the temperature of New
GIven any trigonometric function: York City as a function of time 𝑥, where 𝑥 = 1 represents
- a is obtained by taking half the distance January, 𝑥 = 2 represents February, and so on. Then use
between the minimum and maximum value the obtained model to estimate the temperature in
- The period is twice the distance that a February
sinusoidal function has to travel to reach its
minimum and maximum value
- The phase shift is the horizontal distance
between two identical points of the similar
sinusoidal functions
- d is obtained by taking the average of the Solution:
minimum and maximum value From the table of values, we see that the values start at
a minimum, climb to a maximum, then fall back down
to a minimum. With this in mind, we will use Cosine as it
GRAPHING SIN(X) AND COS(X) shares this behavior (specifically, negative cosine).

Property of: 11 - Euler

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⭕PRECALCULUS
1st Semester, 2nd Quarter | S.Y. ‘24—’25 | Mrs. Michelle Cariaga | ✝️👑
To obtain a, let’s get half the distance between the 7 π
𝑓( 3 ) =− 12. 5𝑐𝑜𝑠( 7 ( 3 ) −
7 π
7
) + 53. 5
maximum value yM and the minimum value ym 7
𝑓( 3 ) ≈ 43. 17°
𝑦𝑀−𝑦𝑚 66−41 15
𝑎 = 2
= 2
= 2
= 12. 5 Problem 2
A weight is suspended from a spring and is moving up
To obtain b, we have to use 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = |𝑏| . From cosine’s
2π
and down in a simple harmonic motion. At start, the
maximum value, we know that the distance it travels to weight is pulled down 5 cm below the resting position,
reach the minimum value is half the period. Thus: and then released. After 8 seconds, the weight reaches
its highest location for the first time. Find the equation
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 2|𝑥𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛| = 2|8 − 1| = 2|7| = 14 of the motion.

2π 2π π Solution:
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 14 = ⇒ = 𝑏⇒𝑏 =
|𝑏| 14 7 Let 𝑡 be the time and ℎ(𝑡) the height of the weight at
𝑐
time 𝑡. We are given that ℎ(0) =− 5 and ℎ(8) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥. We
To obtain c, we have to use 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 =− |𝑏| . Because can infer that ℎ(0) =− 5 is a minimum, thus ℎ(8) = 5
phase shift is defined as the horizontal distance must be the maximum. We will use negative Cosine as
between two identical points of the similar sinusoidal it models the behavior of minimum rising to a
functions, we have to use the parent function. maximum. Thus:
π
Given a = 7.5 and b = 7 , we have the parent function ℎ(𝑡) =− 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐) + 𝑑
π
g(x) = -7.5cos( 7 𝑥). With a period of 14, we will
14 7 𝑎 is half the distance of the min/max values, thus:
increment it by 4 = 2 starting at x = 0. Thus, it has the
following behavior for one period: 𝑎 =
5−(−5)
= 5
2

x 0 7
7 21
14 For cosine, the horizontal distance between the
2 2
minimum and maximum point is half the period, thus:

g(x) -12.5 0 12.5 0 -12.5 8 =

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
⇒ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 16
2
2π π
16 = ⇒𝑏 = 8
𝑏
We can see that g(x) has a maximum at x = 7. By
knowing that our original function has a maximum at Because the motion starts from the bottom, there is no
x = 8, then: phase shift. Thus:

𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 = |8 − 7| = 1 𝑐 =0
𝑐 𝑐 π
𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 = 1 = − |𝑏|
⇒ 1 =− π ⇒ 𝑐 =− 7
For 𝑑, we take the average of the min/max values. Thus:
7

5−5
𝑑 = =0
Lastly, for d, we simply get the average of yM and ym: 2

𝑦𝑀+𝑦𝑚 66+41 107 Thus, for any moment in time 𝑡, we can find the
𝑑 = = = = 53. 5
2 2 2 displacement of the weight by:

Because we have a negative cosine, our final function ℎ(𝑡) =− 5𝑐𝑜𝑠( 8 )

π
is:
π π
𝑓(𝑥) = − 12. 5𝑐𝑜𝑠( 7 𝑥 − 7
) + 53. 5 VIII. IDENTITY AND CONDITIONAL
EQUATIONS
To find the temperature in February, we cannot simply
take f(2) as the original table of values has a period of
12, while f(x) has a period of 14. We must scale the Identity
“value” of February in period 12 into period 14. - An equation is an identity if the left side is equal
to the right side for all values of the variable for
2
=
𝑥
⇒𝑥 =
7 which both sides are defined.
12 14 3

Conditional Equation

Property of: 11 - Euler

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⭕PRECALCULUS
1st Semester, 2nd Quarter | S.Y. ‘24—’25 | Mrs. Michelle Cariaga | ✝️👑
- A conditional equation is an equation that is not
true for all values of x (true for some) Pythagorean Identities
2 2
Example 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) = 1

Identity Conditional Equation 2 2

2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥)
𝑥 −1 2
= 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 ≠ 1) 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 8 = 0 (𝑥 = {2, 4})
𝑥−1
2 2
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝑥)

Trigonometric Identities Sum and Difference Identities

- Trigonometric identities are identities that
involve trigonometric functions.
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦) ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦)

IDENTITIES 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦) ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦)

𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) ± 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑦)
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = 1 ∓ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑦)
Reciprocal Identities
1 1 Double Angle Identities
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑥)
𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)
𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
2 2
1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) 2
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − 1
2
Quotient Identities = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) 2𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)

𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝑥) = 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥)

Odd-Even Identities Half Angle Identities

𝑠𝑖𝑛(− 𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) 𝑐𝑠𝑐(− 𝑥) = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑥) 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 ) = ±
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠(− 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐(− 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)

𝑥 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2 ) = ± 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛(− 𝑥) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑡(− 𝑥) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥)
𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
𝑡𝑎𝑛( 2 ) = ±
Cofunction Identities 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)

π π
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2 − 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 − 𝑥)
Reminders:
π π ● Sharing this reviewer to students that are not
𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐( 2
− 𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑠𝑐( 2
− 𝑥) from our class will only be
allowed if the person who
π π made it said so. Practice
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡( 2 − 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 2 − 𝑥) consent.
● Share this lucky Corey Taylor

Property of: 11 - Euler

6
⭕PRECALCULUS
1st Semester, 2nd Quarter | S.Y. ‘24—’25 | Mrs. Michelle Cariaga | ✝️👑
to pass the test !

Property of: 11 - Euler

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