CJJ/T 135-2009

Translated English of Chinese Standard: CJJ/T135-2009

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CJJ
INDUSTRY STANDARD OF THE

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

CJJ/T 135-2009
Record number J965-2009

Technical specification for pervious cement concrete

pavement
透水水泥混凝土路面技术规范
[2023 Edition]

Issued on: November 16, 2009 Implemented on: July 01, 2010
Issued by: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s
Republic of China.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

INDUSTRY STANDARD OF THE

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Technical specification for pervious cement concrete

pavement

CJJ/T 135-2009

Approved by: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s

Republic of China

Implemented from: July 1, 2010

China Architecture & Building Press

2009 Beijing

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the

People’s Republic of China

Announcement

No. 440

Announcement on the release of the industry standard

Technical specification for pervious cement concrete pavement

Technical specification for pervious cement concrete pavement is hereby approved as

an industry standard, numbered CJJ/T 135-2009, and will be implemented from July 1,
2010.

This Specification is published and distributed by China Architecture & Building Press
organized by the Research Institute of Standards and Norms of our Ministry.

Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of

China

November 16, 2009

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Foreword

In accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural

Development’s Notice on Issuing “Plan for the Development and Revision of
Engineering Construction Standards and Specifications in 2008 (First Batch)”
(Jianbiao [2008] No. 102), the procedures preparation team formulates this
Specification on the basis of in-depth investigation and study of domestic and foreign
research results, careful summary of practical construction experience, and extensive
solicitation of opinions.

The main technical contents of this Specification are: 1. General provisions; 2. Terms
and symbols; 3. Materials; 4. Structural combination and tectonic; 5. Construction; 6.
Acceptance; 7. Maintenance.

This Specification is managed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural

Development, and the specific technical contents are explained by Jiangsu Provincial
Construction Group Co., Ltd. In case of any comments or suggestions during the
implementation process, please send to Jiangsu Provincial Construction Group Co., Ltd.
(Address: Building 1, No. 301 Jiangdong North Road, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province;
Postal code: 210036).

Main drafting organizations of this Specification: Jiangsu Provincial Construction

Group Co., Ltd., Henan No.1 Construction Engineering Co., Ltd.

Organizations participating in the preparation of this Specification: Nanjing Biaomei

Colorful Stone Building Materials Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou Municipal Group Co., Ltd.,
Southeast University, Chang’an University, Nanjing Municipal Public Utilities Bureau,
Jiangsu State-owned Construction Development Co., Ltd., Henan Fifth Construction
Group Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Construction Engineering Group Decoration Engineering Co.,
Ltd., Nanjing University

Main drafters of this Specification: Xu Ping, Wang Xianhua, Hu Lunjian, Zhang Li,
Wang Mingyuan, Wang Hu, Wang Yi, Ji Guangqiang, Liu Gang, Liu Zhongning, Wu
Jidong, Du Jun, Zhang Lin, Zhang Qingshan, Sha Xuezheng, Sha Aimin, Li Jing, Fan
Yanyan, Ji Sanrong, Jin Shaojun, Chen Di’an, Lu Jianbin, Gao Jianming, Huang
Weijuan, Xie Xiaopeng, Pei Jianzhong.

Main reviewers of this Specification: Zhang Fan, Wen Xuejun, Wang Jinzhao, Wang
Wuxiang, Li Dong, Yang Changhui, Jin Xiaoquan, Tan Zhiming, Gao Qiuli, Huang
Xiaodong.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Table of Contents
1 General provisions ........................................................................................... 6
2 Terms and symbols .......................................................................................... 7
2.1 Terms............................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 Symbols ....................................................................................................................... 7
3 Materials......................................................................................................... 9
3.1 Raw materials .............................................................................................................. 9
3.2 Pervious cement concrete .......................................................................................... 10
3.3 Pervious cement concrete mix proportions ................................................................ 10
4 Structural combination and tectonic ................................................................. 14
4.1 Structural combination design ................................................................................... 14
4.2 Surface design ............................................................................................................ 16
4.3 Drainage system design ............................................................................................. 16
5 Construction .................................................................................................. 18
5.1 General requirements ................................................................................................. 18
5.2 Mixing and transport .................................................................................................. 18
5.3 Pervious cement concrete pavement paving .............................................................. 19
5.4 Joint construction ....................................................................................................... 21
5.5 Curing ........................................................................................................................ 21
5.6 Seasonal construction................................................................................................. 21
6 Acceptance .................................................................................................... 23
6.1 General requirements ................................................................................................. 23
6.2 Quality test standards ................................................................................................. 24
7 Maintenance .................................................................................................. 28
Appendix A Test method of permeability coefficient ............................................ 29
Explanation of wording in this Specification ....................................................... 32
Normative standards ......................................................................................... 33
1 General provisions ......................................................................................... 36
2 Terms and symbols ........................................................................................ 36
3 Materials....................................................................................................... 37
4 Structural combination and tectonic ................................................................. 40
5 Construction .................................................................................................. 46
6 Acceptance .................................................................................................... 50
7 Maintenance .................................................................................................. 51
Appendix A Test method of permeability coefficient ............................................ 52
Appendix B Test method for continuous void ...................................................... 53
Normative standards ......................................................................................... 55

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Technical specification for pervious cement concrete

pavement

1 General provisions

1.0.1 This Specification is formulated in order to enhance the quality of pervious

cement concrete pavement projects and make them technologically advanced,
economical, reasonable, convenient and applicable.

1.0.2 This Specification applies to the design, construction, acceptance and

maintenance of pervious cement concrete pavements such as newly built urban light
load roads, light load roads in gardens, squares and parking lots. This Specification does
not apply to pavements in severe cold areas, collapsible loess areas, saline soil areas,
and expansive soil areas.

1.0.3 The structural form of pervious cement concrete pavement shall take into account
geological conditions, load levels, landscape requirements, environmental conditions,
construction conditions and other factors.

1.0.4 This Specification specifies the basic technical requirements for the design,
construction, acceptance and maintenance of pervious cement concrete pavement.
Where this Specification conflicts with the provisions of national laws and
administrative regulations, the provisions of national laws and administrative
regulations shall prevail.

1.0.5 The design, construction, acceptance and maintenance of pervious cement

concrete pavement shall not only comply with the provisions of this Specification, but
also comply with the provisions of the relevant current national standards.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

2 Terms and symbols

2.1 Terms

2.1.1 Pervious cement concrete

Concrete, with a continuous void structure, which is formed by mixing coarse aggregate
and cement-based binder.

2.1.2 Continuous void

The percentage of the volume of continuous void existing inside pervious cement
concrete to the volume of pervious cement concrete.

2.1.3 Water-washing pervious cement concrete

Pervious cement concrete whose coarse aggregate on the surface is exposed after the
cement-based binder wrapped on the surface of the coarse aggregate is water-washed
before final setting.

2.1.4 Reinforcer

An additive used to improve the bonding performance of coarse aggregate and binder
and increase the strength of pervious cement concrete.

2.1.5 Permeability coefficient

An index indicating the water permeability of pervious cement concrete.

2.1.6 Light load road

Urban roads, and roads such as parking lots and residential areas, on which only
vehicles with an axle load of less than 40 kN are allowed to travel.

2.1.7 Total pervious structure

Road structure system where road surface water can directly penetrate into the subgrade
soil through the surface and base of the road.

2.1.8 Semi-pervious structure

Road structure system where road surface water can only penetrate into the surface and
not into the subgrade soil.

2.2 Symbols

h1 – pervious cement concrete pavement surface thickness;

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

h2 – pervious cement concrete pavement base thickness;

Ma – amount of admixture per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete;

RW/C – water-binder ratio;

Rvoid – design void content;

VP – binder slurry volume per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete;

WC – cement content per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete;

WG – coarse aggregate content per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete;

WW – water consumption per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete;

ρC – density of cement;

ρG – close packing density of coarse aggregate;

vC – close packing void content of coarse aggregate.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

3 Materials

3.1 Raw materials

3.1.1 The cement shall be Portland cement with a strength grade of not less than 42.5
or ordinary Portland cement, whose quality shall meet the requirements of the current
national standard Common Portland cement, GB 175. Cement of different grades,
brands, varieties, and production dates must not be mixed during storage and usage.

3.1.2 Admixtures shall comply with the current national standard Concrete admixtures,
GB 8076.

3.1.3 Reinforcer used in pervious cement concrete can be divided into organic materials
and inorganic materials. The material technical indicators shall comply with the
provisions of Table 3.1.3.

Table 3.1.3 – Technical indicators of reinforcer

Polymer Solid content (%) Elongation (%) Ultimate tensile strength (MPa)
emulsion 40~50 ≥150 ≥1.0
Active SiO2 SiO2 content shall be greater than 85%

3.1.4 The aggregate used in pervious cement concrete must be hard, durable, clean and
dense crushed stone whose performance indicators shall comply with the secondary
requirements in the current national standard Pebble and crushed stone for construction,
GB/T 14685, and shall comply with the provisions of Table 3.1.4.

Table 3.1.4 – Performance indicators of aggregates

Unit of Indicator
Item
measurement 1 2 3
Dimensions mm 2.4~4.75 4.75~9.5 9.5~13.2
Crush value % <15.0
Elongated and flaky particle
% <15.0
content (by mass)
Mud content (by mass) % <1.0
3
Apparent density kg/m >2500
3
Close packing density kg/m >1350
Packing void content % <47.0

3.1.5 The water used for mixing pervious cement concrete shall comply with the current
industry standard Standard of water for concrete, JGJ 63.

3.1.6 The requirements for base materials shall comply with relevant specifications.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

3.2 Pervious cement concrete

3.2.1 The performance of pervious cement concrete shall comply with the requirements
in Table 3.2.1.

Table 3.2.1 – Performance of pervious cement concrete

Unit of Performance
Item
measurement requirement
Abrasion resistance (wear pit length) mm ≤30
Permeability coefficient (15°C) mm/s ≥0.5
Compression strength loss rate after
% ≤20
Frost 25 freeze-thaw cycles
resistance Mass loss rate after 25 freeze-thaw
% ≤5
cycles
Continuous void % ≥10
Strength level - C20 C30
Compression strength (28 d) MPa ≥20.0 ≥30.0
Flexural-tensile strength (28 d) MPa ≥2.5 ≥3.5

Note: The performance tests of abrasion resistance and frost resistance can be carried
out based on the specific conditions and design requirements of each place.

3.2.2 The abrasion resistance test of pervious cement concrete shall comply with the
provisions of the current national standard Test method for abrasion resistance of
inorganic paving materials, GB/T 12988.

3.2.3 The test method for permeability coefficient shall comply with the requirements
of Appendix A of this Specification.

3.2.4 The frost resistance test shall comply with the relevant provisions of the current
national standard Standard for test methods of long-term performance and durability of
ordinary concrete, GB/T 50082.

3.3 Pervious cement concrete mix proportions

3.3.1 The preparation strength of pervious cement concrete should comply with the
provisions of the current industry standard Specification for mix proportion design of
ordinary concrete, JGJ 55.

3.3.2 The mix proportion design of pervious cement concrete shall comply with the
performance requirements in Table 3.2.1 of this Specification.

3.3.3 The mix proportion design steps of pervious cement concrete should comply with
the following requirements:

1 The coarse aggregate content per unit volume shall be calculated and determined
according to the following formula:

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Where

WG – coarse aggregate content in pervious cement concrete (kg/m3);

ρG – close packing density of coarse aggregate (kg/m3);

α – coarse aggregate content correction factor, which is 0.98.

2 The binder slurry volume shall be calculated and determined according to the
following formula:

Where

VP – binder slurry volume per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete (m3/m3);

vC – close packing void content of coarse aggregate (%);

Rvoid – design void content (%).

3 The water-binder ratio shall be determined through testing. The water-binder ratio
selection range shall be controlled at 0.25 ~ 0.35, and shall meet the technical
requirements in Table 3.2.1 of this Specification.

4 The cement content per unit volume shall be determined according to the following
formula:

Where

WC – cement content per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete (kg/m3);

VP – binder slurry volume per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete (m3/m3);

RW/C – water-binder ratio;

ρC – cement density (kg/m3).

5 The water consumption per unit volume shall be determined according to the
following formula:

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Where

WW – water consumption per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete (kg/m3);

WC – cement content per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete (kg/m3);

RW/C – water-binder ratio.

6 The amount of admixtures shall be determined according to the following formula:

Where

Ma – amount of admixtures per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete (kg/m3);

WC – cement content per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete (kg/m3);

a – admixture content (%).

7 When reinforcing agent is added, the content shall be calculated as a percentage of

the cement content, and then converted into the corresponding volume.

8 The mix proportions of pervious cement concrete can be expressed by the content of
various materials per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete.

3.3.4 The trial mix proportion of pervious cement concrete shall comply with the
following requirements:

1 The trial mixing shall be carried out according to the calculated mix proportion, and
the relevant properties of pervious cement concrete shall be tested. Where the slurry
falls too much under the action of vibration or cannot evenly wrap the aggregate surface,
the pervious cement concrete slurry content or admixture content shall be adjusted. The
reference mix proportion for strength testing of pervious cement concrete will be
proposed after the requirements are met.

2 When testing the strength of pervious cement concrete, three different mix proportions
shall be selected. One of them is the reference mix proportion, and the water-binder
ratio of the other two mix proportions shall be increased or decreased by 0.05
respectively compared with the reference water-binder ratio. The water consumption
should be the same as the reference mix proportion. When preparing test pieces, the
workability of pervious cement concrete shall be visually determined.

3 According to the relationship between the strength, void content and water-binder
ratio of pervious cement concrete obtained from the test, the drawing method or the

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

calculation method shall be used to find the water-binder ratio that meets the void
content and pervious cement concrete preparation strength requirements; the cement
content and water consumption shall be determined accordingly, and the formal mix
proportion shall be finally determined.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

4 Structural combination and tectonic

4.1 Structural combination design

4.1.1 The service life of pervious cement concrete pavement structure shall be
consistent with the effective service life of water permeability.

4.1.2 The subgrade shall be stable, homogeneous, and shall provide uniform support
for the pavement structure.

4.1.3 The base shall have sufficient strength and stiffness.

4.1.4 The pervious cement concrete pavement base transverse slope should be 1% ~
2%, and the surface transverse slop shall be the same as the base transverse slope.

4.1.5 The structure type of pervious cement concrete pavement shall be selected
according to Table 4.1.5.

Table 4.1.5 – Pervious cement concrete pavement structure

Category Scope of application Base and cushion structures
Multi-porous cement stabilized crushed
Total pervious Sidewalk, bicycle lane, hard
stone, graded grit, graded crushed stone and
structure landscape, parking lot, square
graded gravel base
Semi-pervious Cement concrete base + stabilized soil base
Light load road
structure or lime and coal ash stabilized gravel base

4.1.6 The sidewalk base of total pervious structure (Figure 4.1.6-1) can be graded grit,
graded crushed stone and graded gravel base, whose thickness shall not be less than 150
mm.

Figure 4.1.6-1 – Sidewalk of total pervious structure

1 – pervious cement concrete surface; 2 – base; 3 – subgrade

On the graded grit, graded crushed stone and graded gravel base of other roads of total
pervious structure (Figure 4.1.6-2), a multi-porous cement stabilized crushed stone base
shall be added. The base shall comply with the following regulations:

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

1) The multi-porous cement stabilized crushed stone base shall not be less than 200
mm.

2) The graded grit, graded crushed stone and graded gravel base shall not be less
than 150 mm.

Figure 4.1.6-2 – Other roads of total pervious structure

1 – pervious cement concrete surface;

2 – multi-porous cement stabilized crushed stone base;

3 – graded grit, graded crushed stone and graded gravel base; 4 – subgrade

4.1.7 The semi-pervious structure (Figure 4.1.7) shall meet the following requirements:

1 The compression strength level of the cement concrete base shall not be lower than
C20, and the thickness shall not be less than 150 mm.

2 The thickness of stabilized soil base or lime and coal ash stabilized gravel base shall
not be less than 150 mm.

Figure 4.1.7 – Semi-pervious structure form

1 – pervious cement concrete surface; 2 – concrete base;

3 – stabilized soil base; 4 – subgrade

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

4.2 Surface design

4.2.1 When the sidewalk design adopts a total pervious structure, its pervious cement
concrete surface strength level shall not be less than C20, and its thickness (h1) should
not be less than 80 mm. For other pavements, when using the total pervious structure,
its pervious cement concrete surface strength level shall not be less than C30, and its
thickness (h1) should not be less than 180 mm; when using the semi-pervious structure,
its pervious cement concrete surface strength level shall not be less than C30, and its
thickness (h1) should not be less than 180 mm.

4.2.2 The structure design of the pervious cement concrete pavement is divided into
monochrome layer or two-color combination layer. When the two-color combination
layer is adopted, the thickness of the surface layer shall not be less than 30 mm.

4.2.3 The pervious cement concrete pavement shall be designed with vertical and
transverse joints. The distance between vertical joints shall be determined according to
the width of the pavement in the range of 3.0 m ~ 4.5 m. The distance between
transverse joints should be 4.0 m ~ 6.0 m; the plane view size of the square should not
be greater than 25 m2, and the length-width ratio of the surface plate should not exceed
1.3. When the base has structural joints, the surface contraction joint shall be consistent
with the position of the corresponding structural joint, and flexible materials shall be
filled in the joint.

4.2.4 When the construction length of the pervious cement concrete pavement exceeds
30 m, expansion joints shall be set. Expansion joints shall be set at the connection
between the pervious cement concrete pavement and other constructions such as side
gutters, buildings, gutter inlets, surfacing blocks and asphalt pavement.

4.3 Drainage system design

4.3.1 The drainage design of pervious cement concrete pavement should comply with
the relevant provisions of the current industry standard Code for design of urban road
engineering, CJJ 37.

4.3.2 When designing the total pervious structure, drainage under the pavement shall
be considered. The drainage under the pavement can be set with drainage blind ditch
which shall be connected to the municipal drainage system during the road design. The
combination of the gutter inlet with the base and the surface shall be designed into the
pervious form to facilitate the gathering of excess water from the base to the gutter inlet.
Impervious geotextile with a width of not less than 1 m shall be set on the subgrade
surface around the gutter inlet (Figure 4.3.2).

4.3.3 When designing the drainage system, municipal drainage ditches or gutter inlets
can be used. The pervious cement concrete can be directly laid to the municipal drainage
ditches or gutter inlets. Squares of large area should be set with drainage blind ditches
(Figure 4.3.3).

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Figure 4.3.2 – Pervious cement concrete pavement drainage form (transverse section)

1 – pervious cement concrete surface; 2 – base; 3 – subgrade;

4 – geotextile; 5 – vertical curb; 6 – gutter inlet

1-1 profile

Figure 4.3.3 – Drainage blind ditch setting structural form (vertical section)

1 – pervious cement concrete surface; 2 – concrete base;

3 – stabilized soil base; 4 – subgrade; 5 – stainless steel wire mesh;

6 – drainage pipe; 7 – gutter inlet; 8 – vertical curb; 9 – drainage blind ditch

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

5 Construction

5.1 General requirements

5.1.1 Before construction, the construction site shall be inspected, the location and
elevation of underground hidden facilities shall be reviewed, the construction plan shall
be determined based on the design documents and construction conditions, and the
construction organization design shall be prepared.

5.1.2 Before construction, water and electricity supply, traffic roads, mixing and
stacking sites, work sheds and warehouses, fire protection and other facilities shall be
solved. The construction site shall be equipped with a rainproof and moisture-proof
material storage area. Materials shall be stacked according to markings and must not be
thrown randomly during loading, unloading and transportation.

5.1.3 Before surface layer construction, the base layer and drainage system shall be
inspected and accepted according to regulations. Surface layer construction can only be
carried out after meeting the requirements.

5.1.4 Before the construction of the pervious cement concrete pavement, the base layer
shall be cleaned, and the treated base surface shall be rough, clean, free of water, and
kept in a certain moist state.

5.1.5 The construction site shall be equipped with auxiliary equipment, auxiliary
materials, and construction tools required for construction, and shall be provided with
safety protection facilities.

5.2 Mixing and transport

5.2.1 Pervious cement concrete should be mixed with a mandatory mixer. The capacity
of the mixer shall be selected based on parameters such as engineering quantity,
construction progress, construction sequence, and transportation means. The
transportation time of fresh concrete from the machine to the working surface should
not exceed 30 minutes.

5.2.2 The raw materials entering the mixer must be measured accurately and shall meet
the following requirements:

1 Bagged cement shall be randomly checked for accuracy of bag weight;

2 The moisture content of the aggregate shall be accurately measured before mixing in
each shift, and the water consumption in the pervious cement concrete ratio shall be
adjusted based on the moisture content of the aggregate. The construction mix
proportion shall be determined through on-site testing;

3 The allowable error of pervious cement concrete raw materials (by mass) shall not
exceed the following regulations:

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Cement: ±1%;

Reinforcer: ±1%;

Aggregate: ±2%;

Water: ±1%;

Admixture: ±1%.

5.2.3 The pervious cement concrete should be mixed by first adding the aggregate and
50% of the water to the mixer and mixing for 30 seconds, then adding cement, reinforcer,
and admixture and mixing for 40 seconds, and finally adding the remaining water and
mixing for more than 50 seconds.

5.2.4 When the two-color combination layer design is adopted for the pervious cement
concrete pavement, different mixers shall be used to mix concrete of different colors.

5.2.5 During the transportation of pervious cement concrete mixture, segregation shall
be prevented, and attention shall be paid to maintaining the humidity of the mixture.
Covering and other measures shall be taken when necessary.

5.2.6 The allowable maximum time from the pervious cement concrete mixture is
discharged from the mixer to it is transported to the construction site for paving,
compaction, and pouring can be determined by the laboratory based on the initial setting
time of the cement and the construction temperature, and shall comply with the
provisions of Table 5.2.6.

Table 5.2.6 – Allowable maximum time for pervious cement concrete from
discharging from the mixer to completion of pouring
Construction temperature T (°C) Allowable maximum time (h)
5≤T<10 2.0
10≤T<20 1.5
20≤T<32 1.0

5.3 Pervious cement concrete pavement paving

5.3.1 The construction of ordinary pervious cement concrete pavement shall comply
with the following requirements:

1 The production and erection of formwork shall comply with the following
requirements:

1) The formwork shall be made of materials with solid texture, small deformation
and high stiffness. The height of the formwork shall be consistent with the
thickness of the concrete pavement;

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

2) The plane position and elevation of the formwork shall meet the design
requirements, and the surface of the formwork in contact with the concrete shall
be coated with separant.

3) Before paving the pervious cement concrete mixture, a comprehensive inspection

shall be conducted on the height, support stability, etc. of the formwork.

2 The pervious cement concrete mixture shall be paved evenly, and the flatness and
drainage slope shall meet the requirements. The paving thickness shall consider the
coefficient of loose paving material, which should be 1.1.

3 Pervious cement concrete should be rolled using a leveling compactor or a low-

frequency flat vibrator and other special rolling tools. Compaction shall be
supplemented by manual feeding and leveling. During manual leveling, construction
workers shall wear pressure-reducing shoes for operation.

4 After the pervious cement concrete is compacted, a trowelling machine should be

used for surface finishing of the pervious cement concrete. If necessary, it should be
assisted by manual compaction and leveling. During leveling, the top surface of the
formwork must be kept clean and the board surfaces at the joints shall be flat.

5 The removal of formwork shall comply with the following regulations:

1) The formwork removal time shall be determined based on the temperature and
concrete strength growth;

2) The corners of the concrete pavement shall not be damaged when removing the
formwork, and the permeable cement concrete blocks shall be kept intact.

5.3.2 When the two-color combination layer of colored pervious cement concrete is
used for construction, the upper layer shall be laid before the lower layer is initially set.

5.3.3 The construction of water-washing pervious cement concrete shall be the same as
the construction of ordinary pervious cement concrete. The process after paving and
smoothing shall meet the following requirements:

1 Check the initial setting status of the construction surface at any time. If there is initial
setting, spray an appropriate amount of retarder evenly, use plastic film covering and
other methods for maintenance, and prevent direct sunlight.

2 Before the final setting of the surface concrete, the surface layer shall be washed with
a high-pressure water gun in time to remove the cementitious material on the surface
and expose the natural stone evenly, so that the particles are not loose.

3 After rinsing the surface, the remaining slurry on the surface and in the air gap shall
be removed in time, and the surface shall be covered with plastic film for moisturizing
and curing.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

5.4 Joint construction

5.4.1 The cutting depth of pavement contraction joints should be (1/2~1/3) h1; the
pavement expansion joints shall be the same as the thickness of the pavement.
Construction joints can replace expansion joints during construction.

5.4.2 Contraction joints and expansion joints during construction shall be embedded
with elastic joint materials.

5.5 Curing

5.5.1 After the construction of pervious cement concrete pavement is completed,

methods such as covering it with plastic film should be adopted for curing. The curing
time shall be determined based on the strength growth of pervious cement concrete, and
the curing time should not be less than 14 days.

5.5.2 During the curing period, the pervious concrete pavement shall not be opened to
traffic, and the integrity of the covering material shall be ensured.

5.5.3 Pervious cement concrete pavement shall not be put into use before it reaches the
design strength. The strength of pervious cement concrete pavement shall be based on
the strength of pervious cement concrete test blocks.

5.6 Seasonal construction

5.6.1 During construction, the start and end times of winter, summer and rainy season
shall be determined according to the climate environment of the project location.

5.6.2 During rainy season construction, contact with the meteorological department
shall be strengthened, to keep abreast of changes in meteorological conditions and be
prepared for precautions.

5.6.3 During rainy season construction, the terrain and existing drainage facilities shall
be fully utilized to ensure rain-proof and drainage.

5.6.4 Base course construction should not be carried out on rainy days, and pervious
cement concrete pavements shall not be poured on rainy days.

5.6.5 When paving the base course after rain, the subgrade condition shall be checked
first, and paving can only be carried out after meeting the requirements.

5.6.6 When the daily average outdoor temperature is below 5 °C for 5 consecutive days,
pervious cement concrete pavement shall not be constructed.

5.6.7 The construction of pervious cement concrete pavement in summer shall comply
with the following regulations:

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

1 During the pouring of the concrete mixture, the time for transportation, paving,
compaction and other processes shall be shortened as much as possible, and the surface
shall be covered and sprinkled with water for curing in a timely manner after finishing;

2 The mixing station shall be equipped with a sunshade; the formwork and base surface
shall be moistened with water before pouring concrete;

3 In case of shower, construction shall be suspended and the poured concrete surface
shall be covered with plastic film in a timely manner.

5.6.8 When the maximum outdoor temperature reaches 32 °C and above, construction
should not be carried out.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

6 Acceptance

6.1 General requirements

6.1.1 The construction quality of pervious cement concrete pavement shall be inspected
and accepted according to the following requirements:

1 Engineering construction shall comply with the requirements of engineering survey

and design documents; engineering construction quality shall comply with the
provisions of this Specification and relevant professional acceptance specifications.

2 Personnel from all parties involved in engineering construction quality acceptance

shall have the required qualifications.

3 The acceptance of engineering quality shall be based on the construction unit’s own
inspection and assessment.

4 Before the concealed work is concealed, the construction unit shall notify the
supervision unit and relevant units to conduct concealment acceptance. After the
concealment is confirmed to be qualified, a concealment acceptance document shall be
formed.

5 The supervision unit shall conduct parallel testing and witness sampling testing of test
blocks, test pieces and on-site testing items in accordance with regulations.

6 The quality of the inspection batch shall be inspected and accepted by the dominant
items and general items.

7 The unit responsible for re-inspection or testing shall be an independent third party
with corresponding qualifications.

8 The appearance quality of the engineering shall be jointly confirmed by the

acceptance personnel through on-site inspection.

6.1.2 The following information shall be collected during construction:

1 Design documents and completion data;

2 Completion acceptance report;

3 Test report of test pieces;

4 Engineering construction and material inspection or material testing records;

5 Inspection records;

6 Documents for handling major engineering issues.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

6.1.3 When there is doubt or dispute about the quality of pervious cement concrete
during construction, the construction unit shall organize a physical inspection under the
witness of the supervision unit or construction unit. Physical inspection shall be
entrusted to a testing agency with corresponding qualification levels.

6.1.4 When the construction quality of pervious cement concrete pavement does not
meet the requirements, it shall be dealt with according to the following provisions:

1 In case of rework and reform, it shall be re-accepted.

2 Where the design requirements are met after detection and identification carried out
by a qualified testing unit, it shall be accepted.

3 Where the design requirements are not met after detection and identification by a
qualified testing unit, but the structural safety and functional requirements are met after
calculation and approval by the original design unit, it may be accepted.

4 The repaired or reinforced partial engineering, which can still meet the use
requirements although the external dimensions have been changed, can be accepted
according to the technical treatment plan and negotiation documents.

6.1.5 Pervious cement concrete pavements that cannot meet the requirements for safe
use after repair or reinforcement are strictly prohibited from acceptance.

6.2 Quality test standards

Dominant items

6.2.1 The quality of raw materials shall meet the following requirements:

1 The variety, grade, quality, packaging and storage of cement shall comply with the
relevant national standards.

Inspection quantity: For cement from the same manufacturer, the same grade, the same
variety, the same batch number, and that enters the site continuously, bagged cement
not exceeding 200 t is a batch, and bulk cement not exceeding 500 t is a batch, sampled
once per batch.

When the cement leaves the factory for more than 3 months, it shall be re-inspected and
can only be used after passing the re-inspection.

Inspection method: Check the product certificate, factory inspection report and on-site
re-inspection report.

2 The quality of admixtures added to concrete shall comply with the current national
standards Concrete admixtures, GB 8076, and Code for utility technical of concrete
admixture, GB 50119.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Inspection quantity: Determined according to the incoming batch and product sampling
inspection method. No less than 1 time per batch.

Inspection method: Check the product certificate, factory inspection report and on-site
re-inspection report.

3 Aggregates shall be made of hard, durable, clean crushed stones and gravels, and shall
comply with the provisions of Table 3.1.4 of this Specification.

Inspection quantity: For aggregates from the same place of origin, the same variety, the
same specifications, and that come into the site continuously, every 400 m3 is
considered a batch. Where it is less than 400 m3, it is counted as a batch. Each batch
will be randomly inspected once.

Inspection method: Check the test report.

6.2.2 In addition to meeting the design requirements, the quality of the pervious cement
concrete pavement surface layer shall also meet the following requirements:

1 The flexural-tensile strength of pervious cement concrete pavement shall comply with
the design requirements.

Inspection quantity: One sample is taken from every 100 m3 of pervious cement
concrete of the same mix proportion; where it is less than 100 m3, one is taken. At least
one group of standard curing test pieces shall be retained for each sampling. The number
of retention groups of test pieces cured under the same conditions shall be determined
based on actual needs, with a minimum of 1 group.

Inspection method: Check the flexural-tensile strength test report of test pieces.

2 The compression strength of pervious cement concrete pavement shall comply with
the design requirements.

Inspection quantity: One sample is taken from every 100 m3 of pervious cement
concrete of the same mix proportion; where it is less than 100 m3, one is taken. At least
one group of standard curing test pieces shall be retained for each sampling. The number
of retention groups of test pieces cured under the same conditions shall be determined
based on actual needs, with a minimum of 1 group.

Inspection method: Check the compression strength test report of test pieces.

3 The permeability coefficient of the pervious cement concrete pavement surface layer
shall meet the design requirements.

Inspection quantity: Randomly take 1 group (3 pieces) per 500 m2.

Inspection method: Check the test report.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

4 The thickness of the pervious cement concrete pavement surface layer shall comply
with the design regulations, and the allowable error is ±5 mm.

Inspection quantity: Randomly take 1 point per 500 m2.

Inspection method: Drill or dig holes, and measure with a steel ruler.

General items

6.2.3 The surface of the pervious cement concrete pavement shall be smooth; the edges
and corners shall be neat; there shall be no falling stones.

Inspection quantity: Full inspection.

Inspection methods: Observation and measurement.

6.2.4 Pavement joints shall be vertical and straight, and there shall be no debris in the
joints.

Inspection quantity: Full inspection.

Inspection method: Observation.

6.2.5 The color of colored pervious cement concrete pavement shall be uniform.

Inspection quantity: Full inspection.

Inspection method: Observation.

6.2.6 The surface stones of the water-washing pervious cement concrete pavement shall
be evenly distributed and shall not be loose.

Inspection quantity: Full inspection.

Inspection method: Observation.

6.2.7 The allowable deviation of pervious cement concrete pavement surface layer shall
comply with the provisions of Table 6.2.7.

Table 6.2.7 – Allowable deviation of pervious cement concrete pavement surface

layer
Allowable Number
Inspection range
deviation (mm) of Inspection
Item
check method
Road Square Road Square
points
Construction Measure with a
Elevation (mm) ±15 ±10 20m 1
unit 1 level
Centerline deviation Measure with a
≤20 - 100m - 1
(mm) theodolite

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Measure with a
3m ruler and
Maximum feeler gauge
Flatness clearance ≤5 20m 10m×10m 1 twice
(mm) continuously, and
take the larger
value
0 Measure with a
Width (mm) 40m 40m 2 1
-20 steel ruler
±0.30%
Measure with a
Transverse slope (%) without adverse 20m 1
level
slope
Cross method,
Height difference
measure with
between manhole
≤3 ≤5 Every well 1 ruler and feeler
frame and road
gauge, take the
surface (mm)
maximum value
Height difference Measure with
between adjacent ≤3 20m 10m×10m 1 steel ruler and
boards (mm) feeler gauge
Longitudinal joint
≤10 100m 40m×40m Measure with 20
straightness (mm)
1 m wire and steel
Transverse joint
≤10 40m 40m×40m ruler
straightness (mm)

Note: 1 In each unit project, fix and number square grids by 40 m × 40 m, as the basic
construction unit for measurement and inspection. The part less than 40 m ×
40 m is counted as one unit. In the basic construction unit, take 10 m × 10 m
or 20 m × 20 m as a sub-unit, and select only one sub-unit for inspection within
the scope of each basic construction unit; the inspection method is random
sampling, that is, the basic construction unit is determined indoors and the sub-
unit is determined on-site. Measure 3 points and take the maximum value as 1
point in the inspection frequency.

2 Applicable to rectangular squares and parking lots.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

7 Maintenance

7.0.1 For pervious cement concrete pavement in winter, timely snow removal and other
measures shall be taken to prevent the pavement from freezing. Mechanical de-icing
should not be used, and sand or ash must not be spread.

7.0.2 After the pervious cement concrete pavement is put into use, in order to ensure
the performance of the pervious cement concrete, high-pressure water (5 MPa ~ 20 MPa)
can be used to flush the pores to remove the blockages, or compressed air can be used
to flush the pores to remove the blockages; vacuum pump can also be used to suction
out debris clogging the pores.

7.0.3 When the pervious cement concrete pavement has cracks and aggregates fall off
in a large area, maintenance must be carried out. During maintenance, the loose
aggregates on the pavement shall be removed first, and the pavement shall be cleaned
to remove dust and debris in the pores before paving with new pervious cement concrete.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Appendix A
Test method of permeability coefficient

A.0.1 The test device for the permeability coefficient of pervious cement concrete
should be set up according to Figure A.0.1.

Figure A.0.1 – Schematic diagram of the test device for permeability coefficient

1 – water supply system; 2 – overflow port of the cylinder; 3 – water cylinder;

4 – overflow tank; 5 – overflow port of the tank; 6 – bracket;

7 – test piece; 8 – graduated cylinder; 9 – water level difference

A.0.2 Test equipment and devices shall meet the following requirements:

1 Water cylinder: A cylinder with an overflow port and can maintain a certain water
level.

2 Overflow tank: A tank with an overflow port and can maintain a certain water level.

3 The vacuuming device shall be able to hold the sample and maintain a vacuum degree
of above 90 kPa.

A.0.3 Measuring instruments shall meet the following requirements:

1 Measuring tools: Steel ruler and similar measuring tools with a graduation value of 1
mm.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

2 Stopwatch: The accuracy is 1 s.

3 Graduated cylinder: The capacity is 2 L, and the minimum scale is 1 mL.

4 Thermometer: The minimum scale is 0.5 °C.

A.0.4 The test water shall be airless water. Newly prepared distilled water can be used
for exhaust treatment. The water temperature during the test should be (20±3) °C.

A.0.5 Three cylinders with a diameter of 100 mm and a height of 50 mm shall be

respectively prepared from the sample as test pieces.

A.0.6 The test should be carried out according to the following steps:

1 Use a steel ruler to measure the diameter (D) and thickness (L) of the cylindrical test
piece twice and take the average value, accurate to 1 mm. Calculate the upper surface
area (A) of the test piece.

2 Seal the surroundings of the test piece with sealing materials or other means to prevent
water from escaping. Water only penetrates from the upper and lower surfaces of the
test piece.

3 After the sealing material solidifies, put the test piece into the vacuum device, to
evacuate to (90±1) kPa, and maintain it for 30 minutes. While maintaining the vacuum,
add enough water to cover the test piece and make the water level higher than the test
piece by 100 mm; stop vacuuming; soak for 20 minutes; take it out; put it into the
permeability coefficient test device; connect the test piece to the water permeable
cylinder and seal it. Put it into the overflow tank; open the water supply valve; let airless
water enter the container; when water flows out of the overflow hole of the overflow
tank, adjust the water inflow to keep the water level of the permeable cylinder at a
certain level (about 150 mm). After the water flow rate of the overflow port of the
overflow tank and the overflow port of the permeable cylinder is stable, use a measuring
cylinder to collect water from the water outlet; record the water volume (Q) flowing out
in 5 minutes; measure 3 times, and take the average value.

4 Use a steel ruler to measure the difference (H) between the water level of the
permeable cylinder and the water level of the overflow tank, accurate to 1 mm. Use a
thermometer to measure the temperature (T) of the water in the overflow tank during
the test to the nearest 0.5 °C.

A.0.7 The permeability coefficient shall be calculated according to the following

formula:

Where

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

kT – permeability coefficient of the test piece when the water temperature is T °C

(mm/s);

Q – the amount of water seeping out in t seconds (mm3);

L – thickness of the test piece (mm);

A – upper surface area of the test piece (mm2);

H – water level difference (mm);

t – time (s).

The test results are expressed as the average of three test pieces, and the calculation is
accurate to 1.0×10-2 mm/s.

A.0.8 This water temperature at 15 °C is taken as the standard temperature of this test
piece. The permeability coefficient at the standard temperature shall be calculated as
follows:

Where

k15 – permeability coefficient of the test piece at standard temperature (mm/s);

ηT – dynamic viscosity coefficient of water at T °C (kPa·s);

η15 – dynamic viscosity coefficient of water at 15 °C (kPa·s);

ఎ೅
– dynamic viscosity coefficient ratio of water.
ఎభఱ

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Explanation of wording in this Specification

1 In order to make a difference between the provisions of this Specification, the terms
with different strictness of requirements are explained as follows:

1) Words used to express that it is very strict and must be done in this way:

The positive word is “must”;

The negative word is “strictly prohibited”.

2) Words used to express that it is strict and shall be done in this way under normal
circumstances:

The positive word is “shall”;

The negative words are “shall not” or “must not”.

3) Words used to express that a slight choice is available and it shall be done in this
way first when conditions permit:

The positive word is “should”;

The negative word is “should not”.

4) To express that there are choices and it can be done in this way under certain
conditions, use “can”.

2 When it is specified in the article that it must be implemented in accordance with

other relevant standards and specifications, it is generally written as “shall be
implemented in accordance with...” or “shall comply with the requirements (or
regulations) of...”.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Normative standards

1 Common Portland cement, GB 175

2 Concrete admixtures, GB 8076

3 Code for utility technical of concrete admixture, GB 50119

4 Test method for abrasion resistance of inorganic paving materials, GB/T 12988

5 Pebble and crushed stone for construction, GB/T 14685

6 Specification for mix proportion design of ordinary concrete, JGJ 55

7 Standard of water for concrete, JGJ 63

8 Code for construction and quality acceptance of road works in city and town, CJJ 1

9 Code for design of urban road engineering, CJJ 37

10 Standard for test methods of long-term performance and durability of ordinary

concrete, GB/T 50082

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Technical specification for pervious cement concrete pavement

CJJ/T 135-2009

Partial amendment to provisions

(2023 edition)

Note: 1. The underlined text is the new content, the boxed text is the deleted original
content, and the unmarked text is the original content.

2. The revised provisions shall be implemented together with other provisions in

Technical specification for pervious cement concrete pavement, CJJ/T 135-
2009.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Table of Contents

Appendix B Test method for continuous void ............................................................. 53

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

1 General provisions

1.0.2 This Specification applies to the design, construction, acceptance and

maintenance of pervious cement concrete pavements such as newly built urban light
load roads, light load roads in gardens, roads in residential areas, squares and parking
lots. This Specification does not apply to pavements in severe cold areas, collapsible
loess areas, saline soil areas, and expansive soil areas.

2 Terms and symbols

2.1 Terms

2.1.5 Permeability coefficient

The speed at which water flows through pervious cement concrete. An index indicating
the water permeability of pervious cement concrete.

2.1.9 Pervious recycled aggregate concrete

Pervious cement concrete in which recycled aggregates completely or partially replace

natural aggregates.

2.1.10 Protective agent

Material used to protect the surface of pervious cement concrete.

2.2 Symbols

h1 – pervious cement concrete pavement surface thickness;

h2 – pervious cement concrete pavement base thickness;

α – aggregate content correction factor;

A – upper surface area of the test piece;

H – water level difference;

L – thickness of the test piece;

kT – permeability coefficient of the test piece when the water temperature is T °C;

k15 – permeability coefficient of the test piece at standard temperature;

Q – the amount of water seeping out in t seconds;

T – time;

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

ηT – dynamic viscosity coefficient of water at T °C;

η15 – dynamic viscosity coefficient of water at 15 °C;

Kr – continuous void of the test piece;

m1 – suspended immersion mass of the test piece;

m2 – mass of the test piece in the dry state on the saturated surface;

V – volume of the test piece;

ρw – density of water.

3 Materials

3.1 Raw materials

3.1.4 Pervious cement concrete may use natural aggregate or recycled aggregate. The
performance indicators of natural aggregates shall must be hard, durable, clean and
dense crushed stone whose performance indicators shall comply with the secondary
requirements in the current national standard Pebble and crushed stone for construction,
GB/T 14685, and shall comply with the provisions of Table 3.1.4-1, and the test method
shall comply with the provisions of the current national standard Pebble and crushed
stone for construction, GB/T 14685; the performance indicators of recycled aggregates
shall comply with the provisions of Table 3.1.4-2, and the test method shall comply
with the provisions of the current national standard Recycled coarse aggregate for
concrete, GB/T 25177.

Table 3.1.4-1 – Performance indicators of natural aggregates

Unit of Indicator
Item
measurement 1 2 3
Particle size Dimensions mm 2.4~4.75 4.75~9.5 9.5~13.2
Crush value % <15.0
Elongated and flaky particle
% <15.0
content (by mass)
Mud content (by mass) % <1.0
3
Apparent density kg/m >2500
3
Close packing density kg/m >1350
Packing void content % <47.0

Table 3.1.4-2 – Performance indicators of recycled aggregates

Indicator
Item Unit
I II III
Particle size mm 5~10 10~20 16~31.5
Micro-powder content (by mass) % <1.0 <2.0 <3.0

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Clay lump content (by mass) % <0.5 <0.7 <1.0

Water absorption (by mass) % <3.0 <5.0 <8.0
Elongated and flaky particle content
% <10
(by mass)
Apparent density kg/m3 >2450 >2350 >2250
Packing void content % <47 <50 <53
Sulfides and sulfates (converted into
% <2.0
SO2 by mass)
Sundries (by mass) % <1.0
Mass loss % <5.0 <10.0 <15.0
Crushing indicator % <12.0 <20.0 <30.0
Organic matter Qualified

3.1.6 The requirements for base materials shall comply with relevant specifications the
relevant provisions of the current industry standard Code for construction and quality
acceptance of road works in city and town, CJJ 1.

3.1.7 The performance indicators of the protective agent shall comply with the
provisions of the current national standard Floor coating, GB/T 22374.

3.2 Pervious cement concrete

3.2.1 The properties of pervious cement concrete shall comply with the requirements in
Table 3.2.1. The performance indicators of pervious recycled aggregate concrete shall
comply with the current industry standard Technical specification for application of
pervious recycled aggregate concrete, CJJ/T 253.

Table 3.2.1 – Performance of pervious cement concrete

Unit of
Item Performance requirement
measurement
Abrasion resistance (wear pit length) mm ≤30
Permeability coefficient (15°C) mm/s ≥0.5
Compression strength loss rate after
% ≤20
Frost 25 freeze-thaw cycles
resistance Mass loss rate after 25 freeze-thaw
% ≤5
cycles
Continuous void % ≥10
Strength level - C20 C25 C30
Compression strength (28 d) MPa ≥20.0 ≥25.0 ≥30.0
Flexural-tensile strength (28 d) MPa ≥2.5 ≥3.0 ≥3.5

Note:

1. The performance tests of abrasion resistance and frost resistance can be carried out
based on the specific conditions and design requirements of each place.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

2. The number of freezing and thawing times for frost resistance performance testing in
severe cold areas shall not be less than 50.

3.2.3 The test method for permeability coefficient shall comply with the requirements
of Appendix A of this Specification; . the test method for continuous void shall comply
with the requirements of Appendix B of this Specification.

3.3 Pervious cement concrete mix proportions

3.3.3 The mix proportion design steps of pervious cement concrete should comply with
the following requirements:

4 The cement content per unit volume shall be determined according to the following
formula:

Where:

WC – cement content per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete (kg/m3);

VP – binder slurry volume per cubic meter of pervious cement concrete (m3/m3);

RW/C – water-binder ratio;

ρC – cement density (kg/m3);

ρW – density of water (kg/m3).

7 When reinforcer reinforcing agent is added, the content shall be calculated as a

percentage of the cement content, and then converted into the corresponding volume.

3.3.4 The trial mix proportion of pervious cement concrete shall comply with the
following requirements:

4 When the aggregate is recycled aggregate, the water absorption and mass loss of the
recycled aggregate shall be included.

5 When recycled aggregate is used in the upper layer of pervious cement concrete, the
content shall not exceed 30%. When recycled aggregate is used in the lower layer of
pervious cement concrete, it should be used in whole or in part.

6 When trial-mixing ready-mixed pervious cement concrete, the slump shall comply
with the current national standard Ready-mixed concrete, GB/T 14902.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

4 Structural combination and tectonic

4.1 Structural combination design

4.1.1 The design working life of the pervious cement concrete pavement structure shall
comply with the provisions of the current industry standard Code for design of urban
road engineering, CJJ 37. The service life of pervious cement concrete pavement
structure shall be consistent with the effective service life of water permeability shall
be consistent with the design working life of the pavement structure.

4.1.2 The subgrade shall be stable and homogeneous, and shall provide uniform support
for the pavement structure, and shall comply with the provisions of the current industry
standard Code for design of urban road subgrades, CJJ 194.

4.1.3 The base shall have sufficient strength and stiffness, and all indicators shall
comply with the relevant national standards.

4.1.5 The structure type of pervious cement concrete pavement shall be selected
according to Table 4.1.5.

Table 4.1.5 – Pervious cement concrete pavement structure

Category Scope of application Base and cushion structures
Multi-porous cement stabilized crushed
stone, graded grit, graded crushed stone and
Total pervious Sidewalk, bicycle lane, hard
graded gravel base. Pervious recycled
structure landscape, parking lot, square
aggregate concrete, pervious cement
concrete base
Semi-pervious Bicycle lane, parking lot, Cement concrete base + stabilized soil base
structure light load road or lime and coal ash stabilized gravel base

Note: When the base uses pervious cement concrete, Category 3 in Table 3.1.4-1 of this
Specification shall be used; when the base uses pervious recycled aggregate
concrete, Category II and Category III aggregates in Table 3.1.4-2 of this
Specification shall be used.

4.1.6 The sidewalk base of total pervious structure (Figure 4.1.6-1) can be graded grit,
graded crushed stone and graded gravel base, whose thickness shall not be less than 150
mm.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Figure 4.1.6-1 – Sidewalk of total pervious structure

1 – pervious cement concrete surface;

2 – graded grit, graded crushed stone and graded gravel base; 3 – subgrade

On the graded grit, graded crushed stone and graded gravel base of other roads of other
total pervious structures (Figure 4.1.6-2), a pervious multi-porous cement stabilized
crushed stone base shall be added. The base shall comply with the following regulations:

1) The multi-porous cement stabilized crushed stone base thickness shall not be less
than 200 mm.

2) The compression strength level of pervious recycled aggregate concrete and

pervious cement concrete base shall not be less than C20, and the thickness shall
not be less than 100 mm. The graded grit, graded crushed stone and graded gravel
base shall not be less than 150 mm.

Figure 4.1.6-2 – Other roads of Other total pervious structures

1 – pervious cement concrete surface;

2 – pervious multi-porous cement stabilized crushed stone base

3 – graded grit, graded crushed stone and graded gravel base; 4 – subgrade

4.1.7 The semi-pervious structure (Figure 4.1.7) shall meet the following requirements:

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Figure 4.1.7 – Semi-pervious structure

1 – pervious cement concrete surface; 2 – concrete base;

3 – stabilized soil base; 4 – subgrade

1 The compression strength level of the cement concrete base shall not be lower than
C20, and the thickness shall not be less than 150 mm.

2 The thickness of stabilized soil base or lime and coal ash stabilized gravel base shall
not be less than 150 mm.

4.2 Surface design

4.2.1 When the sidewalk design adopts a total pervious structure type form, its pervious
cement concrete surface strength level shall not be less than C25 C20, and its thickness
h1 should not be less than 100 mm 80 mm. For other pavements, when using the total
pervious structure type form, its pervious cement concrete surface strength level shall
not be less than C30, and its thickness h1 should not be less than 180 mm; when using
the semi-pervious structure, its pervious cement concrete surface strength level shall
not be less than C30, and its thickness h1 should not be less than 180 mm.

4.2.2 The structure design of the pervious cement concrete pavement is divided into
monochrome layer or two-color combination layer. When the two-color combination
layer is adopted, the thickness of the surface layer shall not be less than 30 mm.

4.2.4 When the construction length of the pervious cement concrete pavement exceeds
25 m 30 m, expansion joints shall be set. Expansion joints shall be set at the connection
between the pervious cement concrete pavement and other constructions such as side
gutters, buildings, gutter inlets, surfacing blocks and asphalt pavement.

4.3 Drainage system design

4.3.1 The drainage design of pervious cement concrete pavement shall comply with the
relevant provisions of the current national standards Code of urban wastewater
engineering planning, GB 50318, Standard for design of outdoor wastewater
engineering, GB 50014 and should comply with current industry standards Code for
design of urban road engineering, CJJ 37; the drainage system design shall be
determined based on local precipitation and surrounding drainage systems.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

4.3.2 When designing the total pervious structure, drainage under the pavement shall
be considered. Porous pervious drainage pipes, open drains, seepage ditches and other
facilities shall be set at the lowest point on the side of the graded crushed stone under
the pavement to allow rainwater to enter the rainwater collection and utilization system
or municipal drainage pipe network (Figure 4.3.2-1, Figure 4.3.2-2, Figure 4.3.2-3).
The drainage under the pavement can be set with drainage blind ditch which shall be
connected to the municipal drainage system during the road design. The combination
of the gutter inlet with the base and the surface shall be designed into the pervious form
to facilitate the gathering of excess water from the base to the gutter inlet. Impervious
geotextile with a width of not less than 1 m shall be set on the subgrade surface around
the gutter inlet (Figure 4.3.2).

Figure 4.3.2-1 – Drainage section of total pervious structure

1 – porous pervious drainage pipe; 2 – surface layer; 3 – base; 4 – subgrade;

5 – anti-seepage geotextile; 6 – road traffic stone

Figure 4.3.2-2 – Single (double) side open ditch drainage section of total pervious
structure

1 – surface layer; 2 – base; 3 – subgrade;

4 – drainage opening and anti-seepage geotextile;

5 – open ditch cover; 6 – open drainage ditch

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Figure 4.3.2-3 – Single (double) side seepage ditch drainage section of total pervious
structure

1 – surface layer; 2 – base; 3 – subgrade; 4 – drainage pipe base;

5 – porous pervious drainage pipe; 6 – planting soil layer; 7 – permeable geotextile

Figure 4.3.2 – Pervious cement concrete pavement drainage form (transverse section)

1 – pervious cement concrete surface; 2 – base; 3 – subgrade;

4 – geotextile; 5 – vertical curb; 6 – gutter inlet

4.3.3 Drainage system of semi-pervious structure can be equipped with facilities such
as single (double) side open drainage ditches, underground ditches or seepage ditches
to allow rainwater to enter the rainwater collection and utilization system or municipal
drainage pipe network (Figure 4.3.3-1, Figure 4.3.3 -2, Figure 4.3.3-3). When designing
the drainage system, municipal drainage ditches or gutter inlets can be used. The
pervious cement concrete can be directly laid to the municipal drainage ditches or gutter
inlets. Squares of large area should be set with drainage blind ditches (Figure 4.3.3).

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Figure 4.3.3-1 – Double (single) side open ditch drainage section of semi-pervious
structure

1 – road traffic stone; 2 – open drainage ditch and cover;

3 – rainwater collection ditch; 4 – surface layer 5 – base;

6 – subbase layer; 7 – subgrade; 8 – drain outlet

Figure 4.3.3-2 – Double (single) side underground ditch drainage section of semi-
pervious structure

1 – underground ditch; 2 – surface layer; 3 – base; 4 – subbase layer;

5 – subgrade; 6 – underground ditch cover; 7 – road traffic stone

Figure 4.3.3-3 – Single (double) side seepage ditch drainage section of semi-pervious
structure

1 – surface layer; 2 – base; 3 – subbase layer; 4 – subgrade;

5 – porous drainage pipe base; 6 – porous pervious drainage pipe;

7 – planting soil layer; 8 – anti-seepage geotextile

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

1-1 profile

Figure 4.3.3 – Drainage blind ditch setting structural form (vertical section)

1 – pervious cement concrete surface; 2 – concrete base;

3 – stabilized soil base; 4 – subgrade; 5 – stainless steel wire mesh;

6 – drainage pipe; 7 – gutter inlet; 8 – vertical curb; 9 – drainage blind ditch

4.3.4 The drainage system of parking lots and squares shall be equipped with multiple
main and branch underground pipes or underground ditches, and shall be connected to
the rainwater collection system or municipal drainage system.

4.3.5 The sides of the drainage outlet shall be permeable, and an anti-seepage geotextile
with a width of not less than 1 m shall be set on the subgrade surface around the drainage
outlet.

5 Construction

5.1 General provisions

5.1.2 Before construction, water and electricity supply, traffic roads, mixing and
stacking sites, work sheds and warehouses, fire protection and other facilities shall be
solved. The construction site shall be equipped with rainproof and moisture-proof
materials storage area. Materials shall be stacked according to markings and must not
be thrown randomly during loading, unloading and transportation.

5.1.4 Before the construction of the pervious cement concrete pavement, the base layer
shall be cleaned and interface treated, and the treated base surface shall be rough, clean,
free of water, and kept in a certain moist state.

5.2 Mixing and transport

5.2.1 Pervious cement concrete should be ready-mixed in a concrete mixing station

mixed with a mandatory mixer. The capacity of the mixer shall be selected based on
parameters such as engineering quantity, construction progress, construction sequence,
and transportation means. The prepared pervious cement concrete mixture shall
maintain good workability, adhesion between the slurry and aggregate, and plasticity in

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

the stacking state before paving. The transportation time of fresh concrete from the
machine to the working surface should not exceed 30 minutes.

5.2.3 The pervious cement concrete should be mixed by first adding the aggregate and
50% of the water to the mixer and mixing for 30 seconds, then adding cement,
reinforcer, and admixture and mixing for 40 seconds, and finally adding the remaining
water and mixing for more than 50 seconds. In order to feed the raw materials of ready-
mixed pervious cement concrete, it is advisable to put the aggregate, admixtures and
cement into the mixer first, to dry-mix for 10 seconds, then add 90% of the water and
continue mixing for 40 s ~ 60 s, and adjust the remaining water according to the state
of the mixture and continue mixing for 10 s ~ 20 s. The total mixing time shall not be
less than 60 seconds; the slump shall comply with the current national standard Ready-
mixed concrete, GB/T 14902.

5.2.5 During the transportation of pervious cement concrete mixture, segregation shall
be prevented, and attention shall be paid to maintaining the humidity of the mixture.
Covering and other measures shall be taken when necessary. The pervious cement
concrete truck mixer shall comply with the current national standard Concrete truck
mixer, GB/T 26408, and shall be provided with thermal insulation or heat insulation
measures.

5.2.5A The loading capacity of the pervious cement concrete truck mixer shall be
determined based on the transportation distance, traffic conditions, climatic conditions,
and the paving volume per unit time. The mixture transported to the site shall be used
as needed and must not be backlogged.

5.2.6 The allowable maximum time from the pervious cement concrete mixture is
discharged from the mixer to it is transported to the construction site for paving,
compaction, and pouring can be determined by the laboratory based on the initial setting
time of the cement and the construction temperature, and shall comply with the
provisions of Table 5.2.6. When transporting using a truck mixer, the maximum time
should not exceed 1.5 hours.

5.3 Pervious cement concrete pavement paving

5.3.3 The construction of water-washing pervious cement concrete shall be the same as
the construction of ordinary pervious cement concrete. The process after paving and
smoothing shall meet the following requirements:

1 Before the final setting of the surface concrete, the surface layer shall be washed with
a high-pressure water gun in time to remove the cementitious material on the surface
and expose the natural stone evenly, so that the particles do not loosen or fall off.

2 After rinsing the surface, the remaining slurry on the surface and in the air gap shall
be removed in time, and the surface shall be covered with plastic film for moisturizing
and curing.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

3 The construction technology of washing while construction mustn’t be taken.

5.4 Joint construction

5.4.1 When the strength of the pervious cement concrete pavement reaches 25% ~ 30%
of the design strength, the pavement can be joint-cut. The cutting depth of pavement
contraction joints should be (1/3~1/2) the surface layer thickness (Figure 5.4.1-1, Figure
5.4.1-2). Construction joints can replace contraction joints; the depth of pavement
expansion joints shall be the same as the thickness of the pavement (Figure 5.4.1-3,
Figure 5.4.1-4). The cutting depth of pavement contraction joints should be (1/2~1/3)
h1; the pavement expansion joints shall be the same as the thickness of the pavement.
Construction joints can replace expansion joints during construction.

Figure 5.4.1-1 – Total pervious cement concrete pavement contraction joint structure
(unit: mm)

1 – surface layer; 2 – base; 3 – contraction joint

Figure 5.4.1-2 – Semi-pervious cement concrete pavement contraction joint structure

(unit: mm)

1 – surface layer; 2 – base; 3 – surface contraction joint; 4 – base contraction joint

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Figure 5.4.1-3 – Total pervious cement concrete pavement expansion joint structure
(unit: mm)

1 – surface layer; 2 – base; 3 – expansion joint

Figure 5.4.1-4 – Semi-pervious cement concrete pavement expansion joint structure

(unit: mm)

1 – surface layer; 2 – impervious base; 3 – expansion joint

5.4.2 Pavement contraction joints and expansion joints during construction shall be
embedded with flexible elastic joint materials.

5.5 Curing

5.5.2 During the curing period, the pervious concrete pavement shall not be used the
pervious concrete pavement shall not be opened to traffic, and the integrity of the
covering material shall be ensured.

5.5.3 After the curing is completed, the ordinary colored pervious cement concrete
pavement and the water-washing pervious cement concrete pavement shall be sprayed
with protective agent. The surface layer shall be kept dry and clean during spraying; the
protective agent shall be sprayed 1 ~ 2 times at a dosage of 0.2 kg ~ 0.25 kg per square
meter. Pervious cement concrete pavement shall not be put into use before it reaches
the design strength. The strength of pervious cement concrete pavement shall be based
on the strength of pervious cement concrete test blocks.

5.6 Seasonal construction

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

5.6.7 The construction of pervious cement concrete pavement during high temperature
periods in summer shall comply with the following regulations:

1 During the pouring of the concrete mixture, the time for transportation, paving,
compaction and other processes shall be shortened as much as possible, and the surface
shall be covered and sprinkled with water for curing in a timely manner after finishing;

2 The mixing station shall be equipped with a sunshade; the formwork and base surface
shall be moistened with water before pouring concrete;

3 In case of shower, construction shall be suspended and the poured concrete surface
shall be covered with plastic film in a timely manner.

6 Acceptance

6.1 General requirements

6.1.1 The construction quality of pervious cement concrete pavement shall be inspected
and accepted according to the following requirements:

5 The strength of pervious cement concrete pavement strength shall be based on

strength of pervious cement concrete test blocks. The supervision unit shall conduct
parallel testing and witness sampling testing of test blocks, test pieces and on-site
testing items in accordance with regulations.

6 The quality of the inspection batch shall be inspected and accepted by the dominant
items and general items.

7 The unit responsible for re-inspection or testing shall be an independent third party
with corresponding qualifications.

8 The appearance quality of the engineering shall be jointly confirmed by the

acceptance personnel through on-site inspection.

6.2 Quality test standards

Dominant items

6.2.1 The quality of raw materials shall meet the following requirements:

3 Aggregates shall be made of hard, durable, clean crushed stones and gravels, and shall
comply with the provisions of Table 3.1.4-1 or Table 3.1.4-1 of this Specification.

Inspection quantity: For aggregates from the same place of origin, the same variety, the
same specifications, and that come into the site continuously, every 400 m3 is
considered a batch. Where it is less than 400 m3, it is counted as a batch. Each batch
will be randomly inspected once.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Inspection method: Check the test report.

General items

6.2.3 The surface of the pervious cement concrete pavement shall be smooth; the edges
and corners shall be neat; there shall be no stones falling off or slurry gathering.

6.2.6 The surface stones of the water-washing pervious cement concrete pavement shall
be evenly distributed and shall be no looseness or falling off.

Inspection quantity: Full inspection.

Inspection method: Observation.

7 Maintenance

7.0.1 After the pervious cement concrete pavement is delivered for use, it shall be
maintained regularly. For pervious cement concrete pavement in winter, timely snow
removal and other measures shall be taken to prevent the pavement from freezing.
Mechanical de-icing should not be used, and sand or ash must not be spread.

7.0.2 After the pervious cement concrete pavement is put into use, in order to ensure
the permeability of the pervious cement concrete, high-pressure water (5 MPa ~ 20 MPa)
can be used to flush the pores and clean the blockages, or compressed air can be used
to flush the pores and remove the blockages vacuum pump and other special equipment
can be used to suck out the debris blocking the pores.

7.0.3 When the pervious cement concrete pavement has cracks or and aggregates fall
off in a large area, maintenance must be carried out. When performing partial
maintenance, use a cutting machine for joint-cutting. The cutting position shall be
square. Eradicate all loose particles on the pavement structure layer. After cleaning dust
and debris at the bottom of the structure layer, re-pave it; when repairing the entire
board, the entire board shall be cut by the existing cutting-joints, after removing the
loose aggregates on the pavement first, and cleaning the dust and debris in the pores
dust and debris, re-pave pave with new pervious cement concrete.

7.0.4 For pervious cement concrete pavement in winter, measures such as timely snow
removal shall be taken to prevent the pavement from freezing. Mechanical de-icing
should not be used, and sand, ash or industrial salt snow melting agents must not be
spread.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Appendix A
Test method of permeability coefficient

A.0.3 Measuring instruments shall meet the following requirements:

3 Graduated cylinder: The capacity is 2 L, and the minimum scale is 20 1 mL.

A.0.8 This water temperature at 15 °C is taken as the standard temperature of this test
piece. The permeability coefficient at the standard temperature shall be calculated as
follows:

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Appendix B
Test method for continuous void

B.0.1 Continuous void testing equipment shall meet the following requirements:

1 The measuring range of the electronic balance shall not be less than 10 kg, and the
accuracy shall be 10 g;

2 The volume of the pool or water tank shall be able to accommodate a group of test
pieces;

3 The bucket shall be able to suspend and immerse one test piece.

B.0.2 The pervious cement concrete test pieces shall be cubic test pieces. The size of
the test piece shall be 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm. They shall be cured under standard
curing conditions for more than 7 days. The number of test pieces shall be 3.

B.0.3 The continuous void test should be carried out according to the following steps:

1 Soak the test pieces in water at 20 °C; take them out after 24 hours and drain; measure
the length, width and height of the test pieces, to the nearest 1 mm; calculate the volume
(V) of the test pieces;

2 Move the test piece into the bucket (Figure B.0.3), and weigh the suspended
immersion mass m1 of the test piece, accurate to 1 g;

Figure B.0.3 – Schematic of testing the test piece in water

1 – electronic balance; 2 – pervious cement concrete test piece

3 Take out the test piece and place it in the standard curing room to drain. When there
is no dripping water from the bottom of the test piece, weigh the mass m2 of the test
piece, accurate to 1 g.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

B.0.4 The continuous void of pervious cement concrete test pieces shall be calculated
according to the following formula:

Where

Kr – continuous void of the test piece (%), accurate to 0.1%;

m1 – suspended immersion mass of the test piece (g);

m2 – mass of the test piece in the dry state on the saturated surface (g);

V – volume of the test piece (cm3);

ρW – density of water, which is 1 g/cm3.

B.0.5 Evaluation of test results: Take the arithmetic mean of the test values of the three
test pieces as the test result of this group of test pieces. If the difference between the
maximum value or the minimum value among the three calculated values and the
middle value exceeds 15% of the middle value, the middle value shall be taken as the
test result of this group of test pieces. If the difference between both the maximum value
and minimum value AND the middle value exceeds 15% of the middle value, the test
results of this group will be invalid.

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 CJJ/T 135-2009

Normative standards

1 Standard for design of outdoor wastewater engineering, GB 50014

2 Standard for test methods of long-term performance and durability of ordinary

concrete, GB/T 50082

3 Code for utility technical of concrete admixture, GB 50119

4 Code of urban wastewater engineering planning, GB 50318

5 Common Portland cement, GB 175

6 Concrete admixtures, GB 8076

7 Test method for abrasion resistance of inorganic paving materials, GB/T 12988

8 Pebble and crushed stone for construction, GB/T 14685

9 Ready-mixed concrete, GB/T 14902

10 Floor coating, GB/T 22374

11 Recycled coarse aggregate for concrete, GB/T 25177

12 Concrete truck mixer, GB/T 26408

13 Specification for mix proportion design of ordinary concrete, JGJ 55

14 Standard of water for concrete, JGJ 63

15 Code for construction and quality acceptance of road works in city and town, CJJ 1

16 Code for design of urban road engineering, CJJ 37

17 Code for design of urban road subgrades, CJJ 194

18 Technical specification for application of pervious recycled aggregate concrete,

CJJ/T 253

__________ END __________

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