COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES affliations or degree program taken,

nationality, economic status, academic or

-communicative strategies are plans and methods corporate designations)
of communicating information used to attain a  Situation (time, venue, occasion, and
specific social linguistic, or psychological goal. size)
Types of Communicative strategies  Psychology (values, beliefs, attitudes,
preferences, cultural and racial ideologies,
1. Nomination and needs)
-a strategy where the speaker introduces  Purpose- can be classified into three:
a topic to be talked about.  Informative speech (to inform)
-starting a conversation -provides the audience with clear
2. Restriction understanding of the concept.
-a strategy where responses are limited  Entertainment speech (to entertain)
or restricted according to a set standard. -provides the audience amusement.
3. Turn-Taking  Persuasive speech (to persuade)
-a strategy where one speaker knows -provides the audience with well-argued
when to stop talking and gives the other ideas that can influence their own beliefs
speaker the chance to speak. and decisions.
4. Topic Control  Topic- your focal point of your speech
-this strategy keeps the communication  Narrowing down a topic- means making
flowing without moving away from the your main idea more specific and focused.
topic.  Data Gathering- the stage where you collect
5. Topic Shifting ideas, information, sources, and references
-strategy that is appropriate for relevant or related to your specific topic.
introducing a new topic;  Writing patterns- are structures that will
-this is where the speaker intentionally or help you organize the ideas related to your
unintentionally changes the topic. topic.
6. Repair  Biographical- presents descriptions of
-strategy use when the communication your life or of a person, famous or not.
breaks down.  Categorical/Topical- Presents related
-It fixes or resolve what has been broken categories supporting the topic.
down by clarification and repetition  Causal- Presents cause-effect
7. Termination relationships
-strategy wherein the speaker ends the  Chronological- Presents the idea in time
conversation. order.
 Comparison/contrast- Presents
SPEECH PROCESS
comparison/contrast of teo or three
points.
 Problem-solution- Presents an identified
problem, its causes and recommended
solutions.
 Outline- a hierarchical list that shows the
relationship of your ideas. Some suggested
formats;
1. Table Format
2. List Format
Components of speech writing process
 Body of the speech- provides explanations,
 Audience analysis-entails looking into the
examples, or any details that can help you
profile of your target audience.
deliver your purpose and explain the main
 Demography(age range, male-female
idea or your speech.
ratio, educational background and
 Introduction- is the foundation of your  When you are a candidate for a post in a
speech student government and you deliver your
 Conclusion- restates the main idea of your campaign speech before a voting public.
speech.  When you are assigned to report a topic
 Editing/Revising- your written speech in class.
involves correcting errors in mechanics, such
as grammar, punctuation, capitilazation, unity, Advantages:
 Helps you look confident
coherence, and others.Adrew Dlugan (2013)
 Engages the audience
an award winning public speaker, lists six
Disadvantages:
power principles for speech editing.  May not have adequate time to plan and
 Edit for focus- ensure that everything organize thoughts
you have written(introduction to  Lacks opportunities to prepare and
conclusion) is related to your central rehearse
message. Tips :
 Edit for clarity- make all ideas in your  Create an outline
speech clear by arranging them in logical  Organize your points logically (most
order. important to least important or vice
 Edit for concission- keep your speech versa)
short, simple, and clear by eliminating  Use facts and real-life experiences as your
unrelated stories and sentences and by examples
 Manage your time well
using simple words.
 Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse
 Edit for continuity- keep the flow of your
presentation smooth by adding transition
words and phrases.
2. Impromptu
 Edit for impact- make your speech Description
memorable by using these  Speaking without advanced
strategies:surprise the audience, use vivid preparation
descriptive images, write well-crafted and  Unrehearsed speech
memorable lines, and use figures of spech.  Spoken conversationally
 Rehearsing- opportunity to identify what Speaking Situations
works and what does not work for you and for  In an event where you are asked to say a
your target audience. few words
 First day at work or in class, or during an
Types of Speeches According to Purpose interview
Advantages
 Informative speech  Spontaneous or natural speaking
 Entertainment speech  More focused and brief
 Persuasive speech Disadvantages
 Tendency to be disorganized
Types Of Speeches According To Delivery  Lacks connection with the audience
 Nerve-racking for inexperienced speakers
1. Extemporaneous and beginners
Description: Tips
 Once you are requested to say something,
 Speaking with limited preparation pause for a moment to plan in your head
 Guided by notes or outline what to say.
 Delivered conversationally  State your main point briefly and deliver
 Most popular type it at a pace your audience can follow.
 Bridging. This entails building a
Speaking Situations: connection between what you do know
and what you do not know.
 Reframing. This means rephrasing or
redefining the topic into something that
 you want to talk about. This usually  You will feel more confident. If you know
occurs if you think the topic is that you have committed the speech to
inappropriate or it is not meant for you. memory, you will not be anxious about
 End by saying thank you. running out of words or not knowing
what to say.
3. Manuscript Disadvantages
Description  You might forget what you are supposed
 Speaking with advanced preparation to say. Long pauses can create a very
 Planned and rehearsed speech awkward moment between you and your
 Reading aloud a written message audience.
Speaking Situations  You might memorize the speech
 Newscasting with a TelePrompter or an mechanically. This can result in a very
autocue device unnatural delivery
 Presenting the legal proceedings and  You might focus on content.Consequently,
verdict in court  groping for the right words might make
 Reading the rules and criteria in a contest you look uptight and stiff.
Advantages  You might be too tied to
 Exact repetition of the written words remembering your script. This will give
 Guided speech you no chance to pay attention and
Disadvantages respond to audience feedback.
 Boring and uninteresting presentation Tips
 Lacks audience rapport or connection  Break it down! You cannot memorize a
Tips speech in one sitting. If your speech has
 Rehearse the speech over and over again four paragraphs, you should focus on one
until you sound natural. paragraph at a time. Once you have
 Observe accomplished news anchors and memorized the first paragraph, focus on
note how conversational they sound the next one.
when they deliver the news.  Build it up! After memorizing the speech
4. Memorized in snippets, you need to put them
Description together. Recite the first paragraph and
 Speaking with advanced preparation move on to the second. After this, recite
 Planned and rehearsed speech the first and second paragraphs and move
 Reciting a written message word-for- on to the third.
word from memory  Speak out! Do not memorize the speech
Speaking Situations silently.
 When you perform in a stage play  Identify keys! Identify a key point in every
 When you deliver a declamation, paragraph.
oratorical, or literary piece  Record and listen! Record yourself
 When an actor or actress in a scene delivering the speech and listen to it over
performs a script from memory and over again. Like a song, the speech
Advantages will get stuck in your head.
 You do not need notes anymore. Since the  Use note cards! Write one key point on
speech is memorized, you do not have to one note card. Bring these note cards
worry about when to read and when to wherever you go and take them out
whenever you have extra time to
glance at your audience.
memorize, especially during idle times of
the day.
Speech Delivery in Various Situations
 You can plan gestures, facial expressions, 1. Speaking to a specific audience size
and movement. When you know the Description
speech by heart, it will be easier for you to  Audience size depends on the venue size.
work on nonverbalcommunication. Advantages
 You can concentrate on visual aids and  You can determine your approach with
props. A memorized speech will help you your audience: more intimate and
focus more on your props if you have any.
 personal for a smaller size; more formal Tips
for a larger size.  Check the venue days before your
Disadvantages scheduled speech and arrive hours earlier
 This can be challenging andintimidating. in the venue, so you can determine the
Tips adjustments to make.
 Ask the organizers about the estimated  For a large venue, speak more slowly, use
number of the audience so you can adjust pauses frequently to highlight the most
your delivery. important ideas of your speech, and make
 Practice, practice, practice use of facial expressions and gestures.
When you use visual aids, make them
2. Speaking in an open-air venue or more visible.
outside a building  In a small venue, your audience will see
Description you up close. Therefore, manage your
 Examples are open courts or grounds, notes well when you use them and adjust
football fields, farms, etc. your nonverbal cues as necessary.
Advantages  Practice, practice, practice
 You will feel more relaxed due to the 4. Speaking with a microphone
atmosphere of the venue. Description
Disadvantages  Its main function is to increase the
 You will encounter lot of communication volume of your voice, not to clarify the
barriers such as noise, inattentive pronunciation and enunciation of words.
audiences, discomfort, challenging Advantages
weather, possible absence of technology  With a microphone, you can easily get the
such as audio-visual equipment, etc. attention of your audience because of the
 You might be forced to make adjustments, loudness of your voice.
especially in voice projection. Disadvantages
Tips  Using a microphone can be challenging
 Check the venue prior to your speaking because there is a tendency to underuse
engagement. or overuse it
 Ask the organizers about the availability Tips
of equipment.  Check the microphone if it functions well.
 Challenge yourself on how you can get  Check your voice in the microphone to see
and maintain the attention of your whether you are audible enough.
audience.  In a small venue, you may not use a
 Use the outdoor setting or venue to your microphone, but you need to manage
advantage as a way of jumpstarting your your voice’s volume well.
speech or as an example to support your  Practice, practice, practice.
main point.
5. Speaking with a podium or lectern
3. Speaking in different venue Description
Description  A podium or lectern is a reading desk
 Speaking venues that vary according to with a stand and a slanted top.
size: classroom, meeting or conference Advantages
room, ball room, social hall, auditorium,  Notes can be placed on the slanted top,
covered court, open court, etc. and will work best for extemporaneous
and manuscript speeches.
 The lectern can be used as a means to
Advantages hide or cover nervousness or stage fright.
 You will be exposed to different venues, Disadvantages
which will add to your public speaking  Some may have the tendency to hide their
experience. hands behind the podium, which will not
Disadvantages help them enhance their message
 You will be exposed to different venues, Tips
which will add to your public speaking  Stand straight, as good posture exudes
experience. confidence.
  Avoid gripping the edges of the podium 8. Avoid fillers or expressions that substitute
with both hands. Aside from this, also actual words in your speech because these words
avoid hiding them behind the podium. are distracting. Examples of fillers are “like,” “um,”
 For extemporaneous and impromptu “ah,” “uh,” and “er.”
speakers, step to the side occasionally
once you have composed yourself, so you 9. Start your speech by standing straight and
can effectively use your gestures, make balancing your weight. This will give a positive
eye contact, and connect more with your first impression.
audience.
 Practice, practice, practice. 10.Use precise movements. Avoid distracting
mannerisms like swaying back and forth, leaning
on the podium, licking or biting your lips, playing
Tools for effective Speech Delivery with your wristwatch or jewelry, scratching parts
1.How they approach their audience (formal, of your body, frowning, and others.
informal, personal, conversational, intimate,
among others) 11.Avoid having a poker face or a highly animated
face. These facial expressions appear distracting
2.How they connect with their audience (using eye and may even be annoying.
contact, body movements, and facial expressions)
12.Dress properly and appropriately.
3.How they present themselves (stage presence:
how they look, stand, walk, use nonverbal cues, act 13.Observe ethics by coming prepared, being
on and off the stage) honest with your words, being polite, avoiding
offensive words and back-biting or talking
4.How they use their voice in terms of volume negative things about other people, or copying
(loudness or softness), pitch (highness or someone’s work without proper documentation.
lowness), rate or speed, pauses to show emphasis
and strengthen the clarity of the message, vocal 14.Breathe in and out to relax before your speech.
variety (effective changes in volume, pitch, rate Most importantly, have
and pauses), and pronunciation. fun.

More Tips for Effective Speech

Delivery
1. Use a conversational style more often. Audience
members do not like the speaker to sound
unnatural or exaggerated.

2. Look your audience members in the eye so they

will feel that they are part of your speech.

3. Remember to adjust your volume to the size of

the audience and the venue.

4. Vary your rate or speed to keep your audience

interested and to avoid a monotone pattern.

5. Master your voice and find your pitch level

(high or low).

6. Use pauses when you emphasize the most

important words, phrases, or sentences.

7. Pronounce and enunciate words correctly.