chemistry project file

Topic:-Alcohol, Phenol & Ether
Certificate
This is to certify that Reyansh Choudhary, a student
of Class XII, has successfully completed the research
project “Alcohol , Phenol & Ether” under the
guidance of Mr. Mohanlal sir during the academic
year 2024-2025 in partial fulfillment of chemistry
practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New
Delhi.
Acknowledgement
To our esteemed teacher, Mohanlal sir, for providing

guidance, support, and valuable insights throughout the
project. Your expertise and patience helped us navigate the
complexities of chemistry and ensured the successful
completion of our project.
To our classmates, who collaborated and contributed to the
project’s development. Your cooperation, encouragement,
and constructive feedback were invaluable in shaping our
understanding of the topic.
To the school administration, for granting us permission to
conduct research and utilize necessary resources for our
project. Your support enabled us to explore the topic
thoroughly and present our findings effectively.
To our parents and guardians, for their unwavering support,
encouragement, and understanding throughout the project’s
execution. Your trust and confidence in us motivated us to
work diligently and produce a high-quality project.
To the authors of various research papers, articles, and
online resources, whose work served as valuable references
for our project. Your contributions to the field of chemistry
have enriched our understanding and inspired our curiosity.
To the broader scientific community, for their ongoing
research and efforts to understand and mitigate atmospheric
pollution, the focus of our project. Your tireless work has
helped us gain a deeper appreciation for the importance of
chemistry in addressing global challenges.
By acknowledging these individuals and entities, we express
our gratitude for their roles in enabling us to complete our
chemistry project. We hope that our project contributes to
the ongoing pursuit of knowledge and understanding in the
field of chemistry.
Introduction
The chapter "Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers" in Class 12th CBSE
Chemistry focuses on the important organic compounds that play a
significant role in various chemical and industrial processes. These
compounds, derived from hydrocarbons, contain functional groups
such as hydroxyl (-OH) for alcohols, phenolic (-OH) for phenols, and
ether (-O-) for ethers, each contributing distinct chemical properties
and uses.
Alcohols: Alcohols are organic compounds containing one or more

hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to a saturated carbon atom. Alcohols
are classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary based on the
number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl
group. They are widely used in industries for the production of
beverages, solvents, fuels, and pharmaceuticals. Key examples include
methanol (CH₃OH), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), and isopropyl alcohol (C₃H₇OH).
Phenols: Phenols are compounds where a hydroxyl group (-OH) is

directly attached to a benzene ring. These compounds are known for
their antiseptic and antioxidant properties and find applications in the
preparation of plastics, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. Common examples
include phenol (C₆H₅OH) and its derivatives like cresols and
hydroquinone.
Ethers: Ethers are characterized by an oxygen atom bonded to two

alkyl or aryl groups (R-O-R'). They are generally used as solvents in
chemical reactions due to their relatively low reactivity. Ethers have a
wide range of uses in industrial processes, including in the
manufacture of anesthetics and pharmaceuticals. Examples of ethers
include dimethyl ether (CH₃OCH₃) and ethyl ether (C₂H₅OC₂H₅).
In this chapter, students will explore the various methods of

preparation, properties, and reactions of alcohols, phenols, and
ethers. Understanding these compounds is essential for both
theoretical knowledge and practical applications in fields like
medicine, industry, and environmental science.
The chapter also highlights the significance of these organic
compounds in our everyday lives, making it crucial for students to
grasp their chemical behavior and applications in real-world contexts.
Alcohol
This chapter explores the chemistry of alcohols, phenols, and ethers—
important organic compounds with diverse chemical and industrial
significance. Let’s break down the theory of these compounds,
focusing on their structure, classification, methods of preparation,
properties, and reactions.
1. Alcohols
Alcohols are organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl
groups (-OH) attached to a saturated carbon atom. They are classified
based on the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon bearing
the hydroxyl group.
Classification of Alcohols:
Primary Alcohols (1°): The hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon that
is bonded to only one alkyl group. Example: Ethanol (C₂H₅OH).
Secondary Alcohols (2°): The hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon
that is bonded to two alkyl groups. Example: Isopropanol (C₃H₇OH).
Tertiary Alcohols (3°): The hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon that
is bonded to three alkyl groups. Example: Tert-butyl alcohol (C₄H₉OH).
Methods of Preparation:
Hydration of Alkenes: Alcohols can be synthesized by adding water
(hydration) to alkenes in the presence of a catalyst (H₂SO₄).
C2H4+H2O→H2SO4C2H5OHC_2H_4 + H_2O --- {H_2SO_4}
C_2H_5OHC2H4+H2OH2SO4C2H5OH
Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones: Alcohols can be prepared by
reducing aldehydes or ketones using reagents like LiAlH₄ or NaBH₄.
Fermentation of Sugars: Ethanol is industrially produced by the
fermentation of sugars in the presence of yeast.
Properties:
Physical Properties: Alcohols are polar due to the hydroxyl group,
resulting in higher boiling points compared to alkanes and ethers of
similar molecular weight.
Chemical Properties: Alcohols exhibit typical reactions such as:
Oxidation: Primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes and then to
acids; secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones.
Dehydration: Alcohols undergo dehydration to form alkenes in the
presence of concentrated H₂SO₄.
Reaction with Sodium: Alcohols react with sodium to form alkoxides
and hydrogen gas.
Phenol
Phenols are compounds where the hydroxyl group (-OH)
is directly attached to an aromatic benzene ring. They
are considered weak acids and have diverse applications
in industries.
Structure and Classification:
•Phenol (C₆H₅OH): The simplest example where a
hydroxyl group is attached to a benzene ring.
•Substituted Phenols: Phenols can have alkyl or halogen
groups attached to the benzene ring, which affect their
reactivity and properties.
Methods of Preparation:
•From Benzene: Phenols are prepared by the
hydroxylation of benzene using a strong oxidizing agent
like oxygen or by the reaction of phenol with NaOH.
•From Haloarenes: Substituted phenols can be prepared
by the reaction of haloarenes with aqueous sodium
hydroxide (e.g., chlorobenzene reacts with NaOH to
form phenol).
Properties:
•Physical Properties: Phenols are generally weak acids
and are more soluble in water than alcohols due to the
ability of the hydroxyl group to form hydrogen bonds.
•Chemical Properties: Phenols undergo various
reactions, including:
• Electrophilic Substitution: The hydroxyl group makes the
benzene ring more reactive towards electrophilic
substitution reactions like nitration, halogenation, and
sulfonation.
• Acidity: Phenols are more acidic than alcohols due to the
delocalization of the negative charge in the phenoxide ion
after deprotonation.
• Reaction with Sodium: Phenols react with sodium to
release hydrogen gas and form sodium phenoxide.
Ether
• Ethers are organic compounds where an oxygen
atom is bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. They
are commonly used as solvents in industrial
processes due to their relatively low reactivity and
volatility.
• Structure and Classification:
• Simple Ethers (R-O-R’): Both alkyl groups (R and
R’) are identical or different. Examples: Dimethyl
ether (CH₃OCH₃), Ethyl methyl ether (C₂H₅OCH₃).
• Cyclic Ethers: The oxygen is part of a ring
structure. Example: Tetrahydrofuran (THF).
• Methods of Preparation:
• Williamson Synthesis: This is the most common
method for preparing ethers, where an alkoxide
ion reacts with a primary alkyl halide.
R−O−+R’−X→R−O−R’+X−R-O⁻ + R’-X \rightarrow R-
O-R’ + X⁻R−O−+R’−X→R−O−R’+X−
• Dehydration of Alcohols: Ethers can be
synthesized by the dehydration of alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (e.g., H₂SO₄).
2R−OH→H2SO4R−O−R+H2O2R-OH
\xrightarrow{H_2SO_4} R-O-R +
H_2O2R−OHH2SO4R−O−R+H2O
• Properties:
• Physical Properties: Ethers are relatively less
polar than alcohols and phenols, leading to lower
boiling points. They are also soluble in water and
have low toxicity.
• Chemical Properties: Ethers are relatively inert,
but they can undergo reactions such as:
• Cleavage with Acid: Ethers can be cleaved into alcohols
or alkyl halides under acidic conditions (e.g., in the
presence of HI).
• Combustion: Ethers are flammable and combust to
produce CO₂ and H₂O.
Applications and Importance
•Alcohols: Used in beverages (ethanol), as

solvents, in fuel production, and in
pharmaceutical industries.
•Phenols: Used in antiseptics (phenolic
compounds), plastic production (e.g., Bakelite),
and in the synthesis of various drugs.
•Ethers: Widely used as solvents in the
pharmaceutical and chemical industries and as
anesthetics (e.g., diethyl ether).
Conclusion
• This chapter provides essential insights
into the chemical behavior, properties,
and industrial applications of alcohols,
phenols, and ethers. Understanding
these compounds is crucial for their wide
range of uses in daily life and in various
scientific and industrial fields, making
this chapter a fundamental part of
organic chemistry
Bibliography
• Textbook of class 12th Chemistry
• https://www.google.com/
• https://www.wikipedia.org/
• https://chatgpt.com/
• Help from subject teacher and lab
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Topic:-Alcohol, Phenol & Ether

To our esteemed teacher, Mohanlal sir, for providing

Alcohols: Alcohols are organic compounds containing one or more

Phenols: Phenols are compounds where a hydroxyl group (-OH) is

Ethers: Ethers are characterized by an oxygen atom bonded to two

In this chapter, students will explore the various methods of

•Alcohols: Used in beverages (ethanol), as

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