<br>

Dated

PoLLEN GIERMINATTON
txeERIMENT N, o1
- f pollen qexmnation
Aln To study
Sllds.
Requement-SucHOSe l0 gm, Borc acrd,
lomacalcfum ntrate 3oma
sulpha'
Potassum
omq
tate loma ateYmaanesiim
Hibc us flowex
te dic\led
fo pollen qalas safanio glycoal, slde
Cove sip etc
Obsevatieo table.
laTotal no
EloueHS. of bNo.of pallen% of pollen
pollen qrafa choulaa getooaton
|Seen gemiaahon
Hibfscus Lo

Conclusion
a a
Pollen qafs qernnate Sugan Soluton
ohich act nutot fos enegy
<br>

Dated

Neaetoe ceL

Male
9rmete

Gieneete
Cell Tobe nucleus
<br>

Dated

Pallen oia chsesved ubaten and thin exe

he oe ptues.
Sugan loduces gooth of pollea thsough the
gem poHe

Punbaby panon eshMulate. Ahe gesmncton

of polleo giatas.
Paecauttons
ony a Seus pollen should be dusted a a

each Side
Pollen dusted ast be dipped i a
the tiest
soluta Ca the cauity
la the sltde.
*Place he ŠLp canefuly
Check aßn bubles.
<br>

Dated

txpeRIMENT -NO- 02
DNA foom cuailable pant
Aloi- Tsolatn of
mateHal ohích Such asas spnach
papaya ,onfbn etc.
Plant mateHal,:tilled uoater
Requirement
handLOash salt, chilled ethdnol
petrds qlass tod.
Observatioa:-
ObsesNotûo- Nddiional of ethaol to the
SolutOn ccuses prlciptaton of
ONA
DNA fibnes get s poiled on glass od.
Pyecaution Wash he plant mnaeual
houchy with dístilled ualen to
4enoNe any dust pahtles.
ne eled fos ONA
The chemical sdlatoo of
should be manufactured bu standexeA
by
phamnceulícals
<br>

Seguance
helix of ONA.oUCleodes
nucleotde ea a Dated
olant oc Couble

3 Double. halix or dupler or ONA

Base pa ir

Adenie Thyninc
Cuga
Phosphate
bachbor Hunanne Cytoine
Teacher 's Sgnature
<br>

Dated

txeERIMENT No. 03
Alon i plat populatba densty
Study of plant
by quadrate method
Requtmet
- Meten Scale, stroq nails,
papes penciL, digqer, tape etc.
ObsexNahon
SNNoarne oNae of aduiduala plant ot
Specie s o
spec ial counted differeot
quondyates

Resu+
Densiti
of
It he nuneca
SAnength Speces pe unit
s
calculated
<br>

1 m
Nail

Y Thread
A
-Species
B
f-Species
Hte
Species C
1 m 1 m -Species D
-Species E
-Species F

Hte

1 m
Fig. A quadrat with sub-units
<br>

Dated
o
1)3 Populaton densiy ofa plant species the
guen field
oo. of a spectes
=Total iodiidual of
the quadates
o
f
No. quadrates
That io populaton density per squase metre)

T
Ci) avoid Abe UaHatibo intu
dataquadate
a
chould he selected
feld.
i) Oaly Seu plast speces oust be
be cnsdened fos
dta collectian ia one tne.
(e)Cout 4he no. of plats caue Sully
<br>

Dated.

Lxpcnent No. 04
Stud of qoup
Aooi- forequency plat
quad cn
by qiadrat
populatoa
method.

Requiiement : A
paqes, lnete scale ,sriag
cwak book baa fa
5om
plant colleioo etc.
Obseruatioa
No. of
No SoecieS qucdaot Rodkuidual b

Totl no.ol auadrantIotal oo of aae freauenc

a
whh specie auadaat stadius
<br>

1 m -Nail

Thread
A
-Species
-Species B
-Species C
1 m 1 m - Species
Species
D
E
Y -Species F

1 m
Fig. A quadrat with sub-units
<br>

Dated

Poplatiaa fucauency ?

H s the

t fs
calculate d
falloo.
a
Populaton densisty
>
of quodants
No. oheh
Specis ocuH
Tota no of quodrants stadis
Puecautoa
,
To auofd the vanatôn
vaniaton to dota
a
quadses
should be Selected cothñ Creld.
Saly ew ploants spec must be consîdee
data collectoo Ra one tone.
Count te no of plants canefully
<br>

Dated..

txeERTMENT No. 05
Ain:To ptepane termpay mount of
ono
Hoot tip study mitoss
Requiremet Oaîon bulb, Conical flask
petrîdfsbes scissors, forceps ,needle
actdic acid HCQ, acetacaHminedisttlled HaO
sprit lampmicroscope, slicks ,couDislrp etc.
- a pouwer of
Obseuuathoo Uade lauw actangula
cell with pute nucleDUS aHe Sun
sructurel. Undes the hiah poueH of microscope
the follouofag staqes become dstact
–
Iottnphase Tt diuidig phase of
the cell cycle bluw tu
tuwo SUcces&e cell
diusoa evelops
Nucleas and nucleoUs aHe distiact.
Chomotia fbes pper formoa netuwork wftb
the nucleus and axe not distinquished oto
chronDsone
PAophase- Chromata materíal ehautins and
Condenses into thuead like stuctue
Called chHomosome.
Cach chYDnosone consist of tuo chomatid
iato at a
poiat called centronere
<br>

Dated.

the end of the pnophase te nucleus and

>At The cellule contols
oucleas menbrane disappear
Condense ato a
spîodle.
he
Metaphasei- A
bipolasH Spndle deuelops îoto
cell
appear stat and tiak howng
The chmmosome
two chomafds.
he Mhe chromatds at beconne cleay aad attocked to tthe

Spodle fbres there centromene.

Chronsone becone the eaquator of the spdle.

Aoaphase i The centromeHe split oto tuo nd

centromees
the fbres pull the dawgbter
to te opposite poles.
The dowghter chronnosome (sepôsoted chromatids)
appea V,
I,L and I Snapíd dependig upon
the pos?tioa of ceotomere
Telopase The chromsomes each tie poles
the cell uncoil togethe
of and ass
the abiitu to be Seen cleasle
The spndle ibres distingrale
Nuclea menbrane ond nuleottdeaucleous
oteappUt and tuuo dawghte aucleî apper too
opposite poles.
cctokiaecr Cell plate forr motao take del place
blus he tuo daughte Ouclei.
<br>

Dated.

Two daughte cell aHe formed.

Ruecauhons The base of onfon bulb shoud Be
cotect of ate conile qrouwtng
owloa
Hhe HOols.
8
chould be fked ia mosaing blu
Root tips

te
Mhe Root tips should be uashed throughly af
boilaa oith dilte HCe oteHsSe celldoo't
get stalnd.
The cld should be woarmed qety
slid much cboue
48,e flane of spfret lamp.
he HDot tip should not dy up duslaa cuamina
Land stenig
These should be no. ar bubhle a
the slide
<br>

ue)
nd
-Nuclear membrane
rith -Chromatin fibres
-Nucleolus
wer, -Cell membrane
i
be
-Cell wall
Interphase stage
osis:
Cell wall
-Nucdear membrane
fcell -Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
Disappearing
Nucleolus
Chromosomes Chromosomes
long
Cell wall
basic Early prophase
Late prophase
cially

-Spindle fibres
ergy Separated
chromatid
which >Chromatids
-
for Spindle fibres

Early anaphase
pear Metaphase stage
like,
-Cell wal Daughter cell
-ChromoSomes Daughter nucleus
(Chromatids)
work
Cellplate
bres -Spindle fibres -Nuclear
to be membrane
d
like Late anaphase Telophassestage
mes.
Fig. Various stages of mitosis in onion root tip cells.
<br>

Dated

WTNO PouTNATTON
WHEAT ANo AcacTA
(A) HEAT
Comonents Wheat floueY ae Compsed
of spike lets uhich a
made- up
of bact Like structue glunes.

Aloue vey Smalls

haa perianth fa te
3The
Sonm of tuo Sall lodícules which afleY
least Hesistance to the mouement of pollen.
The flouoeH asthee exented stanens with
VeHSaile fxatbnIhey yreld pollen to the air
eastly
The shàna ane tuwo and feathery to catch
the wnd borne pollen easily.
AcAcTA
Conaeote Indiuidual Acacia
a
floue
aHe cuUHnaed floresenco
n
Usually tRe foron of dobulcs heads
Ihe floce ssoma
fssomaitth o
Snall coolla tbe
witk loaa Rlament
ata.
exposed to
>Enaumous quany of ollen s
yelded.
<br>

Dated

Stanen

Teacher's Sgnature
<br>

Dated.

AODPED TO PoLINATION BY
BTRs
(e) ELOER
Alloatfon is the pnocess of tanstomna poles
the Semale
o
rom he nale cOher of flouer
Stigma of the same oY di Sexeot louer.
Slouex bu bftd cal\ed orithdogy.
>
The flouoes bds oHe ctong
pollaated by and
aHe to allouhe brds to stau
adopled
the louer usithout ther oñgs geting
enlongated io them
The flouwe aHo tubleH anc the faciRhs noctor
suckíog by bds.
e flouet
e
odeless and brakt colanod tha
attract the brds.
While sUckfoa te ector the pollen qrah esqet
depasited on thney beaks and nck and is
trans for: to he pla t ey usit noxt

Feo example of flouwer pollinated bu birds

Lous Inomouse mimulus.
<br>

Teacher's Signature
<br>

Dated.

LNsecTS PouTNATTON
(c) BHaSsica s
Cocmneots:- This floueY braht
yellouw colou to attract
the nsects.
tuoo oute
Stamens aue delCesuent together
nner bg
Le,
Smallex and foH
Ouclen'es whh aue
beHe aHe fouH proriiaant
fou
Sought by bees and Posects.

Petuaia aHe
Comononte- he flowe Cornplete

Coloued Coollas.
showiog anc Rave variousl

Sanens a0 fused oith coolla tube So 4hat

insec ts MeptuHe the antheHs
anteS ohen they g
instde te f lowex to see nclenes
Bnights neclces ocuH atte base of stanens
ohich Saughts aftex
aftex by te fnsects
<br>

Dated

Petal
Sttarna
SAylc
Stomen)
Ovany

Se pal
Cedce
Thalamus

Petal
Anthex
Style
Flament
Ovany
Sepal
ed cel
Thalamus
Teacher 's Sgnature
<br>

Dated

Spot2
Ai Tochserve lstudy pollen agran on stigma
shigono
throgh a
pexnanent sLide
Maliol equed ícrOScope, permanont
slide, foeshy packed seasonal
loueHS ,beaker etc
e
RHocedutei-The peMaant slide undea a
microscope and the pollen qexmination
fs obseved.
heay-Pollíaatba sekes to the transfer of
pollen qca from ante to the shiama
meanes
though biotfe at abote the complete
pocess îs as giuen belou.
Once the pollen grains aHe deposited on the
stiama Tt Stantt to qermioate corth the
obsextton
A
of utriets and uatey.
Snall pollen tube s
produced through the
ctyle to ovay move
The tube Cell out of te.e pollen qrah
andpollen
thuouah one
o0e of te,
of
cerm poHes foms
tube.
The oeneahue cell also pasc Roto tAnd
to foTm tLs S00n
Soon
doide mad ee qamete
<br>

-Pollen tube
Male gametes

Style

Fig.:Germinating pollen grain on style/stigma.

<br>

Dated

Ousnfna double fentilzator one of the two

eaa cell of Ovule 4s
Spex Fuses uoite tee egg
helps embyo developnent.
The othe cell combORS oith anoher
subsda
o
Duclee of te that nelp
ovule
the ommation of endasperm.
The aouoag ovule
s
tronsfommed ato aseed
<br>

Dated.

OvARY
s bounded by qexmínal
Comments- OuaHy
SRled cuith stoa.
epitbium and
follicles a
dieferent
Sona has gaflan Jhesee acludes.
stages of developenet
a) Goouofng folcles.
b) Rumay follfcles
Matune gaffaa Eollecles.
Sollicles
Ruptused araffaa
e) Copus luteun
Moatuseqora fan folleles cans fsts of central
cell.
OUuo SuoUnded bu follfcles lollclan
9copus Leum s
fommod altee the HeptuHe
of graffian Gollicles
<br>

ollele
Dated
antun -Matue
Garallron
foliele
Teyay

cotth
Covtex

albugt'noa

dauy

o99Stcon
foniea

ooqoniarinann

-fellicle

wteum

(apus

Blood

Teacher's Signature

KK
<br>

Dated.

IesTIs
Comnets Testis fs composed a lanqe numbex
semfeeUS tübules
of
s Liaed by qerminal
each semiareOUS tbules cell
lepithilLium ond contains seveHal layer of
Ro Sequence.
the folloofag
tolbule
Spexmatogonfa along the periphery of the
bRribnaty spermatocyles
9
Secondoy spermatocytes
7) Spermatds

e Spexnatozoa or spexms Ra the cente..

lasae sestole cells
Specfol He present on
shck spesms aHe attached a
cluste.
Cach 6pexm has Bead 0nd a
Long tail.
<br>

immature mnale germ cells

matogenesis that begins at
atogonium) present on the
bly by mitotic division and
n is diploid and contains 46
ogonia called prinary
=is.A primary spermatocyte
1ction division) leading to
1

Spermatozoa

c
Spermatid
d -Secondary
e spermatocyte
? Primnary
spermatocyte
d
s, Sertoli cell
ne
-m
SS
Spermatogonium

of Figure 2.5 Diagrammatic sectional view of

he seminiferous tubule (enlarged)
ne 31
amic hormone. The increased
bituitary gland and stimulates
sing hormone (LH) and follicle
he Leydig cells and stimulates
drogens, in turn, stimulate the
the Sertolicells and stimulates
<br>

Dated.

SpoT 4

Meosis fa ooion bud cell o

grasshopper testt
usng pexmanant
Ushg sldes
Stages of Me fosis - IL

Ruophase-IiTo Hhs ctages the chromosone e

Condense and moue touoHds
e
cell.It cons lst of
lcente of the
lAifeeot sub-pase

leptotene i- The homoloqus chromasomes se plicate

Zugotenei Synopsis betueen homologous chomo Some
sta
hchutene i- The ssese chomahd sepeate but the
bomologous chomosone Henains attached

Diplotene. miqrate
The tuio homoloanus chonnosome blus
apat and dstag des înteqrate the
chonosorne
ookinesis:at The condensaton of chromesome stop
thfs stages and chiasmata is cleasly
Nistble under an electeon miTOScope The nucleas
and the nucleas enuelap dsappeaM. at his
ctages and te CentoSome mouQS to te eauotor
<br>

Dated.

Leptotene Zygotene
Pachytene

Dplotene Diakihesis Metaphase

Teacher's Signature
<br>

Dated

: The hnomologeus chYomosone

Metaphase-I
that Contaa on 4he dffexet allele

fox each qene Lae he metaphase

plate to be Sepnate.
sepoMated chromasome aue
Anaphase -I: The on
puled tousaHd te centrotes
ette side ofcell
Telophase I The chromosome aste
0ste completely
pulled apat and new nucleas
envelops foms.
Stages of Mefosis II

Riophase -II: In this stages ,the nucleat ewelops

dfsintegates and centroes cup on
deuolop
Metaphase TT-The chromosome lne the
mataphase plate
plate and tte chnomati do
ane o
efther sfde of te metaphase plate
Anaphose t: The sisten chonnattds sepeate as sisten chromcs0
and aHe kooon
Telophase -II: The ceIl deuide 1tto 1e two and
nuclea envelops suHHOUnd he
chromsome.
<br>

Dated

SpoT. - 05
T.S of Mamnalian Blastula
Aion i-To the
obsexve IS of mammalian
pexmaneot slides.
blastula thouah
Lobsenuatiani- Blastula appeat sphene
usith cauit knon
of
as
blastomeyes
blastocoel Oute layeH
as tHOphoblasts obsexVed one end
Kaouone
of blastuDa shous C
ceYullaH masS
to te. trophoblastThis
one cell mass

Embayo deuelnpmet i-Embuyo develaped sa fes

to the dferent staes în
the deuelopmeot of an enbryo.
uaxy
Eonbruonc deuelopment of plant ad aninals
oes
eveo o
annal ,eueMy sectès uadexa
undexgoes diffeent
er developnmeat
Gtages dunfng embnpaic
<br>

Blastocoel Micromeres
Trophoblast
(each cell is a blastomere)
-
Blastocoel

Macromeres mass
Inner cell

:
Fig. A:TS. of Blastula Fig.B Human Blastocyst
<br>

Duted

SpoT :06
Seartaat
To study mend eltan foher itance Clau of of
-oo) ustno seeds of difexent colau (Size
any plat
(AManohybd Cuoss
A
Joo perr a
Roocedune i- lot of about seeds CUHe
taken în an enametray.
The OUnd nd wuakled seeds aue sepanated
Lact aad put different petridíshes.
The Oumbex of the tound and uriokted seed
aHe and ther
ooted and apprormate oatto fs
calculated.
Ihe pocess is Hepeated for the othese Contmstiog
tait fhe
of ee. Yellow and cgeen Colout
Obsenvotaai
S. JchaHacteH /Trait Total o.of No. of Seed shoig AppDximae
No. of seed Confhrashha fom
seed observeAo Cat Hotio
(D Seed shape lRound 8olR): Q6lu)
0Hiokled)
(9)Seed Colounlyellou 3-01:L
<br>

Parents RR) X rr
Round seed Wrinkled seed
Gametes R
Fgeneration
Rr
All round seeds
Selfing of
Rr X Rr
F-generation
Gametes
Fa-generation RR)
Rr Rr r
Phenotypic ratio Round (dominant) Wrinkled (recessive)
3 1
Rr
Genotypic ratio 1 (pure round): 2 (hybrid
round): 1
(pure wrinkled)
ON

n the following table:

Repeat No.
<br>

Dated

Concusîoni- The constrashna Soxms a both

te
tsait of the pea seed(i.e,seed
Land seed coloushou napproxmateas atio
3:1he aho exacty the Same obained
bu
by mendal for monohbrid coSS and ndtale
oe pea te
a
that he dominoat and seed exfst
Hatio 3:1
3:1
a
the populathon plant.
COSS
-
PucedHO A Lot of about 5O pea seed aHe
taker fas ename ray
The yellou Hound yelluw oriakled geen tound.
g4eea rakled Seed aHe
se
pauated and put io
Sepote petrîdisRes.
s
The numbe of seed
a
Sach dis ooted and
hee approx fonate ato s
foUnd out

Obseruatoni
no of Seed No of yellow Wo.of Yellow
Total wsuakled Seed green green
No. observed Hound. Seed nnkle
Rauod seed see

51 145 l6
<br>

rryy Parents
RRYY
(Red flowers and (White lowers
yellowseeds) and green seeds)

RY ry Garnetes
RrYy
(Red flowers and F,-Generatio
yellow seeds)
On
selfing

RY RY
Gametes Garmetes
rY
RRYY

Ry Ry
RrrY RrY

RRYY rYY RRYy

Rrty RrYy RrYy RrYy

RRyy F,-Generation
ry rYy

Rryy Rryy

rryy
<br>

Dated

Conclusiaa i
o
The Ctfo yellou nound ,yellauw irinkled.
urîokled
gHeen MOundgseen ornkled approxrmately
9.3 3:1 ohich is excatly the Same
Lobtaaed Mendal ohybrid
CsDSS.

The fadioales that contrastna qenes foY Seed

ColouH and Seed shape shou independent
assortnent fo e
poplaton of pea seed.
<br>

Dated

SPOT. :- 07
Rotepaued pediatee chasts af any one ,
aenetic traits such as ollhg of tonqus blaod
goup, tans Lobes uiadoo's puls and Coloun
bleadness
A s a
wdauo's Peaki- pediasee uisual shouing
the pattera of heritaaces
fox trart.
Symbals aad Rules
O
Unaffecte fenale
d
Unaffected Men

Afected female Afected Mer

Lak paneats toge ther waitt iae and thea
a

makes vesticle Line to conaect to effspng

Widous peak fs a
hai Lihe and
aad that foms
dizhact peak on autoSome
toked domiaeot traits
ToianSmissioo of traits occuH hon parrents affected.
eRhe Sex males and Sernale eqvall

The
to
pediguee
be present
s
a
vertical
Qach
i.e. the toait
f the qenerahons,
mankecl

Imulhples qeoeHahins aHE aHe chasacesthèally alected.

<br>

Dated

Teacher's Signature
<br>

Dated

Rollíag of tonque Ca Lobes_

a
is SoY
Pediauee Uisual shouoina the patter nG
A of fohertaoce fo
a
rart.
Symhole and Rules

Uaaffected Male Uoaf Cected uDomon

ACecte Male d
ASfected femole
Liak panent toaether usith a
Lhe and the mahe
verticle Lnes to coHect to offspríng.
Consongunity Cnasge between) man and woones
Conaiage between)
eeted to aeach othes Such as cofsins
genetcally selated
accelessfomallu Hesult the ap peaances of such
touats.
Colau A a
RLindaoss- pedlee is viual shouing
the pattern of nheritances fon
taits.

Suobols and Rules :

Uaaffe cted males Unalfected female

ACected tMales Arlected female
Liok paHeot toqether with a he and hen makes
a
uotc le loes to Connect to oflsprhg
<br>

Dated
<br>

Dated

Red guee Colou blhdness s n

ecessue traits.
exanple of
sex X-chomosome LiokeA

Blaod sunps - A
pediasee s aa
usual shouing
a
the poattero inhenrtoance fox taits.
Synbole aod Rules:
Vaaffected males Uaaffected Seonale
AStected males ACfeced emale
Likes pauects together oith oa Lae and then
Lonake weHtele Line to Connt to offspring
STohenitance of blood group fs exarmple of
dominonce multiple allelson and o-domioace
Gueen fox AGo blaod oqroup haurag 3
alleles
aMe domioance
ohile Hecessre.

Codependent Sex of tbe orqanism

<br>

amJrufs,yI
<br>

Duted

SPOT.- 08
Contolled Pollaation -Emasculaton, baggtog and
Lagglog
L. Conutational plant bHeedína roqram ovolve
bsinang under human Controll sHeproductiue
pocesses that lovel to seed and fruit Sosmatíon.
Q. FoH this Controlled pollioatans desiable using
males and Semale pasents hauina desired traits.
3. Oae of the process To EEHY Cover the emasCulated
CloueHS a
oith plastic to protet
undesred pol len s
bag
called
protet t fom
baggng
4. Just afte des iHed cross polltoat'on
Cloue agah CoueHed orth te
the pollinated
Then fos bag inmideatel
dentiaton ,lobellag
fs Called as Taggng
of
female patents

S. J8is process helps n

the produc hon o

coith desisd
lower
chanacenthe procedure.
<br>

om nd e em
parent ed, asha
bagging.
emasculation
wrinkled seeds
to take polythene
the

bag and
Emasculation

immediately

put
appropriate

so
Plant
that
tags
selfpollination
A
Tagging

on
them.
Plant

B 1his
and
Bagging
is
called
undesired

tagging

cross
<br>

Dated

Eotamaeba:
Phylum RoozOoa
Class :Rizopause
Type :Cotamnocba Buystaly tca
s c
Extexoal Rahe It an
uncellubn oaonim
with nequh shape.
Cons ct feu a
food vacunes The
s
Cootrattle vOcuals absent.
Cysts oitk fouL oucler aHe present
pxe seot
I Constt nucles Located eccentrtaly
the cell
Diseae :-
Eotamoeba
a
hustalftca s an oraanm
found tfRe atesthneof buman hat
s Hesponsible or causha amoebic dySentey
Syooçtnmna
* Abdomíoal pain * Naus&a
Cevet
* Fatque Kwaten diaxas uhmucLs
3. PlaEoagian- Tt
Round
& aa
uofcellulax
Loithh he
endopaasite
cell ct
ts.e ased
ned blood
46e d
person.
The paMaste at the sianet
<br>

Pseudopodium

uman intestine. Ectoplasm

r ectoplasm and inner endoplasm and
Endoplasm
ge nucleus and food vacuoles with
Ingested
R.B.C.
amoebic dysentery or amoebiasis. Nucleus
constipation, abdominal pain and
d. Nucleolus

Protozoa
Fig. :Entarmoebahistolytica
Entamoeba
histolytica

VIVAVOCE
<br>

s.

-Pellicle

-Nucleus

-Cytoplasm

Fig. :Sporozoites of Plasmodium

<br>

Dated.

DReasei- Plasmodun cause uiax a protozoan

malau fa human. o

postaste that a
healthy
She nTected Senale anaphiis b?es
peson and transmits the SpaHOZods by hto tte
pepheHal blocdvessels f human then causing
malana.
Sumptoosi Nomih
,aussa
Headache
ills
shaking chills rom moderates to sea
3. Rioguorm
Ringdom Fuogi
Class Deuteromycees
TUpe Trchnophuton esobum
Exteroal feahHe - Tht fungus Seed on the keotn
the hyphaee coaiy and can be Snooth
Cottoc
Hyphase that a4s not staed aHe yellouish
s
broLon ,Hadd -brouon while oColou
D&easei Rioqquom is a
Communtcable funa
ofecon of the 8kia.
Syeaptoms
Red
Scaly tey skin.
and aised patche.
Mhey Nedds at
aHe he pexfphen han at the
cente and foms nog Like appeanence.
<br>

Dated

4-) AscaHe (Roundwccm

fo human atestae Speciolly of

cheldren
, pointed
D
The boduy s elongated culindrcal with
ends
To male e, the bod
ody shaaler and posexías
end Sued haung penol Setae
es muc elongated and poskri
Io Semale the cody
end
s
MoUtth bounded byo thHee Liçs ot anteor
ea
lend Aous Sernole) cloaca apertue. Ciamale
Lès yust froot of postexnor end.
Excetory ort tsis preset ventr side Tust
anteror end
behind

2Heauu infecton Ascan?s causes blockaqe of

atestoe. and abdomnal palo.
also causes appendtit's
.
may and peeumonia
 PERMANENT SLIDES,
<br>

ENS

permanent slides or specimens

ugh
-Dorsal lip

Excretory pore

-Gonopore Mouth
Dorsal lip

Excretory pore
-Lateral ine

Male
Female
Lateral line

Penial seta
Tail
Anus

Fig. :Ascaris
<br>

Dated.

Classiltaton
Phylum Nenato da
CHenUS Ascars .
LunbxoîdeS
<br>

Dated

Sumbolfc assocatioo
legumnous plunts cuscuta on hosf,Lchens.
lSybole associatoo ea Hoot nocdules of lesumiaos
plant.
) Root nodules
plaat They aMe foxm du to dissoclatiaa
n
Commonly found h Leqummous
with artogen fxîog bacleia Rhzobum.
Rhizobiun fs Sac le ra
> Root oodsles Conbne ptak coloe hemogobfa
prgment.
>
It also Contan enzyme nttoqenase uhithn helpr
formahon oof ammona.
Q
Cscuta on host- Cuscuta ,
Commonly oelesred
as to Oodden plat
belongs to the omanbel
Conuolwulaceae family
a
It is paHashc plant, andhas no
chlorophyll
So canoot make
nake ts Oun food
It giouos on other plarts, ustng their nuhrients
hs goth and uweakenme the host ploaot
<br>

BNitrogen
Compounds
DPhotosynthesis Nitrogen (N,)
from air
products

Bacterium
Fig. : Symbioticrelationship in root nodule formation
<br>

Dated

pauasiteohch wraps aUnd

s a
stem
the host usina ts specalzed absorpti
plant ushg
oHgan Called haustoim.
oo the host vascuSan tiSue
Haustoro echfoa Conduchiue cell to fosm
Oachig
begla to forn vascula
cuscuta cten
the cusCuta
Connechbn blw the etem uith
he bost tissue.
a a
Licheosi- Lihens epHesent symbiotfc a
Helatbnship and are formed by
Gongol pautner (mucobfat) and algal
partner Cphycobionf).
The Guogal filaments susotounded the alal cell
and pnute he mayority of the Lichens's
masS

fung? províde mast.Safe habttat for 4he alaae

and en tura algal. rouide. food fo
Sor fuoai.
he fung
A
Lchens guouwas a. tough cnust -Li ke buet
on bak ood mota Stone.
<br>

Dated.

SpoT

Romoloqus ond analogsus organs

$tudy of
planfs Aomal6.
1.Hamolaqus Qugan- The structuHe of anmals
and plants unden tudy show
homology i.e., smilasaity functona
fa Or common
struc ture due to shaned embont
but al of tRese organs / seatues
petons drffeset Sunctions.
a
Homologus Sugan Aamals
he structune depact the forelionhs of
cheetah, whole and bat o
the case of aninas.
The hand of man, Lioab of chneetah,lippe
ofawbole an t8ewngs of o a
bat Rave
comnen of Set but all oe
bones but hese stauctune
thmugh appeaS sinilax but aHe hvolued a
ldrffeent fünctibns Uke qrasprng unnma Suimmi
and fyag espectiutty
Honooaus oqan o
plaat
Mhe
structue of depact Bougai villiu (4hron
and Cucubitta Aendrs) case
 swimming in whl
<br>

ng in bats,

Man Tiger Whale Bat

Fig. :Homologous organs in Vertebrates
<br>

Dated

plant sawgainuill
s ave
The Leaues of te
been modifed ento thrown for protecton
Lohole Leaves maden
+endris for provîdhg Support clunbers
Q. Aoolagaus Acaans The structure of anímal
' and unde study anology
e, they peformns sinilar
oot shaue
functons
diflerent organisms do Sane
structuHe the basfs f ogan
Aoalogous Orgas
The struchuse depet aa
the wings of bat and
eosects oa
Case
The
frelimbs of bat,brds and urngs and
fosects aHe h
fore lyng by tthese animals
houeu they
from each otheH.
ae shaucurally uy diferent

Aoslogaus
The
and
structue
pea
depfet passilora Cslern tendi)
Cleaflet tendril) a Case
of plat.
"The passloa and laaves
modEed Ro tendi whi
Suppert the plant dutihg clitnbng wheeas tfay
do not snae any steucwe smlcoGes