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5 views

03 Content

Uploaded by

scripharmacognosy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDEX

Chapter Page
Contents
Number Number

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Alternate system of medicine 1
1.1.1 Introduction to Ayurveda 1
1.1.2 Principles of Ayurveda 2
1.1.3 Treatment in Ayurveda 8
1.2 Need for standardization 9
1.3 Commercial importance of medicinal plants 11
1.4 Selection of the research problem 12
1.5 References 13

2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES 15

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
16
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Historical review 16

3.3 Plant profile 18


3.3.1 Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
18
(Patikalodhra)
34
3.3.2 Symplocos racemosa Roxb. (Lodhra)
3.4 References 41

4. PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDIES
46
4.1 Introduction
47
4.2 Collection and authentication of plant material
4.3 Methodology 47

4.3.1 Macro-morphological study 47


4.3.2 Microscopic study 48
4.3.3 Powder microscopic study 48
4.4 Results and discussion 50
4.4.1 Morphology 50
4.4.2 Microscopy and powder microscopy 52
4.4.3 Comparative powder microscopic study 85
4.5 References 88

5. PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES
90
5.1 Collection and authentication of plant material
90
5.2 Preparation of extract
5.3 Preliminary phytochemical screening 91

5.3.1 Materials and methods 91

5.3.2 Results and discussion 94

5.4 Physico-chemical parameters and contaminants 96

5.4.1 Introduction 96
5.4.2 Materials and methods 97
5.4.2.1 Foreign matter 97
5.4.2.2 Loss on drying of the sample at 105° C 97
5.4.2.3 Total ash content 97
5.4.2.4 Water soluble ash 98
5.4.2.5 Acid-insoluble ash 98
5.4.2.6 Extractive values 99
5.4.2.6.1 Water soluble extractive of the sample 99
5.4.2.6.2 Alcohol soluble extractive of the sample 100
5.4.3 Estimation of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium,
mercury and arsenic 100
5.4.4 Determination of aflatoxins 103
5.4.4.1 Introduction 103
5.4.4.2 Experimental method 103
5.4.4.3 Procedure 104
5.4.5 Results and discussion 105
5.5 TLC/HPTLC profile 111
5.5.1 Introduction 111
5.5.2 Preparation of extracts for TLC/HPTLC studies 111
5.5.3 Method for developing TLC/HPTLC 111
5.5.4 Results and discussion
112
5.6 GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane extract of stem bark of
Symplocos crataegoides 118
5.6.1 Introduction 118
5.6.2 Materials and methods 118
5.6.3 Results and discussion 119
5.7 References
128

6. DNA SEQUENCING AND ANALYSIS


6.1 Molecular finger printing 130

6.1.1 Introduction 130


6.1.2 Materials and methods 131
6.1.3 Genomic DNA isolation by CTAB method 132
6.1.4 Agarose gel electrophoresis 134
6.1.5 PCR amplification and sequencing of candidate
DNA barcodes 134
6.2 Sequencing of barcoding gene 139
6.2.1 Purification of extended products from cycle
140
Sequencing
6.2.2 Sequencing assembly and validation 141

6.3 Results and discussion 157


6.4 References 158
SUMMARY 159
7.
CONCLUSIONS 162
FUTURE SCOPE 163
APPENDICES 164-170

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