RE IEEE EEE EEE EE IEEE EI EI III II III II III IDI II IDI II II IID II IEE NEEDED EO ST Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Fastracl« Revision > Electron Emission: The process of emission of electrons From the metal surface when a certain amount of energy is, absorbed by the metal, is called electron emission A-certain minimum amount of energy is required to be given to an electron to pull it out fram the surface of the ‘metal, termed as work Function, > Work Function: The minimum amount of eneray required by an electron to just escape from the metal surface is known as work Function of the metal It is denoted by Wor hy Work Function W/= = five tis measured in eV (electron volt) TeV= 1.602 «10775 4 = 5.65 eV Is highest for platinum, while @y = 2.14 eV Is lowest for Caesium. The work function energy can be supplied to the free electrons by any of the Following physical processes: > Observation of Photoelectric Effect > Thermionic Emission: Electrons are emitted from the metal surface with the help of sufficient thermal energy. > Fleld or Cold Cathode Emission: Electrons are emitted From a metal surface by subjecting it to a very high electricfielé > Photoelectric Emission: Electrons are emitted from a ‘metal surface with the help of suitable electromagnetic radiations, » Photoelectric Effect: The phenomenon of emission of electrons from the surface of substances (mainly metals), when exposed to electromagnetic radiations of suitable Frequency, is called photoelectric effect and the emitted electrons are called photoelectrons, > Hertz’s Observations: In experimental investigation on the production of electromagnetic waves by means of a spark discharge, Hertz (1857-1894) observed that high voltage sparks across the detector loop were enhanced when the emitter plate was illuminated by ultraviolet light From an arc lamp. > Lenard’s Observations: Lenard (1862-1947) observed that when ultraviolet radiations were allowed to Fall on the emitter plate of an evacuated glass tube enclosing two electrodes (metal plates), current flows in the reult. As soon as the ultraviolet radiations were stopped, the current Flow also stopped. » Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect: The figure iven below shows a schematic view of the arrangement. used for the experimental study of the photoelectric effect. Quartz window Photosensitive /PS plate. Evacuated glass tube te Experimental arrangement for study of photoelectric effect. This experimental arrangement is used to study the variation of photocurrent with intensity of radiation, Frequency of incident radiation, potential difference between the plates A and Cand the nature of the materials of plate C. > Effect of Intensity of Light on Photocurrent: The number of photoelectrons emitted per secondis directly proportional to the intensity of incident radiation. > Effect of Potential on Photoelectric Current: For a fixed Frequency and intensity of incident light, the photoelectric current increases with increase in the potential applied to collector plate. > Saturation Current: The maximum value of the photoelectric current is called saturation current. > Cut-off or Stopping Potential: The value of the retarding potential at which the photoelectric current becomes zero is called cutoff or stopping potential For the given frequency of the incident radiation, Photoelectric current is zero when the stopping potential is sufficient to repel even the most energetic photoelectrons, with the maximum kinetic eneroy (Keay) $0 that Kenox= @Vo > Effect of Frequency of Incident Radiation on ‘Stopping Potentiat: The stopping potential varies linearly with the frequency of incident radiation for a given photosensitive material and exists a certain minimum cut-off Frequency for which the stopping potential is zero. > Threshold Frequency: The minimum value of the Frequency of Incident radiation below which the photoelectric emission stops altogether is called threshold Frequency. eeRE IEEE EEE EEE EE IEEE EI EI III II III II III IDI II IDI II II IID II IEE NEEDED EO ST > Laws of Photoelectric Effect » For a given metal and a radiation of fixed frequency, the number of photoelectrons emitted is proportional to the intensity of incident raiation > For every metal, there is 3 certain minimum frequency below which no photoelectrons are emitted, however high i the intensity of incident radiation. This Frequency scalled threshold Frequency > For the radiation of Frequency higher than the threshold Frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is directly proportional to the Frequency of incident radiation and is independent of the intensity of incident radiation. > The photoelectric emission isan instantaneous process. > Einstein's Theory of Photoelectric Effect: > Einstoin explained photoelectric effect with the help of Planck's quantum theory > When a radiation of Frequency vis incident on a metal surface, it ls absorbed in the Form of dscrete packets of energy called quanta or photons. > Apartofenergy hvofthe photon susedin removing the electrons from the metal surface and remaining enersy is used in giving kinetic energy to the photoelectron > Einstein's photoelectric equation is, Regine ty uwhere, is the work Function of the metal. IF vis the threshold Frequency, then Keo= Hv= vp) > allthe experimental observations can be explained on the basis of Einsteln's photoelectric equation » Photocell: It is an arrangement which converts light energy into electric energy. lt works on the principle of photoelectric effect, Its used in cinematography For the reproduction of sound. » Particle Nature of Light: Photoelectric effect_gave evidence that light consists of packets of energy. These packets of energy are called light quantum that are @ Multiple choice Questions QL The minimum energy required for the electron emission from the metal surface can be supplied to the free electrons by which of the following physical process? a Thermionic emission —b. Field emission Photoelectric emission d. All of these 2. A metal surface ejects electrons when hit by green light but none when hit by yellow light. The electrons will be ejected when the surface is hit by: 2. blue light '. heat rays ©. infrared light d. red light 3. The practical application of the phenomenon of photoelectric effect and the concept of ‘matter waves’ is in: 2. photocells b. automatic doors at shops and malls automatic light switches 0. All of the above associated with particles named as photons. Thus photons Confirm the particle nature of light. Energy of photon, £ = hy andmomentum, p=". e Photons are electrically neutral and are not deflected by electric and magnetic fields Dual Nature of Ra: Light has dual nature. It manifests itselF as 2 wave in diffraction, interference, polarisation, etc, while it shows particle nature in photoelectric effect, compton scattering, etc Dual Nature of Matter > As there is complete equivalence between matter (ass) and radiation (energy) and the principle of symmetry is always obeyed, de-Broglie suggested that, ‘moving particles lke protons, neutrons, electrons, etc, should be associated with waves known as de-Broglle waves and their wavelength (2) is called de-Broglie wavelength. > The de-Broglie proposed that the wavelength % associated with a particle of momentum pis given as, hot ite pm ‘where, his Planck's constant, mis the mass of particle and vits velocity. The above relation Is called de-Broglie relation. 4e-Broglie Wavelength of an Electron: The wavelength associated with an electron beam accelerated through @ potential, A 12275 amev WV where, Vis the magnitude of accelerating potential. de-Broglie wavelength associated with the photon given by momentum pis, he a x Practice Exercise Q4. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, the intensity of incident radiation is increased, keeping the frequency v the same. The number of photoelectrons emitted wil (case 2023) a. increase b. decrease ©. remain same d. depend on frequency QS. In photoelectric effect, the photocurrent: ‘a depends both on intensity and frequency of the Incident Ught. ». does not depend on the frequency of incident Ught but depends on the intensity of the incident ight. ¢. decreases with increase in frequency of incident Ught. 4. increases with increase in frequency of incident Ught. Q6. The maximum value of photoelectric current is called: a. base current ©. collector current b. saturation current d, emitter current eeRE IEEE EEE EEE EE IEEE EI EI III II III II III IDI II IDI II II IID II IEE NEEDED EO ST Q7. 8. Qo. Quo. Qu. que. qs. Qu. The figure shows the variation of photocurrent with anode potential for a photo-sensitive surface for three different radiations. Let f,, /, and J, be the intensities 4 and vj, v and v; be the frequencies * for the curves a, b and c respectively. Then: 2. Vo vp and fy Ip © vgs vpand les! I Light of wavelength 0.6 nm from a sodium lamp falls on 2 photocell and causes the emission of photoelectrons for which the stopping potential is 0.5 V. With light of wavelength 0.4 mm from a sodium tamp, the stopping potential is 1.5 V. With this data, the value of h/e is a 4x10? vs, b.025 x10" Vs © 4x10" Vs 6. 4x18 vs A metallic plate exposed to white light emits electrons. For which of the following colours of light, the stopping potential will be maximum? (CBSE sop 2023-24) b. Yellow d. Violet 2 Photocurrent © nade patentl b. vo= veand p= d. vou veand k a. Blue © Red The threshold frequency of a certain metal is 3.3 x 10° Hz. If light of frequency 8.2 « 10" Hz (Given, h= 6.63 x 10° Js) is incident on the metal, then the cut-off voltage for photoelectric emission is: aw bay céy 4.8y A and B are two metals with threshold frequencies 1.8 x 10"* Hz and 2.2 x 10° Hz. Two identical photons of energy 0.825 eV each are incident on them. Then photoelectrons are emitted in (Take h = 6.6 « 10°43): 2. Balone Neither A nor 8 b. Aalone d. Both A and 8 Photons of energies 1 eV and 2 eV are successively incident on a metallic surface of work function 0.5 eV.The ratio of kinetic energy of most energetic photoelectrons in the two cases will be: (C5s€2020) al:2 bil eta a4 The monochromatic beams A and 8 of equal ensities /, hit a screen. The number of photons hit on the screen by beam A is twice that by beam B.The ratio of their frequencies will be: ai:2 B21 etl dra Which of the following has maximum stopping potential when metal is illuminated by visible light? a. Blue b. Yellow c Violet d. Red Q15. When radiation of given frequency is incident upon different metals, the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted a. decrease with increase of work function increase with increase of work function remains same with the increase of wark function d. does not depend upon work function Q16. E, c and v represent the energy, velocity and frequency of a photon. Which of the following represents it wavelength? (cese 2023) ae mw eg e é € QUT. Which of the following graphs correctly represents the variation of a particle momentum with its aswocated cif evlenget!(REE202) "i : a. S/S b 5 : | e\ * ho Q16. A proton, a neutron, an electron and an alpha article have same kinetic energy, then their de-Broglie wavelengths compare as: a Aga, b Agr Ay =Ag>d, P p= hn? Ae © hy ehy d. Ay=hyanday = Ry 19. If E,, E>, Ey, E, are the respective kinetic energies of electron, deuteron, proton and neutron having same de-Broglie wavelength. Select the correct ‘order in which those values would increase: a. EE Ee Ee b. EE EE 6 Ge EB EE 20. Light of frequency 6.4 x 10! Hz is incident on ‘a metal of work function 2.14 eV. The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is about: (cose 2023) bostev clozev d.Olev Q21. Consider the four gases hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and helium at the same temperature. Arrange them in the increasing order of the de-Broglie ‘wavelengths of their molecules. a. Hydrogen. helium. nitragen. oxygen b. Oxygen. nitrogen. hydrogen. helium ©. Oxygen. nitrogen. helium. hydrogen d. Nitrogen. oxygen. helium, hydrogen 22. The work function for a metal surface is 4.14 eV. ‘The threshold wavelength for this metal surface (case sop 2022-23) b 20625Ac 3000A d 6000A a025ev 2.4125 A eeQs. gaa. gas. 26. ger, 1 2 3 4 5. RE IEEE EEE EEE EE IEEE EI EI III II III II III IDI II IDI II II IID II IEE NEEDED EO ST -@ Assertion & Reason type Questions y Directions (Q.Nos. 23-32): in the following questions, ‘0 statement of Assertion (A) is followed by o statement of Reoson (R). Mark the correct choice as: a, oth Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A) b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). . Assertion (A) is true but Reason (f) is false 4d. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false. Assertion (A): For the radiation of a frequency greater than the threshold frequency, photoelectric. Current is proportional to the intensity of the radiation. Reason (R): Greater the number of energy quanta available, greater is the number of electrons absorbing the energy quanta and greateris number of electrons coming out of the metal. (case sop 2023-24) Assertion (A): Photoelectric effect demonstrates the wave nature of light. 28. ges. 930. gal 32. eaten (I: The niinher of photoelectrons proportional to the frequency of light. Assertion (A):The The photoelectrons produced by 9.34. a monochromatic light beam incident on a metal surface have a spread in their kinetic energies. Reason (R) : The energy of electrons emitted from 35. inside the metal surface, is Lost in collision with 4g the other atoms in the metal. (cast sop 202228) Assertion (A): Photosensitivity of a metal Is high if its work function is small. Qa, Reason (R): Work function = fivo where vq Is the threshold frequency. Assertion (A): Light is produced in gases in the 38. process of electric discharge through them at high pressure. aa. Reason (R):At high pressure electrons collide with gaseous atoms and reach at excited state. Answers] v (2) All of these 7 {) blue light The photoelectric emission is possible if the wavelength of the incident light is less than that of yellow light (@) All of the above {a) increase (6) does nat depend on the frequency of incident Ught, bbut depends on the intensity of the incident Ught. 5. (b) saturation current Assertion (A): Kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted by a photosensitive surface depends upon the intensity of incident photon. Reason (R): The ejection of electrons from metallic surface is possible with frequency of incident photon below the threshold frequency. Assertion (A): The specific charge of positive rays isnot constant, Reason (R): The mass of ions varies with speed. Assertion (A): When the speed of an electron increases its specific charge decreases. Reason (R): Specific charge is the ratio of the charge to mass. Assertion (A): Mass of moving photon varies inversely as the wavelength. Reason (R): Energy of the particle = Mass x (speed of light)”. Assertion (A): The de-Broglie wavelength of a molecule varies inversely as the square root of temperature. Reason (R): The root mean square velocity of the molecule depends on the temperature. in the Blanks type Questi x The minimum energy required by a free electron to Just escape from the metal surface is called as, lum frequency required to eject an electron from the surface of a metal surface Is aalled.. frequency. The velocity of photon in different media is ne. The maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons depends on the of incident radiation and the nature of material. The maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons is independent Of nnn OF incident radiation, Photon is not a mat of, The expression for de-Broglie wavelength of an electron moving under a potential difference of V volts is jal particle but itis a packet (2) vo=vpand by ly From the graph. we fate that the saturation current is same for cunes b and ¢ but different for curve a Therefore, intensities of band c will be equal but different from that of a Le, = fp but y= As Stopping potential is same for curves a and b. hence vp © nade potential eeRE IEEE EEE EEE EE IEEE EI EI III II III II III IDI II IDI II II IID II IEE NEEDED EO ST 10, 2 4 (4% 10" vs Here, ev =PE_y » tah a] re (@ Viotet (a)2v Given threshold frequency, vo = 33 = 10" Hz Frequency of incident light. v= 8.2 x 10" Hz vv) @ AS eVg=h(v-vo) OF Vy 66310 (8210-3310 2 Yi =2V a 16x? (b) A atone by Work function for metal A. #gq=— eV (6.6 x10) «(18 «10") eV=074eV 16x10 and work function for metal 8 3 "8 og OSE )H(22510") 8 gopey 1610-8 Since the incident energy 0.825 eV is greater than 0.74 eV and less than 0.91 eV, so photoelectrans are emitted from metal A only. (a3 Ratio of kinetic energy, KE, yo Ke, (aytz Let ny ng are number of phatans fling per second of beam A and & respectively Energy of falling photon of beam A~ hv, Energy of allng photon of beam B= hxy According tothe question intensity of A = intensity of & ying natn Mane Me Ye MM 2Mg Hence, vg: vg=1:2 (c) Violet KE mag IY = 4g KE mage (5 Maximum for violet 6 18 1». 2. (2) decrease with increase of wark function because KE nae 2 Oy, fy OE Ol \ — The linear momentum of a photon is inversely proportional to the de-Broglle wavelength. So the Breph of p and 2 shall be a rectangular hyperbola, () he >; h [mk de-Broglie wavelengths, For the given value of Kae 1 7 vm, m,n, Ry ihy eth, u Since m= My. HENCE 2 = hy ‘Asm, >m, therefore i,

mK =constant Since me< My KE, > KE, > KE <6 Bk Increasing order = €:€ (asiev Given that, Work function, ¢y = 214 eV Frequency of light v = 6.4 « 10 Hz Maximum KE Is given by the photoelectric effect Keatv=to e0{ 882610 x64210") 5, 16x1o™ osiev. (©) Oxygen. itrogen. heliurn. hydrogen h de Broglie wavelength ofagasmolecule. Fam where, T= Absolute temperature. i= Boltamanns constant and m=Mass of gas molecule For the same temperature ix vim As mp, >, > Mye >My, oy Pay, Pine h) 0. State one factor which determines the intensity of light in the photon picture of light? Ans. The factor determining the intensity of Ught is ‘umber of electrons emitted per second, QIL State one reason to explain why wave theory of light does not support photoelectric effect? Ans. One reason why wave theory of light does not Support photoelectric effect is that the kinetic energy of photoelectrons does not depend on the intensity of incident light. QI2. If the distance between the source of light and the cathode of a photocell is doubled, how does it affect the stopping potential applied to the photo cell? ‘Ans. Stopping potential remains unchanged. If the distance between the light source and cathode Is doubled Q13. What is the stopping potential applied to a photocell if the maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is SeV? Ans. Since Kus, =€Vp Sev a. QU. Fora photosensitive surface, threshold wavelength is hg, does photoemission occur, if the wavelength (ofthe incident radiation Is ) more than Zo, (li) less than ig Justify your answer. K, Stopping potential, Vp =“ 5v e Ans. (|) No (W¥es, as for photoelectric emission ME» ME. hence ASkg Ao ag Q15, Two Lines A and B in the plot given below show the Variation of de-Broglle wavelenath, i versus —-, where Vis the accelerating potential difference, for two particles carrying the same charge. Which one of two represents a particle of smaller mass? . = 1 Inv Game ~ INV im ae The slope is given by slope « eeRE IEEE EEE EEE EE IEEE EI EI III II III II III IDI II IDI II II IID II IEE NEEDED EO ST Slope of 6 > Slope of A mgm, Hence, represents a particle of smaller mass. Q16. An electron and an alpha particle have the same de-Broglie wavelength associated with them. How are their kinetic energies related to each other? ‘Ans. We know. h derople wavelength t= amKeE Both the particles have the same de-Broglie wavelength. (Given) or ‘m, =mass of electron mm, =Mmassof a-particle. where KE, =Kinetic energy of electron KE, Kinetic energy of «particle As mom KE,> KE, -@ Short Answer type-1 Questions y QL How will the de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron be affected when the () velocity of the electron decreases? (i) accelerating potential is increased? Justify your answer. _(C8S€2023) ‘Ans. (i) According to the de-Broglie wavelength formula. the wavelength is inversely proportional to the momentum ofthe electron. As momentum Is the product of mass and velocity, when the velocity of the electron decreases, its momentum also decreases. Therefore. the de-Brogle wavelength Of the electron wil increases (i) When- the accelerating potential is increased The velocity of the electran also Increases. As a result, the momentum of the electron increases. and according to the de-Broglie wavelength formula, the wavelength decreases. Therefore the _de-Broglie wavelength of the electron will weceases Justification: According to de-Brogle wavelength 2. hip if the velocity ofthe electron decreases. the momentum of the electron also decreases. resulting inanincrease in the de-Broplle wavelength. Similarty ifthe accelerating potential Is increased, the velacity af the electran increases, leading to an increase in the momentum of the electron and a decrease in the de-Brogile wavelength Q2. (i) Define the terms, (a) threshold frequency and (6) stopping potential in photoelectric effect. (i) Plot a graph of photocurrent versus anode potential for a radiation of frequency v and intensities 4, and /, (I, < ). (cose2019) Ans. (\)(a) Threshold frequency: The minimum value of frequency of incident radiation (Ught that can cause photoemission from @ given photo sensitive surface is called threshold frequency (b) Stopping potential: The minimum negative le. retarding potential given to the anode Le. collector plate for which the photocurrent Stops or becomes zero Is called stopping potential (i Graph of photocurrent versus anode potential hah <6) h Photeelectte ‘Anode potontal Q3. Figure shows the stopping potential (Vq) for the photoelectron versus + graph, for two metals Aand 8, being the wavelength of incident light. Vos A 8 () How is the value of Planck’s constant determined from the graph? (ii) If the distance between the light source and the surface of metal A is increased, how will the stopping potential from electrons emitted from itbe effected? (case2020) ‘Ans. (I) Wecan determine Plancks constant by calculating, the slope of the graph Slope of the graph where, h= Plancks constant, ‘c= velocity of tight in vacuum or free space and @=charge of electron The values of ¢ and e are known which ore 3x 10° m/s and 16 x 10 respectively Hence, h can be determined. (i) Hf distance between source of light and surface of metal Ais increased. the intensity of incident light decreases, but stopping potential does not depend on the intensity of the incident light. So, the stopping potential will nat be affected. eeRE IEEE EEE EEE EE IEEE EI EI III II III II III IDI II IDI II II IID II IEE NEEDED EO ST Q4. Ans. Qs. Ans. 6. How would the stopping potential for 2 given photosensitive surface change if (i) the frequency of the incident radiation were increased? (ji) the intensity of incident radiation were decreased? Justify your answer. (case 2023) () The stopping potential for a given photosensitive surface would increase if the frequency af the incident radiation is increased, This is because the stopping potential is directly proportional to the frequency of the incident radiation according to the photoslectric effect equation: Ky, =hf—¢. (i) The stopping potential for agiven photosensitive surface would not be affected by the decrease in the intensity of the incident radiation. This is because the stopping potential depends anly on the frequency of the incident radiation and not on its intensity Justification: The stopping potential for a glven photosensitive surface depends on the kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons, which is determined by the frequency of the incident radiation and the work function of the metal. Therefore. increasing the frequency of the incident radiation would increase the stopping potential while decreasing the Intensity of the incident radiation would not affect the stopping potential, as it depends only on the frequency of the radiation. In case of photoelectric effect experiment, exp the following facts, giving reasons. () The wave theory of light could not explain the existence of the threshold frequency. (li) The photoelectric current increases with increase in the intensity of incident light. (case 2020) () The wave theory of light could not explain the existence of the threshold frequency because energy of the wave is dependent on the square of its amplitude. The classical wave theory predicts that if sufficientiy intense light is incident. the electrons would absorb that energy to escape. There should not be any threshold frequency for the emission of electrons from metals surface due to incident light. (i) According to wave theory, if intensity of tight increases, the kinetic energy of an ejected electron will also increase. This is because the greater the intensity of light. the larger the energy of the Ught wave striking the metal surface. $0 electrons are elected with greater kinetic energy. However, it cannot explain the Increase of number of ejected electrons Le. the increase of photoelectric current. with the Increase in intensity of incident light. Explain how does (i) photoelectric current and (ii) kinetic eneray of the photoelectrons emitted in a photocell vary if the frequency of incident radiation is doubled, but keeping the intensity same? (cBse Sop 2022 Term2) Ans. a7. Ans. () Since, photoelectric current depends intensity of incident radiation and does not depend on the frequency of incident radiation. Therefore, when frequency of incident radiation is increased to double, then photoelectric current remains same. This is shown In the follawing graphi 4 Photoslectre Fe 7] yaa Frequoncy {i) Kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons. okey Hence, an increasing the frequency of incident radiation ta double, Kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons also will increase to double. This 's shown below: | Kl > Frequency) wl where, vy © threshold wavelength. Light of same wavelength is incident on three photosensitive surfaces A, B and C. The following observations are recorded (i) From surface A, photoelectrons are not emitted. (ji) From surface 8, photoelectrons are just emitted. (iii) From surface C, photoelectrons with some kinetic energy are emitted. Compare the threshold frequencies of the three surfaces and justify your answer. (CSE2020) () From surface A. photoelectrons are not emitted. So, the value of threshold frequency Is greater than the frequency ofthe incident radiation (i) From surface B photoelectrons are ust emitted So, the value of threshold frequency is equal to the Frequency of the incident radiation (li) From surface C. photoelectrons with some kinetic energy are emitted. So, the value of threshold frequency is less than the frequency of the incident radiation Justification: Threshold frequency is the minimum frequency of light which causes electron emission fram a metal surface. No electron emission means that the frequency of {the lightis less than the threshold frequency and, slectron emission means that the frequency of ihe Ught is more than the threshold frequency. eeQB. Explain, how the process of emission of photoelectrons is different from the process of emission of f-particles. (case2020) Ans. Emission of photoelectrons is a phenomenon that is excited externally by incidence of photons on metal surface to provide necessary energy to elect electrans from metal Emission of p-particles is totally spontaneous in which no external excitation is involved. An unstable nucleus emits an electrons (G-particle) to become stable. Also, in photoelectron emission. radiation energy Is absorbed by metal_atoms while on B-particle emission. radiation energy is released. Q9. (i) Write two main observations of photoelectric effect experiment which could only be explained by Einstein's photoelectric equation. (i) Drawa graph showing variation of photocurrent with the anode potential of a photocell. (cose 2020) Ans. () The two observations of photoelectric effect experiment could be explained by Einstein's photoelectric equation are: (@) Below threshold frequency. vy corresponding 10 Gp, no emission of photoelectrons take place. (bo) As energy of a photon depends on the frequency of light. so the maximum kinetic energy with which phatoeiectron is emitted {depends only on the energy of photon or on the frequency of incident radiation. (i) (@) The graph for same intensity with different frequencies is as below Saturation current er Nex Nor Anode potential V—> +— Retarding potential (b) The graph for same frequency with different intensities is as below. Stopping potential =a (©. Anode potential +—Retarding potential {cCOMMON] ERROR Students often draw only one graph. RE IEEE EEE EEE EE IEEE EI EI III II III II III IDI II IDI II II IID II IEE NEEDED EO ST 10. Why is wave theory of electromagnetic radiation not able to explain photoelectric effect? How does photon picture resolve this problem? —(cas€2019) ‘Ans. When light is incident on a metal surface. it spread evenly all over the metal surface and it cannot _explain the instantaneous emission of photoelectrons. According to wave nature of radiation, itis continuous and follow the principle of superposition hence it cannot explain the existence ‘OF Threshold Frequency. Wave nature cannot explain the fact that kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is independent of Intensity of radiation and depends ‘an frequency ‘According to photon picture of radiation. photons are discrete packets of energy and energy depends fon frequency (E » hy). Hence the emission of photoelectrons do not take place. till the frequency of incident Ught Is above the value. As the energy dependson frequency so byincreasingthe frequency, kinetic energy of photoelectron increases. QL Explain with the help of Einstein's photoelectric, ‘equation, any two observed features _ in photoelectric effect which cannot be explained by ‘wave theory. (cose 2019) Ans. There are two features in photoelectric effect which cannot be explained by wave theory but can be explained through Einstein's photoelectric equation. Einstein's photoelectric equation is 1 ai? Kuga = y= 3 (i) Threshold Frequency: For Kno, 2 0.¥2 vo Hence. the phenomenon of photoelectric effect takes place when Ineldent Frequency is greater €or equal to a minimum frequency or threshold frequency vg fixed for given metal. (i) Effect of Intensity of incident Light: The umber of photons incident per unit time per unit area increases with the increase of intensity of incident light. More number of photons faclitates ejection of more number Of photoelectrans from metal surface leads to further increase of photocurrent til its saturation value Is reached. Q12. Iflight of wavelength 412.5 nmis incident on each ‘of the metals given below, which one will show photoelectric emission and why? __(cas€2018) Metal Work Function (ev) Na 192 K 215 ce 3.20 Mo [an Ans. Given, A= 4125nm = 4125 10-9 m. he fey 6621310 oy gate, 25x10? x 16x 10-9 eeSol. ()) Maximum kinetic energy. KE, = hy —W =16x1079(2.48-214)J=0.34eV (i) Since ep okE pg, #034 eV a Vp=0.34V (i since Sy * KEmae = 0.34 eV = 034 «16 «10 2034x1610" x2 ‘me 9110 = 0N9 x 10! pac = OTB 102 -03450 108 Vinge = 3458 « 10°m/s {COMMON ERR@R Students often tend to forget to convert the incident radiation photon energy in eV. 19. Light wavelength 2000 A falls on a metal surface of work function 4.2 ev. () What is the kinetic energy (in eV) of the (a) fastest and (b) slowest electrons emitted from the surface? (li) What will be the change in the energy of the emitted electrons if the intensity of light with same wavelength is doubled? (ii) if the same light falls on another surface of work function 6.5 eV, what will be the energy of emitted electrons? Sol. (i) (2) Kinetic energy of fastest electron h pag =P x 66.007 3.08 2oooxi0 16x17 (62-42) =20eV (b) KE of slowest electron = OeV (i) No change in the energy of emitted electrons as it does nat depend on intensity. (i) No emission as E(62 eV) < W (65 ev) 20. Plotagraph showing variation ofde-Broglie wavelength () associated with a charged particle of mass m, versus 1/YV, where Vis the potential difference through which the particle is accelerated. How does this graph give us the information regarding the magnitude of the charge of the particle? (case 2019) = 42416 «10? ‘Ans. The de-Broglle wavelength is given by So, the graph between and —\ is as below: a ope = av Thus. it glves.a straight line graph. aw = slope of graph lamq Knowing the mass of particle (m). and slope of graph. we can calculate charge (q) on a partic {COMMON) ERROR Students often craw graph of. versus VV. Q Short Answer Tupe-! Questions QL. Explain giving reasons for the following: {i) Photoelectric current in a photocell increases with the increase in the intensity ofthe incident radiation. (li) The stopping potential (Vs) varies lineariy with the frequency (v) of the incident radiation for a given photosensitive surface with the slope remaining the same for different surfaces. (iil) Maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is independent of the intensity of incident radiation. (case 2017) ‘Ans. (i) The collision of a photon can cause emission of 3 photoelectron (above the threshold frequency) ‘As intensity increases, number of photons increases, Hence. the current increases (i) Wehave, — eV=h(v- vo) h Bon N } Hence. graph of Vo with v Is @ straight tine and slope (= hie) is 2 constant. (ii) Maximum kinetic energy for different surfaces, KE = hlu= vg) Hence, it depends on the frequency and nat on the intensity of the incident radiation. Q2. The following graphs shows the variation of photocurrent for a photosensitive metal: (i) Identify the variable X on the horizontal axis. 0 ojo trentRE IEEE EEE EEE EE IEEE EI EI III II III II III IDI II IDI II II IID II IEE NEEDED EO ST (ii) What does the point A on the horizontal axis represent? (iii) Draw this graph for three different values of frequencies of incident radiation v,, v, and vs (v.> v2> va) for same intensity. (iv) Draw this graph for three different values of intensities of incident radiation /,, fy and fy (1, > h> by) having same frequency. (c8s€ 2017) Ans. (|) The variable X on the horizontal axis is collector plate potential. Froquoncy (i) Slope of the graph is given by hfe which is constant for all the materials. Hence, slope of {W) The point A on the horizontal axls represents the graph does not depend on the nature of the stopping potential ‘material used. (li Graph for different frequencies: Q4. (i) How does one explain the emission of electrons from a photosensitive surface with the help of Einstein's photoelectric equation? (li) The work function of the following metals is givenasNa-2.75 eV, K=2.3eV,Mo=4.17eVand NI = 5.15 eV. Which of these metals will not cause photoelectric emission for radiation of 3 5 3 é eartay Resxosori curren wavelength 330A form a laser source placed | raven these mess Wha Ropes Wn WG We 0 Gotear pate the laser source is brought nearer and placed Rewarding potoriol POUT 50 cmaway? (CBSE 2017) ‘Ans, (I) From Einstein's photoelectric equation, we have. (iv) Graph for three different intensities: Krae= hv 69 Where, Koa [5 maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons. ¢y Is work function and fy Is \ an energy of the incident photon. ——— a As Kas So, hv -ao20 © veto ° h “Ve 0” Caleeor pats — Thus, phatoerission occurs, when frequency is +—Retarcing potential potential {greater than threshold frequency, v 2 {cOMMON)|ERR@R (i) Energy of the incident radiation af wavelength Several students do not know the correct relations. ae Q3. Sketch the graph showing variation of stopping he _ (6.63x1*)x(3x10*) Teev potential with frequency of incident radiations 2 3300«10°P «16x10 for two photosensitive materials A and & having ‘Tis energy of the incident raciation i greater threshold frequencies v,> vi. than the work function of Na and K but less than (i) In which case, is the stopping potential more those of Mo and Ni, so photoelectric emission and why? will occur only in Na and K metals and not in Mo and N Mo ihe waietalond ele Yeweser] If the laser fs brought closer. the intensity of . ” jincident_radiation_ increases. This does not Ans. We kno, Kas = eV = HY vo) affect the result regarding fo and Ni metals. ht while photoelectric current from Na and K wil or Vagrooih \crease in proportion to intensity. (i) From the graph forthe same value of v stopping TiP GRE MaRS mcr Fee ETAL Before comparing the work function with energy, the As, V=2v-v9) incident radiation photon energy should be converted ine. eeEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EE EEE EE EEE EDIE EDIE EE EEE EE EE ee Q5. () State two important features of Einstein's photoelectric equation. (i) Radiation of frequency 107° Hz is incident on two photosensitive surfaces P and Q, There is no photoemission from surface P. Photoemission occurs from surface Q but photoelectrons have zero kinetic energy. Explain these observations and find the value of work function for surface Q, (case 2017) Ans. (I) Einsteln’s photoelectric equation Is V0 = Konax ® FY Og, Important features of this equation are given below: (2) Photoemission occurs when frequency of Figent raat s mare thar etireshald frequency. te. y 2%. h (b) Energy of emitted _photoctectron_is ‘proportional to energy of incident photon (i) Energy of incident photon is less than work function of F but just equal to that of Q. For Q. work function, to =Mev) 66x10 101% ext? Q6. State the main implications of observations ‘obtained from various photoelectric experiments. Can these implications be explained by wave nature of light? Justify your answer. {case sap 202021) =41eV ‘Ans. Main implications: () Kinetic energy of emitted electrons depends upon frequency, but not on intensity of radiation. (i) There exist a frequency of radiation below which no photoemission takes place, how high intensity of radiation may be Wave nature of radiation fails toexplain photoelectric Q7. State Einstein's photoelectric equation explaining the symbols used. 4) | q Light of frequency v is incident on a photosensitive surface. A graph of the square of the maximum speed of the electrons (v?,,.) versus vis obtained as shown in the figure. Using Einstein's photoelectric ‘equation, obtain expressions for work function of the 4given photosensitive material and Planck’ constant. Ans. Einstelrs photoelectric equation is 1 vetty +d, where. v= Frequency of incident light vo=Threshold frequency of photosensitive material. Wo # Work function of photosensitive material and J nae Maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons. We can write it as v= Wy +eV, where, V, © Stopping potential From Einstein's photoelectric equation, we have P= + the . porting eda But Fina My Ine= vp +g 7 = hke=vol i ey =o) QB. (i) Aparticle of mass mand charge qi accelerated through a potential difference V. Plot a graph of de-Broglie wavelength ?. associated with it asa function of V. (i) Calculate the energy acquired byand de-Broglie wavelength associated with, an electron accelerated through a potential difference of 400V. (cese2023) Ans. () Graph showing —_de-Broglle wavelength 2. associated with as a function af ¥: {COMMONJ ERROR Students often draw graph of ?. versus a. Ww il) Given. Potential difference V= 400V Energy =9-V £216 «107 «400 640 x10" = 6.40 x10 Joule. and de-Groglie wavelength a= 222 Ww 1227 | 227 “Jao 20 61354 = 6135 «10mRE IEEE EEE EEE EE IEEE EI EI III II III II III IDI II IDI II II IID II IEE NEEDED EO ST Q9. Calculate the wavelength of de-Broglie waves associated with a proton having (&) ev energy. How will the wavelength be affected for an alpha particle having the same energy? (case 2023) Sol. Given that. 500 Tey Ove 298.8 ev = 298.816 x10) =47818 10°") ‘Mass on proton (rm) = 1673 x 107°” kg Wavelength of de-Broglie waves Energy of proton (K) jalaott © P J2mk _ 662x107 Duigaxia xa7eexo™ 2% 1673 x 10"? 47818 x10 165 «107? m For an alpha particle, the mass is four times the mass of praton. Thus, the momentum af the alpha particle for the same kinetic energy will be half that of the proton. The de-Broglle wavelength of an alpha particle h Me lename 662%10" “Sinise = 20 yf 2 167310 «478.18 10" 4137 «103 m. Thus, the de-Broglle wavelength of alpha particle is shorter than that of the proton. Long Answer type Questions y Q1 (i) In the study of a photoelectric effect, the graph between the stopping potential V and frequency v of the incident radiation on two different metals P and Q is shown in figure. (a) Which one of the two metals has higher threshold frequency? (0) Determine the work function of the metal which has greater value. (© Find the maximum kinetic energy of electron emitted by light of frequency 8x10" Hzforthis metal. (cast 2017) (i) Anelectron microscopeuses electronsaccelerated bya voltage of 50 kV. Determine the de-Broglie wavelength associated with the electrons. Taking other factors, such as numerical aperture, etc,, to be same, how does the resolving power of an electron microscope compare with that of an optical microscope which uses yellow light? Ans. (i) (a) Einstein's photoelectric equation vo where. his Planck’ constant. eq. (}) represents a straight line given by line 4+eV or (1) P and Q. © represents negative intercept con the Yaxis. Since, @ has greater negative intercept. it will have greater 9 (work function) and hence higher threshold frequency. (b) To know work function of @. we put V=Oin the eq, (7. 4266x106 «105 (» Planck's constant, h= 6.6 « 107 bs) _86x6x10-% eV =25eV 16x10? (q) Fram the equation, vk = c poke B® 30 am vo exio4 6 = D102 <10-® m - 321024 = 37508 8 8 12375 _ 1375 Energy. € = 12373. 2375 gy -a3ev BYE =i) 3750 Maximum KE of emitted electron 3-25=08eV. (W) Given. V=50 kV = 50 «10? V de-Bro, wavelength, 27 q__ WIT We Gon Resolving power of a microscape, R= A =0.0550A 2using From the formula, it Is clear that if other factors remains same, then resolving power Is Inversely proportional to wavelength of the radiation used The wavelength of moving electron is very small ‘as compared to that of yellow light. so it has greater resolving power than optical microscope. Q2 (Radiation of frequency 10° Hz is incident fon three photosensitive surfaces A, B and C. Following observations are recorded: Surface A: no photoemission occurs Surface B: photoemission occurs but the photo- ‘electrons have zero kinetic energy. Surface C: photoemission occurs and photo- electrons have some kinetic energy. Using Einstein's photo-electricequation,explain the three observations. (cis s9p2022-23) (li) The graph shows the variation of photocurrent for a photosensitive metal: eeRE IEEE EEE EEE EE IEEE EI EI III II III II III IDI II IDI II II IID II IEE NEEDED EO ST Ans, i—o (a) What does X and A on the horizontal axis represent? (0) Draw this graph for three different values of frequencies ofincidentradiatlon v,v, and vs (v5 v2 > vy) for the same intensity. (6) Draw this graph for three different values of intensities of incident radiations f, f and ls (s> fa > h) having the same frequency. ()) From’ the observations made on the basis of Einstein's photoelectric equation, we can draw following conclusions: (2) For surface A the threshold frequency Is more than 10° Hz, henee ne photoemission is possible (b)For surface 8. the threshold frequency is equal to the Frequency of given radiation Thus, photo-emission takes place but kinetic energy of photoelectrons is zera (€) For surface C. the threshold Frequency Is less than 10"° Hz. So, photoemission occurs and photoelectrons have some kinetic energy. (i) (@) A-cut-off or stopping potenti X-anode potential (b) Variation of photoelectric current with collector plate potential for different frequencies of Incident radiation are glven below: t Photoaorc Yyo%o¥ Setraion curent in Tag Vos + Racing pototl 0” Caesar slate potental—— (€) Vartation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for cifferent intensity of incident radiation are glven below: Photocurrent—» ‘Stopping potential ‘0 Golecior plato — poten p = Rotarsing potentat Chapter Test Multiple Choice Questions QL By which of the following physical processes Qe. can minimum energy required for the electron emission from the metal surface be supplied to the free electrons? a. Field emission bb. Thermionic emission Photoelectric emission 0. All of these Which of the following statements is true regarding the photoelectric experiment? a. The stopping potential increases with the increase in the intensity of incident tight b. The photocurrent increases with the intensity of light The photocurrent increases with the Increase in frequency . Allof the above Assertion and Reason Type Questions Directions (QNos. 3~ \: In the questions given below, there ‘re two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and chose the correct option: a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (Rs the correct explanation of Assertion (A). b. Both Assertion (A) and R are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). . Assertion (A) is true but Reason (f) Is false d. Both Assertion (A) and Reasan (R) are false 6. Photons are electrically Case Study Based Question Q7. When light of sufficiently high frequency is Q3. Assertion (A): On increasing the frequency of light, larger number of photoelectrons are emitted. Reason (R): The number of electrons emitted is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light: Q4. Assertion (A): The de-Broglie wavelength of @ neutron when its kinetic energy is K is L Its wavelength is 2L when its kinetic energy is 4K. Reason (R): The de-Broglie wavelength lis directly proportional to square root of the kinetic energy. Fillin the blanks QS. For a given frequency of the cident radiation, independent of its intensity. incident ona metallic surface, electrons are emitted from the metallic surface. This phenomenon is called photoelectric emission. Kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons depends on the wavelength of incident light and is independent of the intensity of light. Number of emitted photoelectrons depends on intensity. (itv ~ 4) is the maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons (where @ is the work function of metallic surface). Reverse effect of photo-emission eeRE IEEE EEE EEE EE IEEE EI EI III II III II III IDI II IDI II II IID II IEE NEEDED EO ST 0 w iy ww) Very Short Answer Type Ques Qe. Qs. produces X-ray. X-ray is not deflected by electric and magnetic fields. Wavelength of a continuous X-ray depends on potential difference across the tube. Wavelength of characteristic X-ray depends on the atomic number. Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following question Einstein's photoelectric equation is: 2. Emu=hv-$ b. €=ma 2, Tae 4. Ea om? c Bapetam ‘A monochromatic light is used in a photoelectric experiment. The stopping potential a, is related to the mean wavelength b. is related to the shortest wavelength «. Is not related to the minimum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons. 4. intensity of incident light. Light of wavelength 2. which is less than threshold wavelength is incident on a photosensitive material. If incident wavelength is decreased so that emitted photoelectrons are moving with some ‘velocity then stopping potential will: b. decrease © be zero 4, become exactly half If frequency (v > vq) of incident light becomes 1 times the initial frequency (v), then KE of the emitted photoelectrons becomes (vo threshold frequency): a. nitimes of the Initial kinetic energy. b, more than n times of the intial Kinetic energy. less than 1 times of the initial kinetic energy, 4. kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons remains unchanged. ns What is the de-Broglie wavelength of a ball of ‘mass 0.12 kg moving with a speed of 20 ms"*? If the distance between the source of light and the cathode of a photocell is doubled, how does it affect the stopping potential applied to the photo celt? Short Answer Type-I Questions Qio. qu Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0 x 10" Hz is produced by a laser. The power emitted is 20x10 W. () What is the energy of a photon in the light beam? (li) How many photons per second, on an average, are emitted by the source? Define the term “cut-off frequency" in photoelectric emission. The threshold frequency of a metal is v. When the light of frequency 2v is incident on the metal plate, the maximum velocity of photo electrons is v,. When the frequency of the incident radiation is increased to Sv, the maximum velocity of photoelectrons is v,. Find the ratio 2. The work function for the following metals is given: Na: 2.75 eV and Mo: 4.175 eV (i) Which of these will not give photoelectron emission from a radiation of wavelength 3300 A from a laser beam? (ii) What happens if the source of laser beam is brought closer? (CBSE2016) Short Answer Type-l! Questions Q13. Plot a graph showing the variation of photoelectric current with intensity of light. The work function for the following metals is given: Na: 2.75 eV and Mo: 4.175 eV. Which of these will not give photoelectron emission from a radiation of wavelength 3300A from a laser beam? What happens if the source of laser beam is brought closer? Q14. The work function of caesium is 2.14 eV. Find (i) The threshold frequency for caesium and (i) The wavelength of the incident light if the photocurrent is brought to zero by a stopping Potential of 0.60 V. Q15. If light of wavelength 412.5 nm is incident on each of the metals given below, which ones will show photoelectric emission and why? Metal__| Work Function (eV) Na 192 K 215 Ca 3.20 Mo. 47 Long Answer Type Questions Q16. (I) Write three observed features of photoelectric effect which cannot be explained by wave theory of light. Explain how Einstein's photoelectric equation is used to describe these features satisfactorily. (li) Figure shows a plot of stopping potential (Vs) with frequency (v) of incident radiation for two photosensitive materials M, and M,. Explain. (a) Why the slope of both the lines is same? {b) For which material emitted electrons hhave greater kinetic energy for the same Q17. () Why photoelectric effect can nat be explained on the basis of wave nature of light? Give reasons. (ii) Write the basic features of photon picture of electromagnetic radiation on which Einstein's photoelectric equation is based. ee