LAB 09 EDC

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO.
COMMONEMITTER
AMPLIFIER
OBJECTIVE
1. To study and analyze the common emitter amplifier configuration by finding the voltage
gain, current gain, input impedance, and output impedance.
2. To simulate the circuit on Proteus.
3. To implement the common emitter amplifier circuit on Hardware.
DISCUSSION
One oftheearliestandimportantapplicationsofbipolartransistorsisinsmall-signalamplifiers.Theseare systems
that accept input signal of small amplitudes (on the order of 100 mV) and deliver larger replicas. We
emphasize the use of the bipolar transistor in linear amplifier applications. Linear amplifiers imply that,
for the most part, we are dealing with analog signals. The magnitude of an analog signal may have any
value, within limits, and may vary continuously with respect to time. A linear amplifier then means that
the output signal is equal to the input signal multiplied by a constant, where the magnitude of the constant
of proportionality is, in general, greater than unity.
Common Emitter Amplifier Configuration:
Common Emitter Configuration

All types of Transistor Amplifiers operate using AC signal inputs which alternate between a positive
value and a negative value so some way of “presetting” the amplifier circuit to operate between these
two maximum or peak values is required. This is achieved using a process known as Biasing. Biasing is
very important in amplifier design as it establishes the correct operating point of the transistor amplifier
ready to receive signals, thereby reducing any distortion to the output signal.
Static or DC load line can be drawn on to the output characteristics curves to show all the possible
operating points of the transistor from fully “ON” to fully “OFF”, and to which the quiescent operating
point or Q- point of the amplifier can be found.
The aim of any small signal amplifier is to amplify all of the input signal with the minimum amount of
distortion possible to the output signal, in other words, the output signal must be an exact reproduction of
the input signal but only bigger (amplified).
To obtain low distortion when used as an amplifier, the operating quiescent point needs to be correctly
selected. This is in fact the DC operating point of the amplifier and its position may be established at any
point along the load line by a suitable biasing arrangement. The best possible position for this Q-point is
as close to the center position of the load line as reasonably possible, thereby producing a Class A type
amplifier operation, i.e. Vce= 1/2Vcc. Consider the Common Emitter Amplifier circuit shown below.
Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit

The single stage common emitter amplifier circuit shown above uses the biasing scheme commonly called
“Voltage Divider Biasing”. This type of biasing arrangement uses two resistors as a potential divider
network across the supply with their center point supplying the required Base bias voltage to the
transistor. Voltage divider biasing is commonly used in the design of bipolar transistor amplifier circuits.
Voltage Divider Network
This method of biasing the transistor greatly reduces the effects of varying Beta, (β) by holding the Base
bias at a constant steady voltage level allowing for best stability. The quiescent Base voltage (V b) is
determined by the potential divider network formed by the two resistors, R 1, R2and the power supply
voltage Vcc as shown with the current flowing through both resistors.
Then the total resistance RTwill be equal to R1+ R2giving the current as i = Vcc/RT. The voltage level
generated at the junction of resistors R1and R2holds the Base voltage (Vb) constant at a value below the
supply voltage.
Then the potential divide network used in the common emitter amplifier circuit divides the input signal in
proportion to the resistance. This bias reference voltage can be easily calculated using the simple voltage
divider formula below:
Beta Value:
Beta is the transistor’s forward current gain in the common emitter configuration. Beta has no units as it is
a fixed ratio of the two currents, Icand Ib. So a small change in the Base current will cause a large change
in the Collect or current. One final point about Beta is that transistors of the same type and part number
will have large variations in their Beta value. For example, the BC107 NPN Bipolar transistor has a DC
current
gain Beta value of between 110 and 450 (data sheet value) this is because Beta is a characteristic of their
construction and not their operation.
As the Base/Emitter junction is forward-biased, the Emitter voltage, Ve will be one junction voltage drop
differenttotheBasevoltage.IfthevoltageacrosstheEmitterresistorisknownthentheEmittercurrent,I ecanbeeasil
ycalculatedusingOhm’sLaw.TheCollectorcurrent,Iccanbeapproximated,sinceitisalmost the same value as
the Emitter current.
CouplingCapacitors:
In Common Emitter Amplifier circuits, capacitors C 1and C2are used as Coupling Capacitors to separate
the AC signals from the DC biasing voltage. This ensures that the bias condition set up for the circuit to
operate correctly is not affected by any additional amplifier stages, as the capacitors will only pass AC
signals and block any DC component. The output AC signal is then superimposed on the biasing of the
following stages.
A bypass capacitor, CE is also included in the Emitter leg circuit. This capacitor is an open circuit
component for DC bias meaning that the biasing currents and voltages are not affected by the addition of
thecapacitormaintainingagoodQ-pointstability.However,thisbypasscapacitorshortcircuitstheEmitter
resistor at high frequency signals and only R Lplus a very small internal resistance acts as the transistors
loadincreasingthevoltagegaintoitsmaximum.Generally,thevalueofthebypasscapacitor,C Eischosen to
provide a reactance of at most, 1/10th the value of REat the lowest operating signal frequency.
A single stage Common Emitter Amplifier is also an“Inverting Amplifier” as an increase in Base voltage
causes a decrease in Voutand a decrease in Base voltage produces an increase in V out. In other words, the
output signal is 180 degree out-of-phase with the input signal.
CommonEmitterVoltageGain:
The Voltage Gain of the common emitter amplifier is equal to the ratio of the change in the input voltage
to the change in the amplifier’s output voltage. Then ΔV Lis Voutand ΔVBis Vin. But voltage gain is also
equaltotheratioofthesignalresistanceintheCollectortothesignalresistancein theEmitterandisgiven as:
As the signal frequency increases, the bypass capacitor, C Estarts to short out the Emitter resistor. Then at
high frequencies RE= 0, making the gain infinite.
However,bipolartransistorshaveasmallinternalresistancebuiltintotheirEmitterregioncalledasR e.The
transistors semiconductor material offers an internal resistance to the flow of current through it and is
generally represented by a small resistor symbol shown inside the main transistor symbol.
Transistordatasheetstellusthatforsmallsignalbipolartransistorsthisinternalresistanceisequalto25mV
÷IE(25mVbeingtheinternalvoltdropacrosstheBase/Emitterjunctiondepletionlayer).
ThisinternalEmitterlegresistancewillbeinserieswiththeexternalEmitterresistor,R E.Thentheequation for the

transistors actual gain will be modified to include this internal resistance so will be:
At lowfrequencysignals, the totalresistance in the Emitterlegisequalto R E+Re. At high frequency,the

bypass capacitor shorts out the Emitter resistor leaving only the internal resistance R ein the Emitter leg
resultinginahighgain.Thenforourcommonemitteramplifiercircuitabove,thegainofthecircuitatboth low and
high signal frequencies is given as:
AtLow Frequencies:
AtHighFrequencies:
The voltage gain is dependent only on the values of the Collector resistor, R Land the Emitter resistance,
(RE+ Re). It is not affected by the current gain Beta, β of the transistor.
LABTASK1
 Calculate the values of Voltage Gain, Current Gain, Input Impedance, and Output Impedance for
the circuit given for Common Emitter Amplifier.
CALCULATIONS:-
R1=10k Ω
R2=2.2K Ω
RL=1.5K Ω
RE=470K Ω
VCC=12V
β=150
IE=1mA
Voltage Gain (Av):
AV=RL/RE+re
Where re=25mV/IE= 25×10−3/1×10−3=25Ω
AV=1500/470+25
=1500/495=3.03
Voltage gain=3.03
2. Current Gain (Ai):
Ai=β=150
Current Gain: Ai=150
Input Impedence (Zin):-
Zin=1ok×2.2k/1ok+2.2k=1.8kΩ
Input Impedence= 1.8kΩ
Output Impedance (Zout ):
Zout=RL=1.5 kΩ
Impedance: Zout=1.5 kΩ
RESULTS:
Voltage Gain= 3.03 Current Gain= 150
Input Impedance= 1.8KΩ. Output Impedance= 1.5KΩ
LAB TASK 2
Implement the given circuit on Proteus as well as on Hardware by setting an input of
0.5Vp-p (f = 1 kHz).
Observe the output at Oscilloscope.
Record the readings in the table.
∙ Draw the input and output waveforms.
HARDWARE:-
PROTEUS SIMULATION:-
RESULTS:-
Calculated Values Measured Values
Input Output
Voltage Current Impedance Impedance Voltage Current
Gain Gain Gain Gain
3.03 150 1.8KΩ 1.5KΩ 3.0 145
INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORM:-

CONCLUSION
 Voltage and Current Gain: The circuit demonstrated the expected
voltage gain (3.03.03.0) and current gain (145145145), consistent
with calculations.
 Input and Output Impedance: Measured impedances closely
matched calculated values, verifying the biasing and design.
 Amplifier Performance: The circuit effectively amplified the input
signal with minimal distortion, as observed in both simulation and
hardware.
 Overall: The common emitter amplifier operated as designed,
proving its suitability for small-signal amplification.

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LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO.

Common Emitter Amplifier Configuration:

Common Emitter Configuration

Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit

ThisinternalEmitterlegresistancewillbeinserieswiththeexternalEmitterresistor,R E.Thentheequation for the

At lowfrequencysignals, the totalresistance in the Emitterlegisequalto R E+Re. At high frequency,the

Where re=25mV/IE= 25×10−3/1×10−3=25Ω

2. Current Gain (Ai):

Current Gain: Ai=150

Input Impedence (Zin):-

Output Impedance (Zout ):

Voltage Gain= 3.03 Current Gain= 150

Input Impedance= 1.8KΩ. Output Impedance= 1.5KΩ

3.03 150 1.8KΩ 1.5KΩ 3.0 145

INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORM:-

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