Social Science - may pertain to any field of inquiry 6.

Reinforcement Goals - helps in recognizing

that is outside the realm of the natural sciences that what they are doing, thinking and feeling is
- hard sciences fine
Branches of the Social Sciences 7. Cognitive Goals - acquiring the basic
1. Economics - allocation of scarce resources foundation of learning and cognitive skills
and the production 8. Physiological Goals - acquiring the basic
2. Anthropology - study of humans and their understanding and habits for good health
culture 9. Psychological Goals - developing good social
3. History - study of human past events interaction skills, and learning emotional
4. Political Science - studies human behaviour control
in relation to political systems
5. Psychology - studies the human mind Five Major Goals of Counseling
6. Sociology - study of people’s behaviour in 1. Facilitating behaviour change - “live more
groups productive and satisfying lives.”
7. Geography - study of interaction between 2. Improving the client’s ability to establish and
people and their environments maintain relationships
8. Demography - study of human populations 3. Enhancing the client’s effectiveness and ability
Applied Social Sciences - branch of study that to cope
applies the different concepts, theoretical models and 4. Promoting the decision-making process -
theories of the social science disciplines to help guided in identifying options, respective
understand society and the different problems and consequences to make informed decisions.
issues 5. Facilitating client potential and development

Counseling - provides guidance, help, and support to The Scope of Counseling

individuals who are distraught by a diverse set of 1. Academic Difficulties - difficulties in
problems in their lives accomplishing various requirements: handling
Social Work - practice-based profession and an academic pressures, maintaining good grades,
academic discipline that promotes social change and managing time
development, social cohesion, and the empowerment 2. Personal concerns - has difficulty in planning
and liberation of people and setting life goals, how to handle stress,
Communication - focuses on contacts and bonds know priorities
between people, both in private and public contexts, 3. Social concerns - difficulties encountered by
and both face-to-face and mediated through various clients in relating with others: dealing with
communication technologies rejections, handling peer pressure, bullying
4. Emotional difficulties - anxiety, nervousness;
R.A 9258 Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004 - coping with loneliness; managing negative
guidance and counseling is “the profession that emotions, attaining emotional stability.
involves the use of an integrated approach to the 5. Psychological challenges - handling
development of a well-functioning individual primarily persistent suicidal behaviors, managing forms
by helping him/her to utilize his/her potentials to the of addiction: smoking, drinking; dealing with
fullest and plan/his/her present and future in eating and sleeping problems; understanding
accordance with his/her abilities, interests and needs.” one’s identity and handling painful
experiences.
The Goals of Counseling 6. Family problems - involves broken family,
1. Developmental Goals - growth and absence of parents due to work abroad, single
development in cognitive, and physical parenting, favouritism in family, unpleasant
wellness home environment
2. Preventive Goals - avoid undesired outcome 7. Career - difficulties can be addressed by
3. Enhancement Goal - enhance special skills identifying the clients’ strength, interest,
and abilities personal traits; identifying unclear career goals
4. Remedial Goals - overcome and treat an and lack of career plans.
undesirable development
5. Exploratory Goals - examining options, trying Principles of Counseling - serve as the foundation of
new, different activities the guidelines, (and) often helps to clarify the issues
involved in a given situation
Principle - specific basis of conduct or management
Principles of Counselling (Forester-Miller and Work Setting
Davis (2020)) 1. Private practice - appointment-based
1. Autonomy - freedom of clients to choose their 2. Community settings - employment in
own direction. community, agency, and other nonschool
2. Non-Maleficence - not inflicting harm professional situations
3. Beneficence - defined as doing good and - Mental health agencies, employment
contributing to the welfare of the client and rehabilitation agencies,
4. Justice - act in a fair or just manner correctional, settings and marriage
5. Fidelity - faithfulness or honouring family practice.
commitments. Collaboration - clients have 3. Government Setting - agencies of
equal participation in the process of therapy government or institutions supported by the
6. Confidentiality - do not share information government
about clients. Exceptions to confidentiality - - Public schools, public hospitals, public
only when there is imminent danger to the social welfare agencies such that for
individual and or community the youth, children and the aging
7. Non-judgmental - do not criticize or comment 4. Legal System - may consult or work within the
negatively regarding a patient's complaints prison system.
8. Non-emotional involvement - not getting - Providing expert opinions at a trial,
emotionally involved with the client; avoids working to rehabilitate an inmate so
getting carried away with his feelings. they can integrate back into society, or
helping an inmate adjust to
Roles/Functions incarceration.
1. Individual Assessment - identify the
characteristics/potential of clients Rights and Responsibilities, and Accountabilities
- collection of information to identify, of Counselors
analyze, evaluate, and address the Code of Ethics - help counselors to remind them of
problems, issues, and circumstances of their rights, responsibilities and accountabilities in the
clients counseling profession.
2. Individual Counseling - focused on the - Divided into seven sections, namely, (a)
individual's immediate/near future concerns counseling relationship, (b) confidentiality, (c)
- One-on-one discussion between the professional responsibility, (d) relationships
counselor and the client with other professionals, (e) evaluation,
- Forms an alliance that enables trust assessment, and interpretation, (f) teaching,
and personal growth training and supervision, (g) research and
3. Group counseling and Guidance - assist publication.
individuals in the group to solve his problems Sample code of ethics of the American Counseling
and make adjustments Association.
4. Career Assistance - provide career planning 1. Client welfare - respect the dignity and
5. Career planning and assistance - school promote the welfare of clients, encourage
counseling programs on educational client’s growth.
placement in course and program 2. Respecting Diversity - do not engage in
6. Referral - helping clients find needed expert discrimination based on age, color, culture,
assistance that the referring counselor cannot disability, ethnic group, gender, race, religion,
provide sexual orientation, marital status and
7. Consultation - observes or acts as an expert socioeconomic status
to provide advice. Triadic: a consultant, a 3. Client Rights - shall disclose the purposes,
consultee, a client goals, techniques, procedures, limitations,
8. Research - provide empirically based data potential risks, benefits of the services to be
relevant to the ultimate goal of effective performed and other pertinent information to
counseling the client throughout the counseling process
9. Program Evaluation - collect and analyze 4. Clients Served by others - with client’s
quantitative and qualitative data to measure consent, inform the professional person
program effectiveness already involved to develop an agreement
10. Secondary Prevention - early detection of a 5. Personal Needs and values - avoid actions
problem, preventing it from continuing and that seek to meet their personal needs at the
getting worse expense of the clients
 6. Dual Relationships - avoid exploiting the trust 2. Confidentiality - counselee have the right to
and dependency of the clients privacy in working with his or her counselor;
7. Sexual Intimacies with Clients - should not counselor should not divulge any information
have any type of sexual intimacies with clients, and protect all documents
do not counsel persons with whom they have 3. Client Welfare - counselor’s primary
sexual relationship responsibility to protect the welfare of the client
8. Multiple Clients - counselors clarify at the 4. Informed consent - counselor are required to
outset which person or persons are clients and provide their clients an overview of what
the nature of relationship they will have with counseling is all about and what the
each involved person counseling process entails
9. Group Work - counselors screen prospective 5. Relationship with Clients - counselor must
group counseling/therapy participants to establish and maintain boundaries in his or her
determine those with compatible needs relationship with the clients
10. Fees - the counselors clearly explain to the 6. Professionalism - counselors should clarify
clients all financial arrangements related to the types of activities other than counseling to
professional fees address concerns. Techniques, procedure,
payment.
Confidentiality
1. Right to Privacy - avoid illegal and Different Types of Challenging Clients
unwarranted disclosures of unwarranted 1. Aggressive and Angry - direct physical
information violence, or physical intimidation, destructive,
2. Group and Families - clearly define directed at harming or controlling other people
confidentiality and parameters for the specific 2. Complainers - complain about their position
group being entered, explain its importance, but are unwilling to try anything new or do
and discuss difficulties anything
- Information about one family cannot be 3. Unresponsive and Silent - unwilling to
disclosed to another member without engage in any type of conversation about
permission themselves, usually provides minimal
3. Minor Incompetent client - when counseling responses
minors, parents or guardians may be included 4. Superficially agreeable - ‘yes’ people, will
in the counseling process as appropriate agree with anything you say but rarely follow
4. Records - maintain necessary records as through with action
required by laws, regulations, or agency or 5. Pessimists - always finds a reason why your
institution procedures suggestions cannot be attempted and will not
5. Research and Training - ensure the work (“yes but” players)
anonymity of the individuals involved 6. Know it all’s - nothing these clients do not
6. Consultation - information obtained is know or have not done.
discussed for professional purposes only with 7. Illusionary - do not acknowledge that they
persons clearly concerned with the case. have any needs, ‘special’ and can’t understand
why they are required to attend counseling
Professional Responsibility 8. Indecisive - likely to put off a decision until it is
1. Standards Knowledge - have a responsibility made for them or no longer an issue
to read, understand, and follow the Code of 9. Drug affected and intoxicated - under the
Ethics and Standards of Practice influence or affected by alcohol or drugs
2. Professional Competence - practice only
within the boundaries of their competence Processes, Methods, and Micro Skills Involved In
based on their education, training, supervised Counseling
experience, state and national professional The beginning of counseling follows a standard
credentials and appropriate professional protocol:
experience ● Paperwork for basic background information,
like a doctor's office visit
Professional Ethical Principles in Guidance and ● Introduction of the counselor and the client
Counseling ● Explanation of the process involved so that the
1. Professional ethics - values that determine client knows what to expect
the counselors’ behaviors
 ● Discuss the issue briefly with the client to see Fields
what has brought them in and if you can ● Sociology - the study of human social
handle it behaviour
The middle follows radically different paths based on ● Psychology -the study of mental processes
many factors, such as and behaviour
● The issue being discussed ● Psychiatry - the study of the diagnosis,
● The counselor's individual style treatment, and prevention of mental illness.
● Setting in which this takes place ● Political Science - the study of the processes,
Termination - marks the close of the relationship, principles, and structures of government and of
occurs when there is no more need for counseling political institutions.
● Economics - the study of the production,
Micro-skills distribution, and consumption of commodities.
1. Attending Behavior - encourage clients to ● Cultural Anthropology - the study of human
talk and show that the counsellor is interested culture based on archeological, ethnographic,
in what’s being said linguistic, social, and psychological data and
2. Questioning - helps guide the counselling methods of analysis
conversation and may assist in enriching the
client’s story Goals and Scope
3. Responding - allows the counsellor to confirm 1. Empower people, individually and collectively,
with the client that they are being heard to utilize their own problem-solving and coping
correctly capabilities more effectively
4. Noting and Reflecting - is used to bring out 2. Support a proactive position with regard to
underlying feelings. social and economic policy development to
5. Client Observation - allows the counsellor to prevent problems for individuals and society
identify discrepancies or incongruities in the from occurring
client’s or their own communication 3. Uphold the integrity of the profession in all
6. Confrontation - skill that can assist clients to aspects of social work practice
increase their self-awareness, highlight 4. Establish linkages between people and
discrepancies that clients have previously societal resources to further social functioning
been unaware of and enhance the quality of life
7. Focusing - enables a counsellor to direct a 5. Develop cooperative networks within the
client's conversational flow into certain areas institutional system
8. Influencing - may facilitate change in the way 6. Facilitate the responsiveness of the
a client chooses to think or act institutional resource system to meet health
and human services needs
Counseling Needs of Groups, Organizations and 7. Promote social justice and equality of all
Communities people with regard to fill participation of people
Needs Assessment - a tool used to assess gaps in in society
communities, activities, or services 8. Contribute to the development of knowledge
- Helps understand the extent and intensity of a for the social work profession through research
need, and advice as to appropriate actions to and evaluation.
be taken 9. Encourage exchange of information in those
institutional systems in which both problems
Four Stages of Counseling Needs Assessment and resource opportunities are produced.
● Identify guiding questions and goals 10. Enhance communication through an
● Identify populations to be assessed appreciation of diversity and through ethnically
● Collect needs assessment data sensitive, non- sexist social work practice.
● Analysis and interpretation of data 11. Employ educational strategies for the
prevention and resolution of problems.
Social Work - seeks to facilitate social change, 12. Embrace a world view of human issues and
development, cohesion, and empowerment and solutions to problems.
liberation of people 13. Promote the effectiveness and humane
Social Welfare - organized system of social services operation of systems that provide people with
and institutions designed to aid individuals and groups resources and services.
to attain satisfying standards of life and health.
Specific Roles
 ● Program developer - needs to promote or 7. Psychiatric social work - provide therapy and
design programs or technologies to meet assess the psychiatric health of clients;
social needs coordinate with the client's family to
● Supervisor - seeks to increase the understand the situation's legal and clinical
effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery contexts
through supervising other staff
● Coordinator - seeks to improve a delivery National Association of Social Workers Code of
system by increasing communications and Ethics - a set of values, principles and standards for
coordinating with human service resources social workers to adhere to and reference in order to
● Consultant - seeks to provide guidance to guide decision making and conduct, because ethical
agencies and organizations by suggesting decision making arises frequently in social work, there
ways on how to increase the effectiveness and are not always easy answers
efficiency of services
Principles of Social Work
Core Values 1. Principles Relative To Respect For Human
1. Service - help people in need and to address Rights
social problems - Upholding and promoting human
2. Social justice - challenge social injustice dignity and well being
3. Dignity and worth of the person - respect - Respecting the right to self-
the inherent dignity and worth of the person determination
4. Importance of human relationship - 2. Principles Relative To Social Justice
recognize the central importance of human - Challenging discrimination
relationships - Recognizing diversity
5. Integrity - behaves in a trustworthy manner - Challenging unjust policies and
6. Competence - practice within their areas of practices
competence and develop and enhance their 3. Principles Relative To Professional Integrity
professional expertise - Upholding the values and reputation of
7. Compassion - being the voice of the voiceless the profession
- Being trustworthy
Areas of Specification - Maintaining professional boundaries
1. Child, family, and school social work -
rehabilitating children who have experienced Functions
trauma or abuse; or providing assistance to 1. Curative Function - aims to cure the physical,
parents who have a child suffering from a social, material, psychological sickness of
severe illness. individuals.
2. Community social work - assist in the - Medical and health services
effective implementation of infrastructure - Psychiatry
building, volunteering, and fundraising efforts - Child welfare services
3. Hospice and palliative care social work - - Differently abled in the form of
provide assistance to those seriously or protection and rehabilitation
terminally ill 2. Correctional Function
4. Medical and health social work - assigned in A. Individual reform service - prison
places such as clinics and hospitals to help reform, probation, parole, etc.
clients with emotional, financial, and physical B. Services for improving relationships
struggles caused by a medical condition - family welfare services, school social
5. Mental health and substance abuse social work, industrial social work, etc.
work - main clients are individuals who C. Services for social reform -
struggle with addiction, substance abuse, or employment services, prevention of
mental health problems; provide assistance to commercial sex work, beggary
both the victims and their families prohibition services and removal of
6. Military and veterans’ social work - provide untouchability, etc.
assistance to military and combat veterans by 3. Preventive Function - services relating to the
helping them overcome post-traumatic stress prevention of problems like insecurity,
and slowly adjust to life and family outside unlawfulness, ignorance, sickness, etc.
combat. ● Elimination of deficiencies in the
development of personality that
 prevents the individual from achieving a environment to another by improving
minimum desirable standard of interpersonal relationships or social
socio-economic life. skills
- Life insurance services 5. Recreation group - provide
- Public assistance participants with entertainment,
- Adult education and prevention enjoyment and experience
of diseases, etc. 6. Self-help group - emphasis is on
- Family development section mutual aid, and on creating an
4. Developmental Function - concerned with environment in which individuals may
the development of individuals, families, once again take charge of their lives;
groups, and communities. facilitated by non-professionals who
- Socio economic developmental have personal experience on the issue
activities such as education, being addressed
recreational services, urban/rural
development Helping Process
Phase 1
Clients and Audiences 1. Engagement
1. Individual clients - needs and characteristics ○ Establishing professional relational
of individual clients vary according to the boundaries
specific circumstances ○ Identifying problems, needs, and
● Case work - social work devoted to the strengths
needs of individual clients ○ Recognizing feelings and reactions
2. Groups - members identify and interact with ○ Increasing client system investment
one another on a personal basis, have a ○ Determining goals
shared sensed of the group as a social entity ○ Making initial plans
● Group work - complement case work; ■ Role induction - client system
support more adaptive personal agrees to proceed with the
functioning and social skills of outlined intervention
individuals through structured group ■ Referral - client system cannot
interaction serve the present agency and
Categories of Group the social worker is obliged to
1. Task group - accomplish tasks, help the system, thus, linking or
produce a product or carry out a brokering service is offered
mandate; work with other professionals ■ Discontinuation of services -
through collaboration agreed to discontinue because
2. Treatment group - increasing the (a) problems, needs, and issues
satisfaction of its members’ cannot be addressed by the
socio-economic needs agency services. (b) client
Classification of Treatment Groups system and social worker agree
1. Support groups - assist members that contact is sufficient to
manage life stresses by strengthening mobilize strengths, process and
coping skills to more effectively adapt resources, (c) client system
to future life events chooses not to invest further
2. Growth groups/Encounter groups - time, energy, or resources in the
emphasize self-development by partnership.
providing members opportunities to ■ Monitoring the engagement
enhance their capacities and phase - reviewing at to what
awareness extent the engagement and
3. Therapy groups - emphasized on processes has been
therapy groups, with focus on accomplished
remediation and rehabilitation; help 2. Assessment - determining the client’s
deal with their personal problems, or presenting problem
recover from social or health trauma 3. Planning - planning for treatment, setting
4. Socialization groups - intended to goals and objectives
facilitate transitions through Phase 2
developmental stages, from one role or
 4. Intervention (Implementation and with more than one hundred (100)
Attainment of Goals) - actively working with employees are encouraged to reserve
the client at least one percent (1%) of all
Phase 3 positions for persons with disability.”
5. Evaluation - looking at the client’s progress RA 10754 - Acquisition of goods and services
6. Termination - close or ending of the - Granting them at least twenty percent (20%)
therapeutic relationship discount and exemption from the value added
tax on the sale of certain goods and services
Laws
RA 7277 Chapter 6 - Accessibility (Mother Law) Communication - transactional process in which
- SECTION 25. Barrier-Free Environment: people generate meaning through the exchange of
barrier-free environment that will enable verbal messages in specific contexts.
disabled persons to have access in public and - Pass on culture, information, and just plain life
private buildings and establishments. events.
- SECTION 26. Mobility: disabled persons shall Four Main Goals of Communication
be allowed to drive motor vehicles. Appropriate 1. Inform - providing information for use
adaptations or modifications made on such in decision making
vehicles. 2. Request - ask for a specific action by
RA 7277 Section 46. Penal Clause the receiver
A. Any person who violates 3. Persuade - to reinforce or change a
1. First violation: P50,000, not receiver’s belief about a topic
exceeding P100,000. 4. Build relationships - may have the
- Imprisonment of not less than 6 simple goal of building good will
months, not more than 2 years. between you and the receiver
2. Subsequent violation: not less than Scope of Communication
P100,000 pesos, not exceeding 1. The Social Dimensions - ensure social
P200,000 enlightenment of the people; plays a vital role
- Imprisonment for less than 2 in determining the social behaviour; motivates
years, not more than 6 years the people and makes them aware of hazards
B. Any person who abuses the privileges 2. The Educational Dimensions - educating the
1. Imprisonment of not less than 6 people
months. Fine not less than P5,000, not 3. Organizational Dimensions - for smooth
more than P50,000 functioning of a organizational structure of a
2. If the violator is a corporation, system
organization or any similar entity, the 4. Cultural Dimensions - promotion and
officials thereof directly involved shall preservation of culture and traditions
be liable therefore. 5. Entertainment Dimensions - films, drama,
3. If the violator is an alien or a foreigner, music, comedy, etc
he shall be deported immediately after 6. Integrative Dimensions - connects people
service of sentence without further from different parts of the world
deportation proceedings. Basic Elements of Communication
RA 10524 - Employment 1. Sender - Receiver - participants of
- SECTION 5. Equal Opportunity for communication
Employment: no person with disability shall 2. Message - ideas and feelings
be denied access to opportunities for suitable 3. Verbal Symbols - all the words in a language
employment. A qualified employee with ● Abstract Symbols - ideas rather than
disability shall be subject to the same terms object
and conditions of employment and the same ● Non-verbal Symbols - facial
compensation, privileges, benefits, fringe expressions, gestures, posture, colors,
benefits, incentives or allowances as a vocal tones, appearance
qualified able bodied person. 4. Channels - routes travelled by a message
- “At least one percent (1%) of all - Sound and sight as primary channels in
positions in all government agencies, face-to-face communication
offices or corporal ions shall be - Radio, record, television, newspapers,
reserved for persons with disability: and magazines in mass media
Provided, That private corporations 5. Feedback - response
 6. Noise - barrier 1. Article 3 Section 3 (1) - The privacy of
● Internal - in the mind communication and correspondence shall be
● External - outside noises inviolable except upon lawful order of the
7. Setting - where it occurs court, or when public safety or order requires
Level Communication otherwise as prescribed by law.
1. Intrapersonal - self-communication 2. Article 3 Section 4 - No law shall be passed
2. Interpersonal - one-to-one; between two abridging the freedom of speech, of
people expression, or of the press, or the right of the
3. Intercultural - between members of different people peaceably to assemble and petition the
cultures government for redress of grievances.
4. Interviewing - series of questions answered 3. Article 2 Section 28 - Subject to reasonable
by two or more people conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts
5. Small Group - meeting of small group of and implements a policy of full public
people to solve a problem disclosure of all its transactions involving
6. Mass Communication - sending a message public interest.
to an audience
Discipline of Communication - how humans used Accountabilities of Communication Practitioners
verbal and non-verbal messages to create meaning Revised Penal Code
1. Article 353 Libel - Libel is a public and
Roles and Functions of Communicators malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or
1. Political roles - disseminating information to defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission,
the public; creating and reflecting public condition, status or circumstance tending to
opinion; watchdog of the government cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a
2. Economic role - makes people aware of the natural or juridical person, or to blacken the
available products and services, rationalizing memory of one who is dead.
the cost of the said products and services 2. Article 355 Libel means by writings or
3. Social role - catalyzes the social strength of similar means - A libel committed by means
society of writing, printing, lithography, engraving,
4. Popular cultures - mass media often radio, phonograph, painting, theatrical
instigated trends, fashions, etc exhibition, cinematographic exhibition, or any
5. Education and entertainment - has made similar means, shall be punished
Filipinos resilient to challenges of life 3. Article 358 Slander - Oral defamation shall be
punished by arresto mayor in its maximum
Careers in Communication period to prision correccional in its minimum
1. Advertising - paid communication about period if it is of a serious and insulting nature
goods,services, ideas, etc 4. Section 1 Article 201 Anti-obscenity -
- Copywriters, graphic artist, ad sales rep Immoral doctrines, obscene publications and
2. Public Relations - managing how information exhibitions, and indecent shows
about an individual or company is 5. Article 142 Inciting to Sedition - Any person
disseminated to the public who, without taking any direct part in the crime
- Writers, media trainers, press of sedition, should incite others to the
secretaries accomplishment of any of the acts which
3. Journalism - writing news constitute sedition, by means of speeches,
4. Broadcasting - utilizes the technology of radio proclamations, writings, emblems, cartoons,
and television to transmit messages and banners, or other representations.
program
- Actors, broadcast journalist, 6. Civil Code Chapter 2 Article 26 Right to
videographers Privacy - Every person shall respect the
5. Film Industry - production and distribution of dignity, personality, privacy and peace of mind
films of his neighbours and other persons.
- Scriptwriters, cinematographers, film 7. Administrative Circular No. 22-95 Section 1
musical directors Contempt of Court - A communication
practitioner could be charged of contempt of
The Constitutional Rights of Communicators court if he/she gives a statement:
The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the ● That impedes administration of justice
Philippines
● That is considered unfair to the actions
done by the court
● Relating to a pending case in court that
would tend to impede
● Obstruct, or influence the decision of
the court