GE6 - Stone Age humans were hunter-

gatherers who lived in small,

Historical Antecedents in the course of nomadic groups.
Science and Technology
Neanderthals (70 000 BCE)
Antecedents
 Stone tools
- Precursor to the unfolding or
existence of something.
- Of science and technology are
factors that paved way for the
presence of advanced and
sophisticated scientific and
technological innovations today.
- We can use the historical
developments of science and
technology to come up with proper
decisions and applications of Cro Magnons (35 000 BCE)
science and technology to daily life.
 Hafting (head and haft)
Major Time Periods:

 Ancient Period
 Middle/Medieval (5th Century – 15th
Century)
 Modern Age (16th Century –
Present)
 Philippine Inventions

The Ancient Period

1. Asia and Africa (Sumerians, Egypt

and China) The Neolithic Revolution (15 000 BCE)
2. Europe (Greeks and Romans)
3. The Americas From Hunters to Settlers: the transition
from nomadic hunter-gatherers to
Hunter-gatherer Life – from the agrarian communities.
beginning of time, man has strived to
improve his way and the quality of his life. Switching to agriculture is an
The caveman discovered how to make important precursor of major
tools, developed logical sequence for civilizations.
activities and evolved processes that
added value to his life.

Stone Age – marks a period of prehistory

in which humans used primitive tools.
Fertile Crescent: Cradle of Civilization goods in exchange for things
that they lacked.

Communication was also essential in

their endeavors to discover and
occupy new places.

- They needed a way to

communicate with the natives of
the areas they visited so as to
facilitate trade and prevent possible
Mesopotamia
conflicts.

The increase in size and number of

nations connoted increased demand
for food and other basic necessities,
this condition also implied that the people
must be able to produce food at a given
time and space since resources were
getting scarcer as more people struggle to
 Formed from the ancient words share the basic necessities. The people
meso (between or in the middle of) thus needed a form of technology that
and potamos (river). would enable them to increase food
 Situated between Tigris and supplies and other survival needs.
Euphrates rivers.
 Tigris and Euphrates rivers Sumerian Civilization
provided fresh water necessary Sumeria is located on the
for agricultural production. southernmost tip of ancient
Science in the Ancient Period Mesopotamia between the Tigirs and
Euphrates rivers in the area later became
In the ancient times, people were Babylonia.
concerned with transportation and
navigation, communication, and Sumerians are known for their high
recordkeeping, mass production, security degree of cooperation with one another
and protection, as well as health, and their desire for great things. They
aesthetics, and architecture. are not contended with the basic things
that life can offer. This desire pushed
Transportation was significant during them to develop many things
that time because people were trying to connected with science and
go places and discover new horizons. technology.

- They are travelling to search for  Explored the practices of the

food and find better locations for scientific hypothesis.
their settlements. They also  Engaged in technological
travelled to trade their surplus innovation.
  Created the earliest written
language.
 Developed mathematics,
astronomy and astrology.
 Fashioned the concept of time.

Sumerians’ most important inventions:

Wheel, Sail and Writing.

The Wheel is developed from a need to

make better pottery in less time. The
potter’s wheel was then adapted to
create carts and chariots for transporting
goods and for travelling.

The invention of the SAIL which is most

likely began simply through the
observation of the wind’s effect on a
piece of cloth.

Cuneiform – a system of writing first

developed by sumerians. It utilized word Babylonian Civilization
pictures carved on clay.  Astronomy and astrology
- Allowed the Sumerians to keep  Mathematics (first to use fractions)
records of things with great  Cartography
historical value or their everyday  Jewelry making
life. It is also one way of passing  Calendar system
their traditions, cultures, and their Like the Sumerians, the people of
legacy. Babylon used Cuneiform writing.

- They used more than 350 signs in

their writing.
- They used to write on soft clay
tablets by pen made of bone and
bamboo. Then they baked tablets
on sun shine and kept one after
another.
- During the reign of Haammurabi,
the famous Emperor of Babylon,
education is spread in the look and
corner of that land.
Code of Hammurabi: Hammurabi was
the First Law Giver of the world. He was
the leader of the Amorites and a brave Egyptian Civilization
fighther.  Egyptian Civilization developed
- There were different sets of laws in along Nile River.
ancient Babylon concerning  Egyptians built grand monuments
religion, agriculture, and temples.
administration and business.  They made advances in
- Hammurabi codified all these engineering, architecture,
laws in a simple form which agriculture, medicine, astronomy
became famous as the ‘Code of and even in art and literature.
Hammurabi’. Hieroglyphics – a form of writing that
- These laws were engraved on a used images to express sounds and
diorite stone of 8 feet high and meanings.
that stone was erected in the
temple of the great Babylonian Papyrus scroll – Egyptians had
God Marduk. developed durable sheets of writing
material from the papyrus plant.
Babylonians also adopted lunar
calendar. They divided one year into 12 The simple handheld mirror one finds so
months and each month was divided into commonplace in the present day was
30 days. created by the Egyptians. These were
often decorated with inscriptions and
They used sun dial and water clock to figures, such as that of the protector-god
know time. They also knew the use of Bes, and were owned by men and
number 1 to 9. women alike.
- The priests also predicted future. Toothpaste was made of rock salt, mint,
- They had acquired knowledge in dried iris petals, and pepper, according
geography, life science and to one recipe from the 4th century CE,
astrology. which dentists in 2003 CE tried and found
- All this things prove the love of to be quite effective (although it made
the Babylonians for science. their gums bleed).
Ziggurat Engineering &Construction

Egyptian Oblesik
 Ancient Egyptian have helped a lot in
providing a great deal of knowledge
and evidence about ancient medicine to
modern historians.

- This knowledge has been

discovered on the many papyrus
scrolls which have been found in
archeological excavation in Egypt.
- In ancient Egypt illnesses were
not just cured by magicians and
the medicine man but also by
Pyramid of Giza doctors and physicians.

(Greek, Romans & Chinese Civilization)

Greek Civilization

Agriculture

Mathematics was used in record

keeping, in developing the schematics for
machines such as the water pump, in
calculating tax rates, & in drawing up
designs &siting locations for building
projects.  Small islands of the Aegean,
western end of Asia Minor,
Egyptians culture was greatly influenced
mountainous southern tip of
by astronomy.
Europe.
- The Ancient Egyptian astronomy  Little land for large scale farming.
was very sacred. Pyramids and  Dozens of protected harbors and
temples had been built and bays.
positioned in relation to the  Expert sailors  ships and
stars. shipping.
- The Egyptian calendar was based  Mountains that are difficult to
on astronomical indicators as traverse.
well.  Accessible by the sea.
Ancient Greece - He believed in spherical Earth
which was the center of his
 The achievement of ancient Greek universe, and a motion of planets
science were among the finest in along crystalline spheres.
antiquity.
 However the greeks undervalued Hippocrates
observation in favour of the
deductive process. - He is known as the founder of
modern medicine.
Deductive Reasoning - He established a medical school
and wrote many treatise on medical
The Ancient Greeks made many matters.
advancements in science and technology. - (Hippocratic oath “Do no harm”)
Greek philosophers began to look at
the world in different ways. They came Aristotle
up with theories on how the world worked
and thought that the natural world obeyed - One of the greatest intellectual
certain laws that could be observed and figures of Western history.
learned through study. - Made important contributions to
logic, criticism, rhetoric, physics,
Pythagoras of Samos biology, psychology, mathematics,
metaphysics, ethics, and politics.
- He was credited with
mathematical and scientific Anaxagoras
discoveries:
 Numerical System - Figured out what causes an
eclipse: the moon coming between
 Pythagorean Theorem
the Sun and Earth or the Earth
 Sphericity of the earth
between the Sun and moon.
 Identity of the morning star as
the planet venus. Thales
- Founded a sect where Greek
Philosopy, religion, art and - Known as the Father of
mysticism were all fused Geometry, set up many
together. mathematical rules based on
reasoning. These were called
Plato mathematical truths. They
included theories about circles,
- Ancient Greek philosopher,
triangles, line, and angels.
student of Socrates, teacher of
Aristotle and founder of the Euclid
Academy, best known as the
author of philosophical works of - The most famous ancient greek
unparalleled influence. mathematician.
- He believed all substance to be
Inventions
composed of air, earth, fire and
water.
Watermill – a mill for grinding grain  Tiber River flows through its fertile
that is powered by water. The greeks plains.
invented the waterwheel used to power  Not-so-advanced farming practices
the mill and the toothed gears used to
transfer the power to the mill. 3 Major Groups of People that Settled
in Rome
Alarm Clock – the greek philosopher
Plato may have invented the first alarm  Etruscans – highly civilized, but
clock in history. He used water clock to little written account.
trigger a sound like an organ at a  Greeks – migrated due to crowding
certain time. in Corinth, Thebes and other cities
- South Italy into a prosperous
Central Heating – the greeks invented a region, constant fighting with
type of central heating where they would Etruscans and Phoenecians
transfer hot air from fires to empty  Phoenecians – came through
spaces under the floors of temples. Carthage
- Builders of powerful ships
Crane – the Greeks invented the crane to
help lift heavy items such as blocks for The Romans are known for applying
constructing buildings. scientific knowledge to everyday
problems in society.
Archimedes’ Screw
Inventions

 Roman numerals
 First newspaper (written/carved in
a stone) Acta Diurna
 Modern Plumbing and Sanitary
Management
 Arch Based Structure
 Aqueducts (similar to water dams)
 First Surgical Tools
Roman Civilization

Best known for….

 Classical Period – art, literature,

science, philosophy
 Systems of government (Monarchy,
Aristocracy, Oligarchy and
Democracy)
 Engagement in wars  Roads
 They were the successor to the  Julian Calendar (based on solar
Hellenistic Greece year)
 Found halfway down the western
Innovation in Warfare: The Corvus
coast of the Italian peninsula
  Rome waged war with Carthage for
more than 20 years to control Sicily

Chinese Civilization

 Most isolated of all civilization

 Agriculture and metalworking
(independent)
 Hunter-gatherer of millets
 7000-6000 BCE – settlements
along the Yellow River
 Terracing, diking, irrigation

Four Great Inventions of Ancient China

 Paper (Bo) – made of silk

 Printing – wood block printing
 Gunpowder – first used in
festivities
 Compass – guide tool in
navigation