APPENDIX

Table A Areas Under the Normal Curve Table F Critical Values of t Distribution
Table B Factors for Computing Central Lines and Table G–1 Critical Values of F Distribution (a = 0.1)
3s Control Limits for X, s, and R charts Table G–2 Critical Values of F Distribution (a = 0.05)
Table C The Poisson Distribution Table G–3 Critical Values of F Distribution (a = 0.01)
Table D Random Numbers Table H Orthogonal Arrays
Table E Commonly Used Conversion Factors

TABLE A Areas Under the Normal Curvea

Xi ⴚ M
0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00
S

−3.5 0.00017 0.00017 0.00018 0.00019 0.00019 0.00020 0.00021 0.00022 0.00022 0.00023
−3.4 0.00024 0.00025 0.00026 0.00027 0.00028 0.00029 0.00030 0.00031 0.00033 0.00034
−3.3 0.00035 0.00036 0.00038 0.00039 0.00040 0.00042 0.00043 0.00045 0.00047 0.00048
−3.2 0.00050 0.00052 0.00054 0.00056 0.00058 0.00060 0.00062 0.00064 0.00066 0.00069
−3.1 0.00071 0.00074 0.00076 0.00079 0.00082 0.00085 0.00087 0.00090 0.00094 0.00097
−3.0 0.00100 0.00104 0.00107 0.00111 0.00114 0.00118 0.00122 0.00126 0.00131 0.00135
−2.9 0.0014 0.0014 0.0015 0.0015 0.0016 0.0016 0.0017 0.0017 0.0018 0.0019
−2.8 0.0019 0.0020 0.0021 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026
−2.7 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028 0.0029 0.0030 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035
−2.6 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0040 0.0041 0.0043 0.0044 0.0045 0.0047
−2.5 0.0048 0.0049 0.0051 0.0052 0.0054 0.0055 0.0057 0.0059 0.0060 0.0062
−2.4 0.0064 0.0066 0.0068 0.0069 0.0071 0.0073 0.0075 0.0078 0.0080 0.0082
−2.3 0.0084 0.0087 0.0089 0.0091 0.0094 0.0096 0.0099 0.0102 0.0104 0.0107
−2.2 0.0110 0.0113 0.0116 0.0119 0.0122 0.0125 0.0129 0.0132 0.0136 0.0139
−2.1 0.0143 0.0146 0.0150 0.0154 0.0158 0.0162 0.0166 0.0170 0.0174 0.0179
−2.0 0.0183 0.0188 0.0192 0.0197 0.0202 0.0207 0.0212 0.0217 0.0222 0.0228
−1.9 0.0233 0.0239 0.0244 0.0250 0.0256 0.0262 0.0268 0.0274 0.0281 0.0287
−1.8 0.0294 0.0301 0.0307 0.0314 0.0322 0.0329 0.0336 0.0344 0.0351 0.0359
−1.7 0.0367 0.0375 0.0384 0.0392 0.0401 0.0409 0.0418 0.0427 0.0436 0.0446
−1.6 0.0455 0.0465 0.0475 0.0485 0.0495 0.0505 0.0516 0.0526 0.0537 0.0548
−1.5 0.0559 0.0571 0.0582 0.0594 0.0606 0.0618 0.0630 0.0643 0.0655 0.0668
−1.4 0.0681 0.0694 0.0708 0.0721 0.0735 0.0749 0.0764 0.0778 0.0793 0.0808
−1.3 0.0823 0.0838 0.0853 0.0869 0.0885 0.0901 0.0918 0.0934 0.0951 0.0968
−1.2 0.0895 0.1003 0.1020 0.1038 0.1057 0.1075 0.1093 0.1112 0.1131 0.1151
−1.1 0.1170 0.1190 0.1210 0.1230 0.1251 0.1271 0.1292 0.1314 0.1335 0.1357
−1.0 0.1379 0.1401 0.1423 0.1446 0.1469 0.1492 0.1515 0.1539 0.1562 0.1587
−0.9 0.1611 0.1635 0.1660 0.1685 0.1711 0.1736 0.1762 0.1788 0.1814 0.1841
−0.8 0.1867 0.1894 0.1922 0.1949 0.1977 0.2005 0.2033 0.2061 0.2090 0.2119
−0.7 0.2148 0.2177 0.2207 0.2236 0.2266 0.2297 0.2327 0.2358 0.2389 0.2420
−0.6 0.2451 0.2483 0.2514 0.2546 0.2578 0.2611 0.2643 0.2676 0.2709 0.2743
−0.5 0.2776 0.2810 0.2843 0.2877 0.2912 0.2946 0.2981 0.3015 0.3050 0.3085

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238 Appendix

TABLE A (Continued )

Xi ⴚ M
0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00
S

−0.4 0.3121 0.3156 0.3192 0.3228 0.3264 0.3300 0.3336 0.3372 0.3409 0.3446
−0.3 0.3483 0.3520 0.3557 0.3594 0.3632 0.3669 0.3707 0.3745 0.3783 0.3821
−0.2 0.3859 0.3897 0.3936 0.3974 0.4013 0.4052 0.4090 0.4129 0.4168 0.4207
−0.1 0.4247 0.4286 0.4325 0.4364 0.4404 0.4443 0.4483 0.4522 0.4562 0.4602
−0.0 0.4641 0.4681 0.4721 0.4761 0.4801 0.4840 0.4880 0.4920 0.4960 0.5000

Xi ⴚ M
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
S

+0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
+0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
+0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
+0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
+0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
+0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
+0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
+0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
+0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8079 0.8106 0.8133
+0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
+1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
+1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
+1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
+1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
+1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
+1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
+1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
+1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
+1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
+1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
+2.0 0.9773 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
+2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
+2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
+2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
+2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
+2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
+2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
+2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
+2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
+2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9983 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
+3.0 0.99865 0.99869 0.99874 0.99878 0.99882 0.99886 0.99889 0.99893 0.99896 0.99900
+3.1 0.99903 0.99906 0.99910 0.99913 0.99915 0.99918 0.99921 0.99924 0.99926 0.99929
+3.2 0.99931 0.99934 0.99936 0.99938 0.99940 0.99942 0.99944 0.99946 0.99948 0.99950
+3.3 0.99952 0.99953 0.99955 0.99957 0.99958 0.99960 0.99961 0.99962 0.99964 0.99965
+3.4 0.99966 0.99967 0.99969 0.99970 0.99971 0.99972 0.99973 0.99974 0.99975 0.99976
+3.5 0.99977 0.99978 0.99978 0.99979 0.99980 0.99981 0.99981 0.99982 0.99983 0.99983
a
Proportion of total area under the curve that is under the proportion of the curve from - q to (Xi - µ)/ (Xi represents any desired value of the variable X).
 –
TABLE B Factors for Computing Central Lines and 3S Control Limits for X, s, and R Charts

CHART FOR AVERAGES CHART FOR STANDARD DEVIATIONS CHART FOR RANGES

Factor for Factor for

Observations Factors for Control Limits Central Line Factors for Control Limits Central Line Factors for Control Limits
in
Sample, n A A2 A3 c4 B3 B4 B5 B6 d2 d3 D1 D2 D3 D4

2 2.121 1.880 2.659 0.7979 0 3.267 0 2.606 1.128 0.853 0 3.686 0 3.267
3 1.732 1.023 1.954 0.8862 0 2.568 0 2.276 1.693 0.888 0 4.358 0 2.574
4 1.500 0.729 1.628 0.9213 0 2.266 0 2.088 2.059 0.880 0 4.698 0 2.282
5 1.342 0.577 1.427 0.9400 0 2.089 0 1.964 2.326 0.864 0 4.918 0 2.114
6 1.225 0.483 1.287 0.9515 0.030 1.970 0.029 1.874 2.534 0.848 0 5.078 0 2.004
7 1.134 0.419 1.182 0.9594 0.118 1.882 0.113 1.806 2.704 0.833 0.204 5.204 0.076 1.924
8 1.061 0.373 1.099 0.9650 0.185 1.815 0.179 1.751 2.847 0.820 0.388 5.306 0.136 1.864
9 1.000 0.337 1.032 0.9693 0.239 1.761 0.232 1.707 2.970 0.808 0.547 5.393 0.184 1.816
10 0.949 0.308 0.975 0.9727 0.284 1.716 0.276 1.669 3.078 0.797 0.687 5.469 0.223 1.777
11 0.905 0.285 0.927 0.9754 0.321 1.679 0.313 1.637 3.173 0.787 0.811 5.535 0.256 1.744
12 0.866 0.266 0.886 0.9776 0.354 1.646 0.346 1.610 3.258 0.778 0.922 5.594 0.283 1.717
13 0.832 0.249 0.850 0.9794 0.382 1.618 0.374 1.585 3.336 0.770 1.025 5.647 0.307 1.693
14 0.802 0.235 0.817 0.9810 0.406 1.594 0.399 1.563 3.407 0.763 1.118 5.696 0.328 1.672
15 0.775 0.223 0.789 0.9823 0.428 1.572 0.421 1.544 3.472 0.756 1.203 5.741 0.347 1.653
16 0.750 0.212 0.763 0.9835 0.448 1.552 0.440 1.526 3.532 0.750 1.282 5.782 0.363 1.637
17 0.728 0.203 0.739 0.9845 0.466 1.534 0.458 1.511 3.588 0.744 1.356 5.820 0.378 1.622
18 0.707 0.194 0.718 0.9854 0.482 1.518 0.475 1.496 3.640 0.739 1.424 5.856 0.391 1.608
19 0.688 0.187 0.698 0.9862 0.497 1.503 0.490 1.483 3.689 0.734 1.487 5.891 0.403 1.597
20 0.671 0.180 0.680 0.9869 0.510 1.490 0.504 1.470 3.735 0.729 1.549 5.921 0.415 1.585

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