Try in the following questions

(1) If there are 5 communication channels in service, and a channel is selected at random when a telephone call
is placed, then each channel has a probability 1/5 = 0.2 of being selected.
(2) Two competing software companies are after an important contract. Company A is twice as likely to win this
competition as company B. Hence, the probability to win the contract equals 2/3 for A and 1/3 for B.
(3) A collection of all elementary results, or outcomes of an experiment, is called a sample space.
(4) Any set of outcomes is an event. Thus, events are subsets of the sample space.
(5) If a job sent to a printer appears first in line with probability 60%, and second in line with probability 30%,
then with probability 90% it appears either first or second in line.
(6) During some construction, a network blackout occurs on Monday with probability 0.7 and on Tuesday with
probability 0.5. Then, does it appear on Monday or Tuesday with probability 0.7 + 0.5 = 1.2?
(7) During some construction, a network blackout occurs on Monday with probability 0.7 and on Tuesday with
probability 0.5 and suppose there is a probability 0.35 that network blackouts on both Monday and Tuesday. Then
the probability of having a blackout on Monday or Tuesday equals 0.7 + 0.5 − 0.35 = 0.85.
(8) If a system appears protected against a new computer virus with probability 0.7, then it is exposed to it with
probability 1 − 0.7 = 0.3.
(9) Suppose a computer code has no errors with probability 0.45. Then, it has at least one error with probability
0.55.
(10) There is a 1% probability for a hard drive to crash. Therefore, it has two backups, each having a 2%
probability to crash, and all three components are independent of each other. The stored information is lost only
in an unfortunate situation when all three devices crash.
(a) With backup, the probability that the information is saved = 1 − (0.01)(0.02)(0.02) = 0.999996
(b) Without backups, the probability for information to be saved is only 0.99.
(12) Suppose that a shuttle’s launch depends on three key devices that operate independently of each other and
malfunction with probabilities 0.01, 0.02, and 0.02, respectively. If any of the key devices malfunctions, the
launch will be postponed. According to its schedule, the probability for the shuttle to be launched on time is
𝑃 { 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 } = 𝑃 { 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 } = (1 − 0.01)(1 − 0.02)(1 − 0.02) = 0.9508
(13) Ninety percent of flights depart on time. Eighty percent of flights arrive on time. Seventy-five percent of
flights depart on time and arrive on time.
(a) You are meeting a flight that departed on time. The probability that it will arrive on time is 0.8333
(b) You have met a flight, and it arrived on time. The probability that it departed on time is 0.9375
(c) Are the events, departing on time and arriving on time, independent?
(14) As part of a business strategy, randomly selected 20% of new internet service subscribers receive a special
promotion from the provider. A group of 10 neighbors signs for the service. The probability that at least 4 of them
get a special promotion is 0.1209.
The expected value of the number of people, who receive a special promotion is 4.
The Variance of the number of people, who receive a special promotion is 4.
(15) An exciting computer game is released. Sixty percent of players complete all the levels. Thirty percent of
them will then buy an advanced version of the game.
(a) The probability will buy the advanced version is (0.3)(0.6) = 0.18
(b) Among 15 users,
(i) The expected number of people who will buy the advanced version is (15)(0.18) = 2.7
(ii) The probability that at least two people will buy it is 0.7813
(16) Customers of an internet service provider initiate new accounts at the average rate of 10 accounts per day.
(a) The probability that more than 8 new accounts will be initiated today is 0.667
(b) The probability that more than 16 accounts will be initiated within 2 days is 0.779
(c) Suppose there are 𝑛 = 400 potential internet users in the area, and on any specific day, each of them opens
a new account with probability p = 0.025.
10𝑥
The probability that more than 5 open a new an account is 𝑃(𝑋 > 5) = 1 − ∑50 𝑒 −10 = 0.933
𝑥!

(17) Ninety-five percent of electronic messages are transmitted with no error. What is the probability that out of
200 messages, at least 195 will be transmitted correctly?
Let X is the number of messages are transmitted with no error (correctly), Y is the number of messages are
transmitted with error (failures)
𝑋~𝑃𝑜(190) ⟺ 𝑌~𝑃𝑜(10)
5
10𝑥 −10
𝑃(𝑋 > 195) = 𝑃(𝑌 ≤ 5) = ∑ 𝑒 = 0.067
𝑥!
0

(18) There is one error in one of five blocks of a program. To find the error, we test four randomly selected
blocks. Let X be the number of errors in these four blocks.
(a) E(X) = (4)(0.2)=0.8
(b) Var(X) = (4)(0.2)(0.8)=0.64.
(19) A software package consists of 20 programs, five of which must be upgraded. If 8 programs are randomly
chosen for testing. (a) What is the probability that at least two of them must be upgraded? (b) What is the expected
number of programs, out of the chosen eight, that must be upgraded?
(20) A computer program contains one error. In order to find the error, we split the program into 6 blocks and
test two of them, selected at random. Let X be the number of errors in these blocks. Compute E(X).
(21) A quality control engineer tests the quality of produced computers. Suppose that 5% of computers have
defects, and defects occur independently of each other.
(a) Find the probability of exactly 4 defective computers in a shipment of twenty.
(b) Find the probability that the engineer has to test at least 5 computers in order to find 3 defective ones

(22) A lab network consisting of 20 computers was attacked by a computer virus. This virus enters each computer
with probability 0.4, independently of other computers. Find the probability that it entered at least 10 computers.
(23) Five percent of computer parts produced by a certain supplier are defective. What is the probability that a
sample of 16 parts contains more than 3 defective ones?
(24) Messages arrive at an electronic message center at random times, with an average of 9 messages per hour.

(a) What is the probability of receiving at least five messages during the next hour?
(b) What is the probability of receiving exactly five messages during the next hour?
(25) The number of computer shutdowns during any month has a Poisson distribution, averaging 0.25 shutdowns
per month.

(a) What is the probability of at least 3 computer shutdowns during the next year?
(b) During the next year, what is the probability of at least 3 months (out of 12) with exactly 1 computer shutdown
in each?
(26) The lifetime, in years, of some electronic component is a continuous random variable with the density
𝑘
𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 3 , 𝑥≥1
0, 𝑥<

a) The value of k is 2
b) Draw a graph of the cdf F (x),
c) The probability for the lifetime to exceed 5 years is 0.04.

(27) Jobs are sent to a printer at an average rate of 3 jobs per hour.
(a) The expected time between jobs is 5 minutes (1/12 hour)
(b) The probability that the next job is sent within 5 minutes is 0.2212.

(28) Suppose that the average household income in some country is 900 coins, and the standard deviation is 200
coins. Assuming the Normal distribution of incomes, compute the proportion of “the middle class,” whose income
is between 600 and 1200 coins
(29) The time, in minutes, it takes to reboot a certain system is a continuous variable with the density
𝑐(10 − 𝑥 2 ), 0 < 𝑥 < 10
𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
(a) Compute C.
(b) Compute the probability that it takes between 1 and 2 minutes to reboot.
(30) Suppose that the average household income in some country is 900 coins, and the standard deviation is 200
coins. Assuming the Normal distribution of incomes, the proportion of “the middle class,” whose income is
between 600 and 1200 coins is 0.8664.

(31) The time it takes a printer to print a job is an Exponential random variable with the expectation of 15 seconds.
You send a job to the printer at 10:00 am, and it appears to be third in line. What is the probability that your job
will be ready before 10:01?

(32) Two computer specialists are completing work orders. The first specialist receives 60% of all orders. Each
order takes her Exponential amount of time with parameter 𝜆1 = 10 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠. The second specialist receives
the remaining 40% of orders. Each order takes him Exponential amount of time with parameter 𝜆1 =
15 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠. A certain order was submitted 30 minutes ago, and it is still not ready. What is the probability that
the first specialist is working on it?

(33) Consider a satellite whose work is based on a certain block A. This block has an independent backup B. The
satellite performs its task until both A and B fail. The lifetimes of A and B are exponentially distributed with the
mean lifetime of 10 years.
(a) What is the probability that the satellite will work for more than 8 years?
(b) Compute the expected lifetime of the satellite.

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