UNIT-1

UNIT-1
Defining Cloud Computing, Cloud Type- The NIST model,
The Cloud Cube Model, Deployment models, Service
models, Characteristics of Cloud Computing-Paradigm
shift, Benefits of cloud computing, Disadvantages of cloud
computing, Assessing the Role of Open Standards.

Cloud Architecture: Cloud computing stack-composability,

infrastructure, platforms, virtual Appliances,
communication Protocols
Defining Cloud Computing:

• The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we

can say that Cloud is something, which is present at remote location.
Cloud can provide services over public and private networks, i.e.,
WAN, LAN or VPN.
• Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing, customer relationship
management (CRM) execute on cloud.

• What is Cloud Computing?

• Cloud Computing refers to manipulating,
configuring, and accessing the hardware and software resources
remotely. It offers online data storage, infrastructure, and application.
Defining Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network

access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction
Essential Characteristics
• On-demand self-service
A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server
time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human
interaction with each service provider.
• Broad network access
Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard
mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms
(e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).
• Resource pooling
The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers
using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer
• Measured Service

Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a

metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of
service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts).
Resource usage can be –monitored, controlled, and reported, providing
transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

•Rapid elasticity

Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases

automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with
demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often
appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.
Common Characteristics:

• Massive Scale
• Resilient Computing
• Homogeneity
• Geographic Distribution
• Virtualization
• Service Orientation
• Low Cost Software
• Advanced Security
Cloud Type- The NIST model:
Types of Cloud
There are the following 4 types of cloud that you can deploy according
to the organization's needs-
• Public Cloud
• Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the
pay-per-usage method.
• In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud Service Provider
(CSP).
• Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Microsoft, Google
App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.
• Advantages of Public Cloud
• There are the following advantages of public cloud -
• 1) Low Cost
• Public cloud has a lower cost than private, or hybrid cloud, as it shares the same resources
with a large number of consumers.
• 2) Location Independent
• Public cloud is location independent because its services are offered through the internet.
• 3) Save Time
• In Public cloud, the cloud service provider is responsible for the manage and maintain
• data centers in which data is stored, so the cloud user can save their time to
• establish connectivity, deploying new products, release product updates, configure,
• and assemble servers.ackward Skip Skip 10s
• 4) Quickly and easily set up
• Organizations can easily buy public cloud on the internet and deployed and configured it
remotely through the cloud service provider within a few hours.
• 5) Business Agility
• Public cloud provides an ability to elastically re-size computer resources based on the
organization's requirements.
• 6) Scalability and reliability
• Public cloud offers scalable (easy to add and remove) and reliable (24*7 available) services to
the users at an affordable cost.
Disadvantages of Public Cloud
• 1) Low Security
• Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.

• 2) Performance
• In the public cloud, performance depends upon the speed of internet
connectivity.

• 3) Less customizable
• Public cloud is less customizable than the private cloud.
 • Private Cloud
o Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.

o Private cloud provides computing services to a private internal network (within the
organization) and selected users instead of the general public.

o Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to data through firewalls and internal
hosting. It also ensures that operational and sensitive data are not accessible to third-party
providers.
• HP Data Centers, , Microsoft, Elastra-private cloud are the example of a private cloud.
• Advantages of Private cloud

• There are the following advantages of Private Cloud -

• 1) More Control
• Private clouds have more control over their resources and hardware than
public clouds because it is only accessed by selected users.
• 2) Security & privacy
• Security & privacy are one of the big advantages of cloud computing.
Private cloud improved the security level as compared to the public
cloud.
• 3) Improved performance
• Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space
capacity.
• Disadvantages of Private Cloud
• 1) High cost
• The cost is higher than a public cloud because set up and maintain hardware
resources are costly.
• 2) Restricted area of operations
• As we know, private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of
operations is limited.
• 3) Limited scalability
• Private clouds are scaled only within the capacity of internal hosted
resources.
• 4) Skilled people
• Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.
• Hybrid Cloud
o Hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds.
Hybrid cloud = public cloud + private cloud
o The main aim to combine these cloud (Public and Private) is to
create a unified, automated, and well-managed computing
environment.
o In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by
the public cloud and critical activities are performed by
the private cloud.
o Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and
Universities.
o The best hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon,
Microsoft, Google, Cisco, and NetApp.
• Advantages of Hybrid Cloud
• There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -
• 1) Flexible and secure
• It provides flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure
resources because of the private cloud.
• 2) Cost effective
• Hybrid cloud costs less than the private cloud. It helps organizations to save
costs for both infrastructure and application support.
• It offers the features of both the public as well as the private cloud. A hybrid
cloud is capable of adapting to the demands that each company needs for
space, memory, and system.
• 3) Security
• Hybrid cloud is secure because critical activities are performed by the private
cloud.
• 4) Risk Management
• Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way for companies to manage the risk.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud
1) Networking issues
In the Hybrid Cloud, networking becomes complex because of
the private and the public cloud.
2) Infrastructure Compatibility
Infrastructure compatibility is the major issue in a hybrid
cloud. With dual-levels of infrastructure, a private cloud
controls the company, and a public cloud does not, so there is
a possibility that they are running in separate stacks.
3) Reliability
The reliability of the services depends on cloud service
providers.
• Community Cloud
• Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and services to be accessible
by a group of several organizations to share the information. It is owned, managed, and
operated by one or more organizations in the community, a third party, or a combination of
them.
• Example: Our government organizations within India may share computing infrastructure in the cloud to manage
data.

• Advantages of Community Cloud

• There are the following advantages of Community Cloud –

• Cost effective
• Community cloud is cost effective because the whole cloud is shared between several organizations or a
community.

• Flexible and Scalable

• The community cloud is flexible and scalable because it is compatible with every user. It allows the users to
modify the documents as per their needs and requirement.

• Security
• Community cloud is more secure than the public cloud but less secure than the private cloud.

• Sharing infrastructure
• Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other capabilities among various
organizations.
• Disadvantages of Community Cloud
• There are the following disadvantages of Community Cloud -
o Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.
o Slow adoption to data
o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all
community members.
o Community Cloud is costly than the public cloud.
o Sharing responsibilities among organizations is difficult.
• The Cloud Cube Model:
•In Cloud computing, the Cloud Cube Model(CCM) is developed by the Jericho forum. This model
helps to classify network into four dimensional parts as follows:
•
∙ Internal/External
∙ Insourced/ Outsourced
∙ Proprietary/Open
∙ Perimeterized/ de-perimeterized
•
•The main goal of cloud cube model is to provide the security to the cloud network and protect it.
This model helps to different organizations, IT managers and various buisiness leaders by providing
secure cloud network with the help of cloud cube model.
•In cloud computing security plays an important part for different cloud users. Cloud cube model
also enables secure collaboration of cloud formations that is helpful for different types of
organizations and businesses.
There is an open-group association Jericho Forum & their focus is
on how to protect and secure cloud network. They put forward a
model that helps to categorize a cloud network based on
four-dimensional factors. The figure is drawn below showing the
Cloud Cube model.
 As the name Four-Dimensional, the working is also categorized into four parts
viz:
1. Physical Location of Data: The location of data may be internally or externally
which ultimately defines the organization's boundary.

2. Ownership: Ownership is proprietary or open; is a measurement for not only

ownership of technology but also its interoperability, use of data & ease of
data-transfer & degree of vendor's application's lock-in.

3. Security Range: is parameterized or de-parameterized; which measures

whether the operations are inside or outside the security boundary, firewall,
etc.

4. Sourcing: In-sourcing or out-sourcing; which defines whether the customer or

the service provider provides the service.
•Steps to Secure Data with the help of Cloud Cube Model
•Step 1: To provide security and protection to the data, user should know what rules must be applied
in classification of data.
•Step 2: It is necessary that data should exist and fulfill specific trust levels.
•Step 3: After above steps, the person/user must decide the following factors
∙ The formations should be able to fulfil the customer requirements.
∙ The service that user wants to operate in the cloud like, software-as-a-service,
platform-as-a-service or infrastructure-as-a-service.
∙ All data and required processes which are to be transfer in the cloud.
•Dimensions of Cloud Cube Model
•Internal/External: The information of physical location of data is given by Internal/External type.
This is common form of cloud cube model. The data which is present inside the cloud is known as
internal and the data resides outside the cloud known as external.
•
•Insourced/Outsourced: This is the second dimension of cloud cube model. In this form of
dimension different services are offered, the third-party services offered are known as Outsourced
and the services which are self-offered is called Insourced.
•
•Proprietary/Open: This is the third dimension of cloud cube model. The proprietary dimension
means that the organization is offering the service which is secure and protected under their
ownership. It defines the incomparability between data during transformation.
•
•Perimeterized/de-perimeterized: This is the fourth form of dimension which requires collaboration
oriented architecture. Parimeterized dimension always work within the traditional boundary, the
customer can increase the organization’s boundary into the external cloud computing domain with
the help of operation of virtual server in domain(IP) and also with the use of VPN support
• De-perimeterized is the data is encapsulated with metadata and structure, which will again
support to secure the data and control the misuse of data.
• Cloud Service Models
• There are the following three types of cloud service models

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

• Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• Definition: IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. This includes virtual
machines, storage, and networking components. Users have control over the operating systems,
applications, and configurations.
• Characteristics:
• Control: High level of control over the infrastructure, including operating systems and applications.
• Scalability: Easy to scale up or down based on demand.
• Cost-Effective: Pay-as-you-go pricing model, reducing the need for large capital expenditures on
hardware.
• Flexibility: Users can run any operating system or application.
• Examples:
• Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2
• Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines
• Google Compute Engine (GCE)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• Definition: PaaS provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage
applications without dealing with the underlying infrastructure. It includes
middleware, development tools, database management systems, and more.
• Characteristics:
• Development Focused: Enables developers to focus on coding and application
development without worrying about infrastructure management.
• Integrated Development Environment: Provides tools and services for the entire
application lifecycle.
• Automatic Scaling: Automatically scales the underlying infrastructure to handle
increased load.
• Managed Services: Includes database management, middleware, and other services.
• Examples:
• Google App Engine
• Microsoft Azure App Services
• Heroku
• Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Definition: SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription
basis. Users access the software through a web browser, and the service provider
manages the infrastructure, middleware, application software, and data.
• Characteristics:
• Accessibility: Accessible from anywhere with an internet connection.
• Maintenance-Free: The service provider handles all updates, patches, and
maintenance.
• Subscription-Based: Typically offered on a subscription model, reducing upfront
costs.
• Scalability: Easily scalable to accommodate a growing number of users.
• Examples:
• Google Workspace (formerly G Suite)
• Microsoft Office 365
• Salesforce
feature IaaS PaaS SaaS

High (infrastructure Medium (application

Control Low (application usage)
level) environment)

Managemen User manages OS, User manages Service provider

t applications applications manages everything

Hosting virtual Developing and Using software

Use Case
machines, storage deploying apps applications

Scalability High (user-configurable) High (automatic) High (automatic)

Subscription,
Cost Model Pay-as-you-go Subscription
pay-as-you-go

Maintenanc
User responsible Shared responsibility Provider responsible
e
• Use Cases
• IaaS:
• Organizations needing flexibility to configure their own environment.
• Startups looking to avoid the capital expense of hardware.
• Businesses requiring disaster recovery solutions.
• PaaS:
• Developers focusing on application development without worrying about underlying
infrastructure.
• Companies looking to reduce time-to-market for new applications.
• Projects needing integrated development tools and services.
• SaaS:
• Businesses wanting to use software without the need for installation and maintenance.
• Organizations looking for cost-effective and scalable software solutions.
• Teams requiring collaborative tools accessible from anywhere.
• Each cloud service model offers distinct advantages and is suited to different business needs and technical
requirements. Choosing the right model depends on the specific goals and resources of the organization.
•Characteristics of Cloud Computing:
•There are many characteristics of Cloud Computing here are few of them
:
• On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not
require any human administrators, user themselves are able to
provision, monitor and manage computing resources as needed.
• Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided
over standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
• Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that
are able to scale out and in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever
the user require services it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon
as its requirement gets over.
• Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) present are shared across multiple
applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients
are provided service from a same physical resource.
• Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application and occupant, it will
provide both the user and the resource provider with an account of what has been used. This is
done for various reasons like monitoring billing and effective use of resource.
• Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple tenants (users or organizations) on
a single set of shared resources.
• Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization technology to abstract underlying
hardware resources and present them as logical resources to users.
• Resilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically designed with redundancy and fault
tolerance in mind, which ensures high availability and reliability.
• Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing models, including pay-per-use,
subscription-based, and spot pricing, allowing users to choose the option that best suits their
needs.
•Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect their users’ data and ensure
the privacy of sensitive information.
•Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated, allowing users to deploy and
manage resources with minimal manual intervention.
•Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on sustainable practices, such as
energy-efficient datacanters and the use of renewable energy sources, to reduce their environmental
impact.
• Advantages of Cloud Computing
• As we all know that Cloud computing is trending technology. Almost every
company switched their services on the cloud to rise the company growth.
• Here, we are going to discuss some important advantages of Cloud Computing-
• 1)Back-up and restore data
• Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore that
data using the cloud.
• 2) Improved collaboration
• Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to quickly
and easily share information in the cloud via shared storage.
• 3) Excellent accessibility
• Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information anywhere,
anytime in the whole world, using an internet connection. An internet cloud
infrastructure increases organization productivity and efficiency by ensuring that
our data is always accessible.
• 4) Low maintenance cost
• Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs for organizations.

• 5) Mobility
• Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.

• 6) Services in the pay-per-use model

• Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users for access
services on the cloud and pays the charges as per the usage of service.

• 7) Unlimited storage capacity

• Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing our important data such as
documents, images, audio, video, etc. in one place.

• 8) Data security
• Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Cloud offers many
advanced features related to security and ensures that data is securely stored and handled.
• Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• A list of the disadvantage of cloud computing is given below -
• 1) Internet Connectivity
• As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored on the cloud, and we
access these data through the cloud by using the internet connection. If you do not have good internet
connectivity, you cannot access these data. However, we have no any other way to access data from the
cloud.
• 2) Vendor lock-in
• Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations may face problems when
transferring their services from one vendor to another. As different vendors provide different platforms,
that can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to another.
• 3) Limited Control
• As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored by the service provider,
so the cloud users have less control over the function and execution of services within a cloud
infrastructure.
• 4) Security
• Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store important information.
But, before adopting cloud technology, you should be aware that you will be sending all your
organization's sensitive information to a third party, i.e., a cloud computing service provider. While
sending the data on the cloud, there may be a chance that your organization's information is hacked by
Hackers.
• Assessing the Role of Open Standards.
•
• Open cloud standards provide three important benefits to IT organizations:
• Increased Choice: Open standards give customers the freedom to choose the
products that work best with their tools and work in their environment.
Constraints around specific interfaces disappear and decisions can be based
upon performance.
• Reduced Cost: Open standards lower costs by reducing the complexity and
number of tools required to support an environment. Training is also more
efficient in this environment.
• Improved Interoperability: Ultimately, users want to integrate their business
systems and the infrastructures that support them. Open standards enable that
integration which drives greater business agility and responsiveness.
• Open cloud standards are not enough
•In addition to open cloud standards, we believe in open interfaces. We believe that
customers should be able to choose their systems based on performance, function,
security, reliability, and cost. Once the interfaces between systems are open, the
customer can realize this vision. VMware was the first company to submit its cloud
API (VCloud API) to an Industry Standards organization. It is currently available
publicly for others to implement as an open interface.
• Cloud Architecture:

• Cloud Computing Stack:

Cloud computing can be described as a stack that is formed by layers, similar to a cake.

Those layers will be built using cloud computing services, servers, and components, which can leverage
several different clouds forming a single application stack.

The network stability and scalability of the stack will determine its resilience and high availability.
 • Software as a Service
Software
service — as
on-premises,foraexample,
Service
or isGitHub
you couldproviding a piece
use source
GitHub's of technology
control.
hosted You could
source (usually
choose atosoftware)
control. host and that can be
manage Git consumed as a
source control
One of the new variations of “Software as a Service” is “Data as a Service.”
• Platform as a Service
Platform
that poweras application
a Service provides severaland
development well-integrated
maintenance.software products/technologies to form solutions
Heroku
to otherand Google
coupled App engine are examples of Platform as a Service. These host and integrate your code
services.
Atlas App
cloud Services
functions andcloud services
application form aassimilar
content concept to Platform as a Service where you host your
a service.
• Infrastructure as a Service
Infrastructure
computing as a power
provider.
and cloud storage Service is currently
Essentially,
you one ofservers,
it provides
need. the low-level services
network, you can
and virtual expectto
resources from
run athe
cloud
compute
 An example for this type is an AWS EC2 offering, where you deploy your servers/network and security
policies managed by the AWS cloud API.

• Understanding Cloud Architecture:

Many descriptions of cloud computing describe it in terms of two architectural layers:

A client as a front end
The “cloud” as a backend
To understand the Cloud Architecture and the type of applications that can run on Cloud, an understanding on the
below will be useful:

∙ Composability
∙ Infrastructure
∙ Platforms
∙ Virtual Appliances
∙ Communication Protocols
• Composability
•
• A cloud-based application has the property of being built from a collection of components. This feature
is known as composability.

A composable component must be:

Modular: It is self-contained and independent unit that is cooperative reusable and replaceble.
Stateless: A transaction is executed without regard to other transactions or requests.

It isn't an absolute requirement that transactions be stateless, some cloud computing applications
provide managed states through brokers, transaction monitors and service buses. In rare cases full
transactional systems are deployed in the clouds, but these systems are harder to architect in a
distributed architecture.
Infrastructure
• This architectural diagram illustrates the portion of the cloud computing stack that is designated as the server.
HVAC:HEATING ,VENTILATION and AIR CONDITIONING

• Platforms
• A cloud platform provides the hardware and software needed to build web apps or services that are
custom built to use the capabilities of that platform. Platforms represent the full software stack except
the presentation layer.

Depending upon the PAAS vendor you may find developer tools for team collaboration, testing tools
instrumentation for measuring program performance and attributes, versioning, database and
webservice integration and storage tools.
• Some major cloud platforms are:
∙ Salesforce.com Force.com platform
∙ Windows Azure platform
∙ Google Apps and Google App engine
•
• Virtual Appliances
• A virtual appliance is software that installs as middleware onto a virtual machine
• A virtual appliance is a pre-configured virtual machine image, ready to run on hypervisor virtual
appliances are a subset of the broader class of software appliances.
A virtual appliance is not a complete virtual machine platform, but rather a software image containing a
software stack designed to run on a virtual computer, a hypervisor is merely a platform for running an
operating system environment and does not provide application software itself. For example
applications such as a web server or database server that can run on a virtual machine image are
referred to as virtual appliances.
• A virtual appliance is a platform instance; therefore, virtual appliances occupy the middle of a cloud
computing stack.

IAAS systems such as Amzon's elastic compute cloud uses virtual appliances. Amazon machine images
are a collection of virtual appliances that can be installed on their Xen hypervisor servers. AMI includes
a variety of operating systems both proprietary and open source, a set of enterprise applications such
as Oracle BPM, SQL server and even complete application stacks such as LAMP(Linux Apache, MySQL
and PHP).

Similarly VMware's virtual appliance marketplace sells virtual appliances that run on VMware's
• hypervisor in cloud computing applications.
• Communication Protocols
• The popular communication protocols used in the cloud computing world are SOAP, XML-RPC,
CORBA, APP and REST.

APP is Atom publishing protocol. Atom is a syndication format that allows HTTP protocols to create
and update information.

•
CORBA is Common object requesting broker architecture. It is an early effort at a standard to enable
object interactions within a network. It uses an interface definition language to define the face these
objects present and an object request broker (ORB) to negotiate the exchange of information about
objects.

REST is representational state transfer. It assigns a global identifier to a resource so there is an uniform
method of accessing information sources. That identifier is a URI expressed in HTTP form. This is the
most widely used protocol in cloud apps.
 • Cloud computing relies heavily on network protocols for secure and efficient communication.

1. SSH (Secure Shell) - Port 22

2. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - Ports 20 and 21
3. SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol) - Port 22
4. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) - Port 80
5. HTTPS (HTTP Secure) - Port 443
6. RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) - Port 3389
7. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - Port 25
8. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) - Port 143
9. POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) - Port 110
10. DNS (Domain Name System) - Port 53
11. LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) - Port 389
12. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) - Ports 161, 162
13. TELNET - Port 23
14. NFS (Network File System) - Port 2049
15. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) - Port 1883
• SSH is indispensable for secure remote login and command execution. It's widely used for securely accessing
and managing servers in the cloud.
• FTP is a standard network protocol used for transferring files between a client and server. It operates on two
ports: 20 and 21. Port 21 is used for initiating connections, while po
• SFTP, a secure alternative to FTP, operates over SSH and uses port 22. It provides file access, transfer, and
management capabilities but with the added benefit of SSH's security features. port 20 is used for data transfer.
• HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. It operates on TCP port 80. In cloud
environments, HTTP is commonly used for web-based applications and services.
• HTTPS is the secure version of HTTP. Running on TCP port 443, it encrypts the data exchanged, thereby
providing a secure channel over the internet.
• RDP is a Microsoft protocol that enables remote connections to other computers. Typically, it uses TCP port
3389.
• SMTP is the standard protocol for sending emails across the Internet. It operates on TCP port 25. In cloud
environments, SMTP is used for email services and for sending notifications or alerts from various cloud-based
applications.
• IMAP is used for accessing emails on a remote server from a local client. It operates on TCP port 143.
• POP3, operating on TCP port 110, is another protocol used for retrieving emails from a server.
• DNS is a foundational Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. It typically uses TCP and
UDP port 53. In cloud computing, DNS is vital for the resolution of domain names for various cloud services and
applications.
• LDAP is used for accessing and maintaining distributed directory
information services over an IP network. It operates on TCP port 389.
• SNMP is used for managing devices on IP networks. It operates on UDP
ports 161 and 162. SNMP is essential in cloud computing for monitoring
and managing network-attached devices at scale.
• NFS, primarily operating on TCP and UDP port 2049, is a distributed file
system protocol that allows a user on a client computer to access files
over a network in a manner similar to how local storage is accessed.
• MQTT, using TCP port 1883 (and 8883 for TLS-secured connections), is a
lightweight messaging protocol designed for small sensors and mobile
devices.
• These 15 protocols form the backbone of various functions in cloud
computing, from secure remote access and file transfer to email services
and IoT connectivity.
• Connecting to cloud

Clients can connect to a cloud service in a number of different ways. These are the two most common
means:

• A Web browser
• A proprietary application

These applications can be running on a server, a PC, a mobile device, or a cell phone. There are three basic
methods for securely connecting over a connection:

• Use a secure protocol to transfer data such as SSL (HTTPS), FTPS, or IPsec, or connect using a secure shell
such as SSH to connect a client to the cloud.
•
• Create a virtual connection using a virtual private network (VPN), or with a remote data transfer protocol
such as Microsoft RDP or Citrix ICA, where the data is protected by a tunnelling mechanism.
• Encrypt the data so that even if the data is intercepted or sniffed, the data will not be meaningful.