Foundations of Computer Science

Second Edition
BEHROUZ FOROUZAN
FIROUZ MOSHARRAF

Chapter 2
Number Systems

1
 Outlines

z Introduction
z Positional Number Systems
– Base 10, 2, 8, 16.
z Nonpositional Number Systems
– Roman Numerals

2 CSIM@PU
 Objectives

After studying this chapter, the student should

understand:
z The concept of number systems.
z Non-positional and positional number systems.
z Decimal, Binary, Hexadecimal and Octal system.
z Convert a number among binary, octal, hexadecimal,
and decimal systems.
z Find the number of digits needed in each system to
represent a particular value.
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 1-1 Introduction

4
 The Definition of Number System

• A number can be represented using distinct

symbols and differently in different systems.
• For example,
• The two numbers (2A)16 and (52)8 both refer to
the same quantity, (42)10, but their
representations are different
• Two groups
• positional and non-positional systems

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 1-2 Position Number Systems

6
 Overview

z In a positional number system, a number

represented as:

has the value of:

in which S is the set of symbols, b is the base (or radix).

The Base includes Base10(Decimal), Base2(Binary), Base
16(Hexadecimal), or Base8(octal)。
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 The decimal system (base 10)

z The word decimal is derived from the Latin

root decem (ten).
– base b = 10, and
– ten symbols: S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
z The symbols in this system are often referred
to as decimal digits or just digits.
– Integer examples
– Real examples

8
 Base 10 – Integers (1)

Figure 2.1 Place values for an integer in the decimal system

9
 Base 10 – Integers (2)

z Example 2.1 shows the place values for the integer

+224 in the decimal system

z Example 2.2 shows the place values for the decimal

number −7508

( ) Values
10
 Base 10 – Reals

z A real – a number with a fractional part

z Example 2.3 shows the place values for the

real number +24.13.

11
 The binary system (base 2)

z The word binary is derived from the Latin

root bini (or two by two).
– base b = 2, and
– two symbols, S = {0, 1}
z The symbols in this system are often referred
to as binary digits or bits (binary digit).
– Integer examples
– Real examples

12
 Base 2 – Integers (1)

z We can represent an Integer as:

Figure 2.2 Place values for an integer in the binary system

13
 Base 2 – Integers (2)

z Example 2.4 shows that the number (11001)2

in binary is the same as 25 in decimal. The
subscript 2 shows that the base is 2.

The equivalent decimal number is N = 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 25.

14
 Base 2 – Reals (1)

z Example 2.5 shows that the number (101.11)2

in binary is equal to the number 5.75 in
decimal.

The equivalent decimal number is R = 4+0+1+0.5+0.25 = 5.75.

15
 The hexadecimal system (base 16)

z The word hexadecimal is derived from the Greek

root hex (six) and the Latin root decem (ten).
– base b = 16, and
– sixteen symbols,
S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}

z Symbol A, B, C, D, E, F are equivalent to 10, 11, 12,

13, 14, and 15 respectively.
z The symbols in this system are often referred to as
hexadecimal digits.

16
 Base 16 – Integers (1)

z We can represent an Integer as:

Figure 2.3 Place values for an integer in the hexadecimal system

17
 Base 16 – Integers (2)

z Example 2.6 shows that the number (2AE)16

in hexadecimal

The equivalent decimal number is N = 512 + 160 + 14 = 686.

18
 The octal system (base 8)

z The word octal is derived from the Latin root

octo (eight).
– base b = 8, and
– Eight symbols, S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
z Place values for an integer in the octal system

19
 Base 8 – Integers (1)

z We can represent an Integer as:

Figure 2.4 Place values for an integer in the octal system

20
 Base 8 – Integers (2)

z Example 2.7 shows that the number (1256)8

in octal is the same as 686 in decimal.

The decimal number is N = 512 + 128 + 40 + 6 = 686.

21
 Summary of the Base 10/2/8/16
positional systems (1)

22
 Summary (2)

The number 0 to
15 is represented
in different
systems

23
 Conversion

z The decimal system is more familiar than the

other systems
z To convert a number in one system to the
equivalent number in another system
– Any base – Decimal
– Binary – Hexadecimal
– Binary – Octal
– Octal – Hexadecimal

24
 Any base to decimal conversion (1)

z Converting other bases to decimal (Fig. 2.5)

25
 Any base to decimal conversion (2)

z Example 2.8 shows how to convert the binary

number (110.11)2 to decimal: (110.11)2 =
6.75.

26
 Any base to decimal conversion (3)

z Example 2.9 shows how to convert the

hexadecimal number (1A.23)16 to decimal.

The result in the decimal notation is not exact, because

3 × 16−2 = 0.01171875. We have rounded this value to three
digits (0.012).
27
 Any base to decimal conversion (4)

z Example 2.10 shows how to convert (23.17)8

to decimal.

This means that (23.17)8 ≈ 19.234 in decimal. Again, we have

rounded up 7 × 8−2 = 0.109375.

28
 Decimal to any base conversion

z Two procedures for converting a decimal

number to its equivalent in any base.
– Converting the integral part
– Converting the fractional part

29
 Converting the integral part (1)

UML’s state diagram

30
 Converting the integral part (2)

z The Figure shows the destination is made

with each repetition. (process manually)

Figure 2.7
31 Converting the integral part of a number in decimal to other bases
 Converting the integral part (3)

z Example 2.11 shows how to convert 35 in decimal to

binary. The result is 35 = (100011)2.

z Example 2.12 shows how to convert 126 in decimal

to octal. The result is 126 = (176)8.

32
 Converting the integral part (4)

z Example 2.13 shows how to convert 126 in

decimal to hexadecimal. The result is 126 =
(7E)16

33
 Converting the fractional part (1)

UML’s
State
diagram

34
 Converting the fractional part (2)

z The Figure shows the destination is made with each

repetition. (process manually)

Figure 2.9
35 Converting the fractional part of a number in decimal to other bases
 Converting the fractional part (3)

z Example 2.14 converts the decimal number

0.625 to binary.

Since the number 0.625 = (0.101)2 has no integral part, the

example shows how the fractional part is calculated.

36
 Converting the fractional part (4)

z Example 2.15 shows how to convert 0.634 to octal using

a maximum of four digits. The result is 0.634 = (0.5044)8.

z Example 2.16 shows how to convert 178.6 in decimal to

hexadecimal using only one digit to the right of the
decimal point. The result is 178.6 = (B2.9)16

37
 Converting the fractional part (5)

z An alternative method for converting a small

decimal integer (< 256) to binary is to break
the number as the sum of numbers that are
equivalent to the binary place values shown:

For Example:

38
 Converting the fractional part (6)

z A method can be used to convert a decimal fraction

to binary when the denominator is a power of two:
z Convert 27/64 to binary: The answer is (0.011011)2

39
 Binary-hexadecimal conversion (1)

z A relationship between the two bases: four

bits in binary is one digit in hexadecimal

Figure 2.10
Binary to hexadecimal and hexadecimal to binary conversion
40
 Binary-hexadecimal conversion (2)

z Example 2.19 shows the hexadecimal equivalent of

the binary number (110011100010)2.

100 1110 0010

– First, arranging the binary number in 4-bit patterns
– Using the equivalent of each pattern shown in Table
2.2 on page 25
– Then, changing the number to hexadecimal:
(4E2)16.
41
 Binary-hexadecimal conversion (3)

z Example 2.20: What is the binary equivalent

of (24C)16?
z Each hexadecimal digit is converted to 4-bit
patterns. The result is (001001001100)2.

2 → 0010, 4 → 0100, and C → 1100

42
 Binary-octal conversion (1)

z A relationship between the two bases: three

bits in binary is one octal digit

Figure 2.10 Binary to octal and octal to binary conversion

43
 Binary-octal conversion (2)

z Example 2.21 shows the octal equivalent of the

binary number (101110010)2.
– Each group of three bits is translated into one octal digit
(Table 2.2). The result is (562)8.
101 110 010
z Example 2.22: What is the binary equivalent of for
(24)8?
– Write each octal digit as its equivalent bit pattern to get. The
result is (010100)2.

44 2 → 010 and 4 → 100

 Octal-hexadecimal conversion (1)

z Using the binary system as the intermediate

system.

Figure 2.12
Octal to hexadecimal and hexadecimal to octal conversion
45
 Octal-hexadecimal conversion (2)

z Example 2.23 – to find the minimum number of

binary digits required to store decimal integers with a
maximum of six digits.
– k = 6, b1 = 10, and b2 = 2. Then

x = ⎡k × (logb1 / logb2)⎤ = ⎡6 × (1 / 0.30103)⎤ = 20.

– The largest six-digit decimal number is 999,999.
– The largest 20-bit binary number is 1,048,575.
– The largest 19-bit number is 524287, which is smaller than
999,999.
– We definitely need twenty bits.
46
 1-3 Nonpositional Number
Systems

47
 Overview (1)

• Non-positional number systems are not

used in computers.
• A non-positional number system still uses a
limited number of symbols in which each
symbol has a value.
• We give a short review for comparison with
positional number systems.

48
 Overview (2)

z A number is represented as:

and has the value of:

Some exceptions to the addition rule, as shown in

49 Example 2.24 (Roman Numerals).
 Roman numerals

z Roman numerals is a non-positional number system

– The set of symbols, S = {I, V, X, L, C, D, M}.
– Table 2.3 shows the values of each symbol

z To find the value of a number, we need to add the value

of symbols subject to specific rules (See Page 34).
50
 Roman numerals and their values

51