The mole concept

Mass and Moles of a Substance

• Chemistry requires a method for determining

the numbers of molecules in a given mass of
a substance.
– This allows the chemist to carry out “recipes” for
compounds based on the relative numbers of
atoms involved.
– The calculation involving the quantities of
reactants and products in a chemical equation is
called stoichiometry.

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–2

 Molecular Weight and Formula
Weight

• The molecular weight of a substance is the

sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in
a molecule of the substance.
– For, example, a molecule of H2O contains 2
hydrogen atoms (at 1.0 amu each) and 1 oxygen
atom (16.0 amu), giving a molecular weight of
18.0 amu.

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–3

 Molecular Weight and Formula
Weight

• The formula weight of a substance is the

sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in
one formula unit of the compound, whether
molecular or not.
– For example, one formula unit of NaCl contains 1
sodium atom (23.0 amu) and one chlorine atom
(35.5 amu), giving a formula weight of 58.5 amu.
 Mass and Moles of a Substance

The Mole Concept

1-octanol Mercury(II)
A mole is defined as the
quantity of a given Iodide
substance that contains as
many molecules or formula
units as the number of
atoms in exactly 12 grams
of carbon–12.
• The number of atoms in a
12-gram sample of carbon–
12 is called Avogadro’s
number (to which we give
the symbol Na). The value
of Avogadro’s number is
6.02 x 1023. Sulfur Methanol

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–5

 Mass and Moles of a Substance

• The molar mass of a substance is the mass

of one mole of a substance.
– For all substances, molar mass, in grams per
mole, is numerically equal to the formula weight in
atomic mass units.
– That is, one mole of any element weighs its atomic
mass in grams.

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–6

 Mass and Moles of a Substance

• Mole calculations
– Suppose we have 100.0 grams of iron (Fe). The atomic
weight of iron is 55.8 g/mol. How many moles of iron does
this represent?

100.0 g Fe
moles Fe 
55.8 g/mol
 1.79 moles of Fe

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–7

 Mass and Moles of a Substance

• Mole calculations
– Conversely, suppose we have 5.75 moles of
magnesium (atomic wt. = 24.3 g/mol). What is its
mass?

mass M g  ( 5 .75 moles)  (24.3 g/mol)

 140 grams of M g
Or 1.40 x 102 grams of Mg

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–8

 Mass and Moles of a Substance

• Mole calculations
– This same method applies to compounds.
Suppose we have 100.0 grams of H2O (molecular
weight = 18.0 g/mol). How many moles does this
represent?

100.0 g H 2O
moles H 2O 
18.0 g/mol
 5.56 moles of H 2 O

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–9

 Mass and Moles of a Substance

• Mole calculations
– Conversely, suppose we have 3.25 moles of
glucose, C6H12O6 (molecular wt. = 180.0 g/mol).
What is its mass?

mass C 6 H 12 O 6  ( 3 .25 moles)  (180.0 g/mol)

 585 grams of C 6 H 12 O 6

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–10

 Mass and Moles and Number of
Molecules or Atoms

• The number of molecules or atoms in a sample is

related to the moles of the substance:
1 mole HCl  6.02  10 HCl mole cule s
23

1 mole Fe  6 .02  10 Fe atoms

23

• Suppose we have a 3.46-g sample of hydrogen chloride,

HCl. How many molecules of HCl does this represent?
1 mole HCl 6.02 x 10 2 3 HCl mole cule s
3.46g HCl  
36.5g HCl 1 mole HCl
 5.7110 HCl molecules
22

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–11

 How many atoms?

How many atoms are in 0.10 moles of Uranium atoms?

Convert to
Moles Atoms

6.02 x 10 23 atoms
0.10 moles U ----------------------- = 6.0 x 1022 U atoms
1 mole

What is the mass of 0.10 moles of Uranium atoms?

Convert to
Moles Grams
238.029 g U
0.10 moles U ----------------------- = 24 grams U
1 mole U
Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–12
 Practice with Propane (C3H8)

How many molecules are in 1.00 mole of Propane?

Convert to
Moles Molecules

6.02 x 10 23 molecules
1.00 mole C3H8 ----------------------------- = 6.02 x 1023 C3H8
1 mole molecules

What is the mass of 1.00 mole of propane molecules?

Convert to
Moles Grams
44.096 g C3H8
1.00 mole C3H8 ----------------------- = 44.1 grams C3H8
1 mole C3H8
Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–13
 Practice with Propane (C3H8)

How many H atoms are in 1.00 mole of Propane?

Convert to
Moles Propane atoms of H atoms

8 moles of H 6.02 x 10 23 atoms

1.00 mole C3H8 ------------------- ------------------------ = 4.82 x 1024
1 mole C3H8 1 mole H H atoms

How many grams of carbon are there in 2.4g C3H8?

Convert to
Grams Grams
1 molep 3 molec 12.011g
2.4 gp ----------- ----------- ----------- = 2.0 grams carbon
44.096 g 1 molep 1 molec
Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–14
 Determining Chemical Formulas

• The percent composition of a compound is

the mass percentage of each element in the
compound.
– We define the mass percentage of “A” as the
parts of “A” per hundred parts of the total, by mass.
That is,

mass of " A" in whole

mass % " A"   100%
mass of the whole

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–15

 Mass Percentages from Formulas

• Let’s calculate the percent composition of

butane, C4H10.
First, we need the molecular mass of C4H10.
4 carbons @ 12.0 amu/atom  48.0 amu
10 hydrogens @ 1.00 amu/atom  10.0 amu
1 molecule of C 4 H 10  58.0 amu
Now, we can calculate the percents.
% C  5848.0
.0 amu total  100 %  82 . 8 % C
amu C

% H  5810.0
.0 amu total  100 %  17 . 2 % H
amu H

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–16

 Percent Composition

What is the % composition of C6H12O6?

12.011g C 72.066 x100%=40.0% C
6 moles C -------------- = 72.066 g C
1 mole C 180.155

1.0079g H 12.0948
12 moles H -------------- = 12.0948 g H x100%=6.7% H
1 mole H 180.155
15.999g O
6 moles O -------------- = 95.994g O 95.994 x100%=53.3% O
1 mole O 180.155
180.155
% composition is 40.0% C, 6.7% H, and 53.3% O

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–17

 Determining Chemical Formulas

• Determining the formula of a compound from

the percent composition.
– The percent composition of a compound leads
directly to its empirical formula.
– An empirical formula (or simplest formula) for a
compound is the formula of the substance written
with the smallest integer (whole number)
subscripts.

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–18

 Determining Chemical Formulas

• Determining the empirical formula from the

percent composition.
– Benzoic acid is a white, crystalline powder used
as a food preservative. The compound contains
68.8% C, 5.0% H, and 26.2% O by mass. What is
its empirical formula?
– In other words, give the smallest whole-number
ratio of the subscripts in the formula
Cx HyOz

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–19

 Determining Chemical Formulas

• Determining the empirical formula from the

percent composition.
– For the purposes of this calculation, we will
assume we have 100.0 grams of benzoic acid.
– Then the mass of each element equals the
numerical value of the percentage.
– Since x, y, and z in our formula represent mole-
mole ratios, we must first convert these masses to
moles.
Cx HyOz

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–20

 Determining Chemical Formulas

• Determining the empirical formula from the

percent composition.
– Our 100.0 grams of benzoic acid would contain:

1 mol C
68.8 g C   5.73( 3 ) mol C This isn’t quite a
12.0 g whole number ratio,
but if we divide each
1 mol H number by the
C
5 .0 g H  5.0 mol H smallest of the three,
1.0 g a better ratio might
emerge.
1 mol O
26.2 g O   1.63( 7 )mol O
16.0 g
Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–21
 Determining Chemical Formulas

• Determining the empirical formula from the

percent composition.
– Our 100.0 grams of benzoic acid would contain:

5 .73 mol C  1.63(7)  3.50 now it’s not too

difficult to See that
the smallest whole
5 .0 mol H  1.63(7)  3.0 number ratio is
7:6:2.
1 .63( 7 ) mol O  1.63(7)  1.00 The empirical
formula is
C7H6O2 .

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–22

 Determining Chemical Formulas

• Determining the molecular formula from the

empirical formula.
– An empirical formula gives only the smallest
whole-number ratio of atoms in a formula.
– The molecular formula should be a multiple of the
empirical formula (since both have the same
percent composition).
– To determine the molecular formula, we must
know the molecular weight of the compound.

Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–23

 Determining Chemical Formulas

• Determining the molecular formula from the

empirical formula.
– For example, suppose the empirical formula of
a compound is CH2O and its molecular weight
is 60.0 g/mol.
– The molar weight of the empirical formula (the
empirical weight) is only 30.0 g/mol.
– This would imply that the molecular formula is
actually the empirical formula doubled, or

C2H4O2
Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–24
 Percent Composition
What is the Empirical Formula if the % composition is
40.0% C, 6.7% H, and 53.3% O?
1 mole C
40.0 g C -------------- = 3.33 moles C 3.33 =1.0 mole C
12.011g C 3.33

1 mole H = 6.64 moles H

6.7 g H -------------- 6.64 = 2.0 mole H
1.0079g H 3.33
1 mole O 3.33
53.3 g O ------------- = 3.33 moles O = 1.0 mole O
15.999g O 3.33

The Empirical Formula is CH2O (MW =30.026)

If MW of the real formula is 180.155, what is the actual formula?
(180.155)/(30.026) = 6 CH2O x 6 = C6H12O6
 Empirical formulas:
Combustion analysis

• What are the products of the combustion of a

hydrocarbon?
• CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O
• For the amount of carbon in the original
hydrocarbon, this is equal to the number of
CO2 molecules formed.
• For the amount of hydrogen in the original
hydrocarbon, the water reflects this value.
• A 15.25 gram sample of an organic compound was
combusted in oxygen producing 34.71 grams of CO2 and
14.20 grams of H2O. In addition it was found that the
compound contained 27.59% oxygen. What is the
empirical formula of the compound?
• A 12 g sample of a smelly compound was tested by
combustion analysis. The products were 21.41 g of CO2,
14.59 g of H2O, and 17.51 grams of N2O5. Further analysis
showed that oxygen was NOT present in the molecule.
What is the empirical formula of the compound?
 Empirical formulas: Combustion
analysis

• A 0.225 g sample of a hydrocarbon that

contains oxygen, caproic acid, is combusted
producing 0.512g CO2 and 0.209 g H2O. The
molar mass of the acid is 116g mol-1 what is
the molecular formula for caproic acid?
Stoichiometry: Quantitative Relations
in Chemical Reactions

• Stoichiometry is the calculation of the

quantities of reactants and products involved
in a chemical reaction.
– It is based on the balanced chemical equation and
on the relationship between mass and moles.
– Such calculations are fundamental to most
quantitative work in chemistry.
 Molar Interpretation of a
Chemical Equation

• The balanced chemical equation can be interpreted

in numbers of molecules, but generally chemists
interpret equations as “mole-to-mole” relationships.
– For example, the Haber process for producing
ammonia involves the reaction of hydrogen and
nitrogen.

N 2 ( g )  3 H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g )
 Molar Interpretation of a
Chemical Equation

• This balanced chemical equation shows that

one mole of N2 reacts with 3 moles of H2 to
produce 2 moles of NH3.
N 2 (g)  3H 2 (g)  2 NH 3 ( g )
1 molecule N2 + 3 molecules H2 2 molecules NH3
1 mol N 2  3 mol H 2  2 mol NH 3
– Because moles can be converted to mass,
you can also give a mass interpretation of
a chemical equation.
 Molar Interpretation of a Chemical
Equation

• Suppose we wished to determine the

number of moles of NH3 we could obtain
from 4.8 mol H2.
N 2 (g)  3H 2 (g)  2 NH 3 ( g )
– Because the coefficients in the balanced equation
represent mole-to-mole ratios, the calculation is
simple.
2 mol NH 3
4.8 mol H 2   3.2 mol NH 3
3 mol H 2
 Mass Relationships in Chemical
Equations

• Amounts of substances in a chemical

reaction by mass.
– How many grams of HCl are required to react
with 5.00 grams manganese (IV) oxide
according to this equation?
4 HCl(aq)  MnO 2 ( s )  2 H 2 O(l)  MnCl 2 (aq)  Cl 2 ( g )
 Mass Relationships in Chemical
Equations

• First, you write what is given (5.00 g MnO2) and

convert this to moles.
• Then convert to moles of what is desired.(mol HCl)
• Finally, you convert this to mass (g HCl)

1 mol MnO 2 4 mol HCl 36.5 g HCl

5.00 g MnO 2   
86.9g MnO 2 1 mol MnO 2 1 mol HCl

 8 .40 g HCl
 Limiting Reagent
The limiting reactant (or
limiting reagent) is the
reactant that is entirely
consumed when the
reaction goes to
completion. The limiting
reagent ultimately
determines how much
product can be obtained.
• For example, bicycles
require one frame and
two wheels. If you have
20 wheels but only 5
frames, it is clear that the
number of frames will
determine how many
bicycles can be made.
 Limiting Reagent

• Zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid by

the following reaction.

Zn(s)  2 HCl(aq)  ZnCl 2 (aq)  H 2 ( g )

– If 0.30 mol Zn is added to hydrochloric acid

containing 0.52 mol HCl, how many moles of
H2 are produced?
 Limiting Reagent

• Take each reactant in turn and ask how much

product would be obtained if each were
totally consumed. The reactant that gives the
smaller amount is the limiting reagent.
1 mol H 2
0.30 mol Zn   0.30 mol H 2
1 mol Zn
1 mol H 2
0.52 mol HCl   0.26 mol H 2
2 mol HCl
• Since HCl is the limiting reagent, the amount of H2
produced must be 0.26 mol.
 Theoretical and Percent Yield

• The theoretical yield of product is the

maximum amount of product that can be
obtained from given amounts of reactants.

– The percentage yield is the actual yield

(experimentally determined) expressed as a
percentage of the theoretical yield (calculated).

actual yield
% Yield   100%
theoretical yield
 Theoretical and Percent Yield

• To illustrate the calculation of percentage yield, recall

that the theoretical yield of H2 in the previous
example was 0.26 mol (or 0.52 g) H2.
• If the actual yield of the reaction had been 0.22 g H2,
then

0.22 g H 2
% Yield   100%  42%
0.52 g H 2
 H 2 + I2  2 HI
How many grams of HI can be formed from 2.00 g
H2 and 2.00 g of I2?
2.00 g 2.00 g ?

1 mole H2 2 mole HI 127.9124g HI

2.00 g H2 -------------- ------------- ------------------- = 254 g HI
2.0158 g 1 mole H2 1 mole HI

1 mole I2 2 moles HI 127.9124g HI

2.00g I2 ------------- --------------- ----------------- = 2.02 g HI
253.810 g 1 mole I2 1 mole HI
Limiting Reactant is always the smallest value!
I2 is the limiting reactant and H2 is in XS.
 C3H8 + 5O2  3 CO2 + 4 H2O

How many grams of CO2 can be formed from 1.44

g gC3H8 and
1.44 2.65 g of O2?
2.65g ?

1 mole C3H8 3 mole CO2 44.009 g CO2

1.44 g C3H8 ---------------- ---------------- ------------------- = 4.31 g
44.0962 g 1 mole C3H8 1 mole CO2 CO2

1 mole O2 3 moles CO2 44.009 g CO2

2.65g O2 ------------- ----------------- ------------------- = 2.19 g
31.998 g 5 mole O2 1 mole CO2 CO2

O2 is the limiting reactant and C3H8 is in XS.

 C3H8 + 5O2 3 CO2 +4 H2O

1 mole O2 3 moles CO2 44.009 g CO2

2.65g O2 ------------- ----------------- ------------------- = 2.19 g
31.998 g 5 mole O2 1 mole CO2 CO2

Suppose that in actual practice you obtain 1.03 g of CO2.

What would be the % yield?
grams actual
% yield = ----------------------- x 100%
grams theoretical

1.03 g
% yield = --------- x 100% = 47.0 % yield CO2
2.19 g