1.

(a) Java is an Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) language, which means that it is based on
the concept of objects and classes. OOP in Java revolves around the idea that real-world
entities can be modeled as objects that have both state (attributes or properties) and behavior
(methods or functions). Key concepts of OOP in Java include:

Class: A blueprint or template for creating objects, defining their properties (fields) and
behaviors (methods).

Object: An instance of a class. It represents a real-world entity and contains data and methods
to operate on the data.

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a program that lets Java applications run on any
computer or device. It takes the Java code, which is written in a format called bytecode, and
turns it into instructions that the computer can understand. This makes Java programs work on
different types of systems without needing changes. The JVM also manages memory, cleans
up unused data, and helps keep programs secure. It uses a feature called Just-In-Time (JIT)
compilation to make programs run faster by converting bytecode into native machine code
when needed.

(b) A constructor in Java is a special method that is called when an object of a class is
created. It has the same name as the class and does not have a return type, not even void.
Constructors are used to initialize objects and set initial values for object attributes.

Types of Constructors:

Default Constructor: A constructor that takes no arguments and initializes the object with
default values.

Parameterized Constructor: A constructor that takes arguments to initialize an object with

specific values.

Example to demonstrate use of constructor-

class Car {

String make;

int year;

// Default constructor

public Car() {

make = "Unknown";

year = 0;

}
 // Parameterized constructor

public Car(String make, int year) {

this.make = make;

this.year = year;

// Method to display car details

public void displayDetails() {

System.out.println("Make: " + make + ", Year: " + year);

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Using the default constructor

Car car1 = new Car();

car1.displayDetails(); // Output: Make: Unknown, Year: 0

// Using the parameterized constructor

Car car2 = new Car("Honda", 2022);

car2.displayDetails(); // Output: Make: Honda, Year: 2022

2. (a) Class: A class in Java is like a blueprint or template that defines the properties (attributes)
and behaviors (methods) of objects. It does not represent any real entity by itself but provides
the structure for creating objects.

Object: An object is an instance of a class. It is a real, tangible entity that holds the properties
defined in the class and can perform the behaviors described by the class.
 Simple Example to Explain the Difference : Imagine a class as a blueprint for a house and
an object as an actual house built using that blueprint.

(b) Method Overloading: Method overloading in Java occurs when multiple methods have
the same name but different parameters (different type or number of parameters) within the
same class. It allows a class to have more than one method with the same name but varying
functionality, making the code easier to read and maintain.

Abstract Class: An abstract class in Java is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own. It
can have abstract methods (methods without a body) and concrete methods (methods with a
body). Abstract classes are used as a base for other classes to extend and provide common
functionality.

Interface: An interface in Java is a collection of abstract methods (methods without a body)

and constants. A class implements an interface to provide specific behavior for its methods.
Interfaces support multiple inheritance and allow different classes to share common
functionality without being in the same hierarchy.

3. (a) A package in Java is a way to group related classes, interfaces, and sub-packages together.
It acts as a namespace to organize classes and avoid naming conflicts. Packages help in
maintaining the code structure and make it easier to manage large applications.

Built-in Packages: Java provides many built-in packages like java.lang, java.util, java.io,
etc., which include commonly used classes and interfaces.

User-defined Packages: You can create your own packages to organize your code. This helps
in maintaining a clean project structure and encapsulates related classes.

Syntax: To create a package, use the package keyword at the top of a Java file.

(b) Method Overriding in Java occurs when a subclass provides its own implementation of a
method that is already defined in its superclass. The method in the subclass must have the
same name, return type, and parameters as the method in the superclass. It allows a subclass
to modify or extend the behavior of an inherited method.

Runtime polymorphism is achieved through method overriding. It allows a program to

decide at runtime which method implementation to call, depending on the object type that
invokes the method. This is possible because Java uses a mechanism called dynamic method
binding to link the method call to the appropriate overridden method in the subclass.

4. (a) Streams in Java are a powerful way to process and manipulate data sequentially. They
provide a high-level, functional approach for handling input and output operations with data
like collections, arrays, or I/O channels. Types of Streams:

Byte Streams: Handle binary data (e.g., FileInputStream, FileOutputStream).

Character Streams: Handle character data.

 (b) Exception handling in Java is a mechanism that handles runtime errors, preventing the
program from crashing and allowing graceful recovery. It involves the use of try, catch,
finally, and throw keywords to manage exceptions.

Key Components:

try block: Contains the code that might throw an exception.

catch block: Catches and handles the exception that occurs in the try block.

finally block: Optional; executes code after try and catch, regardless of whether an exception
was thrown.

throw statement: Used to explicitly throw an exception.

throws keyword: Indicates that a method might throw exceptions that need to be handled by
the calling code.

5. (a) The Collection Framework in Java is a set of classes and interfaces in the java.util
package that provides a standard way to store, manage, and manipulate groups of objects. It
includes core interfaces like Collection, List, Set, Queue, and Map, each with specific
functionalities. Implementations include ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet, TreeSet,
HashMap, and TreeMap, which provide different ways to store and access data. The
framework also includes utility classes, like Collections, to perform operations such as sorting
and searching. It simplifies coding, improves efficiency, and provides flexible data structure
options.

(b) An Iterator in Java is an object that allows you to traverse and access the elements of a
collection (like List, Set, etc.) one by one without needing to know the underlying data
structure. It is part of the java.util package.

How to Use an Iterator:

1. Create an Iterator: Obtain an iterator from the collection using the iterator() method.
2. Traverse Elements: Use the hasNext() method to check if there are more elements and next()
to access the next element.
3. Remove Elements: Use the remove() method to remove the last element returned by next().

6. // Demonstrating multithreading using Thread class and Runnable interface

public class MultithreadingDemo {

static class MyThread extends Thread {

@Override

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

System.out.println("Thread Class: " + i);

try {

Thread.sleep(500); // Pause for 500ms

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

// Creating a thread by implementing the Runnable interface

static class MyRunnable implements Runnable {

@Override

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

System.out.println("Runnable Interface: " + i);

try {

Thread.sleep(500); // Pause for 500ms

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}
 }

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create and start thread using Thread class

MyThread thread1 = new MyThread();

thread1.start()

// Create and start thread using Runnable interface

Thread thread2 = new Thread(new MyRunnable());

thread2.start()

// Main thread logic

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

System.out.println("Main Thread: " + i);

try {

Thread.sleep(500); // Pause for 500ms

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

7. Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is a Java API that allows Java applications to interact with
databases. It provides methods to query and update data in a database using SQL commands. JDBC
acts as a bridge between the Java application and the database, enabling seamless communication and
data manipulation.

Types of JDBC Drivers

1. Type-1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver
○ Translates JDBC calls to ODBC.
○ Application: Testing or legacy systems.
2. Type-2: Native-API Driver
○ Uses database-specific native libraries.
○ Application: High-performance local applications.
 3. Type-3: Network Protocol Driver
○ Communicates via middleware.
○ Application: Enterprise-level distributed systems.
4. Type-4: Thin Driver
○ Pure Java, directly interacts with the database.
○ Application: Modern web and enterprise apps.

8.