REVIEWER TRANSPORTATION

Chapter 1- introduction to transportation planning and engineering

Transporation- The movement of people or goods from one place to another.
MODES OF TRANSPORT- Our environment consists of land, air, and water. These media have
provided scope for three modes of transport—LAND TRANSPORT, AIR TRANSPORT, AND
WATER TRANSPORT.
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION
1. Transportation Can Improve Efficiency- Traveling and hustling in the
morning are routine for most people. Since its invention, people have enjoyed public means
of transport to reach their destinations.

2. Transportation Allows Us To Explore & Discover- Traveling allows us to discover the world
and all its beauty. It is a means of understanding different cultures and bringing people
together. Because each discovery leads to a bigger picture of how we fit into this world!
3. Transportation Creates Job Opportunities-Transportation creates job opportunities
for people who maintain the roads, airports, railroads, and waterways. Transportation
also provides jobs to people in many industries like manufacturing and retail.
4. Transportation Increases Freedom- Without transportation, most people would be trapped
at home without the ability to go out and do what they please. Freedom is something that
many people value highly, so transportation allows them to get around more freely.
5. . Transportation Facilitates Trade- In the past, it took months to travel to other countries, but
the development of more efficient methods of transportation allows us to trade with people
around the world more quickly.
6. Transportation Increases Standard of Living-A higher standard of living leads to better lives
for people. With better education, more job opportunities, and access to goods, transportation
contributes greatly to the overall standard of living.
ROLES OF TRANSPORTATION IN THE SOCIETY- Transportation is responsible for the
development of civilizations from very old times by meeting travel requirement of people and
transport requirement of goods. Such movement has changed the way people live and travel. In
developed and developing nations, a large fraction of people travel daily for work, shopping and
social reasons. But transport also consumes a lot of resources like time, fuel, materials and land.
ECONOMIC ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION- Economics involves production, distribution and
consumption of goods and services. People depend upon the natural resources to satisfy the needs of
life but due to non-uniform surface of earth and due to difference in local resources, there is a lot of
difference in standard of living in different societies. So there is an immense requirement of transport
of resources from one particular society to other. These resources can range from material things to
knowledge and skills like movement of doctors and technicians to the places where there is need of
them.
SOCIAL ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION- Transportation has always played an important role in
influencing the formation of urban societies. Although other facilities like availability of food and
water played a major role, the contribution of transportation can be seen clearly from the formation,
size and pattern, and the development of societies, especially urban centers.
POLITICAL ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION- The world is divided into numerous political units
which are formed for mutual protection, economic advantages, and development of common
culture. Transportation plays an important role in the functioning of such political units.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING- Transportation engineering is a branch of civil engineering
that focuses on the planning, design, operation, and maintenance of transportation systems. These
systems encompass various modes of transportation, including roads, highways, bridges, railways,
airports, ports, and public transit systems.
Transportation Planning: This involves analyzing current transportation needs and predicting future
demands. Planners consider factors like population growth, urban development, and traffic patterns to
design efficient transportation networks.
Road and Highway Design: Engineers create safe and functional roadways by determining road
alignments, lane configurations, intersections, and signage. They also consider factors like traffic
flow, safety, and environmental impact.
Bridge and Tunnel Engineering: This specialization focuses on the design and maintenance of bridges
and tunnels, ensuring they are structurally sound and capable of withstanding various loads and
environmental conditions.
Traffic Engineering: Traffic engineers manage traffic flow and congestion through strategies like
signal timing, lane management, and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). They aim to improve
safety and reduce traffic congestion.
Public Transit Systems: Transportation engineers work on designing and optimizing public transit
systems, such as buses, trams, subways, and commuter trains. Their goal is to provide efficient and
accessible transportation options.
Railway Engineering: Railway engineers plan, design, and maintain railway systems, including tracks,
stations, and rolling stock. They ensure the safe and efficient movement of goods and passengers by
rail.
Airport and Aviation Engineering: This field involves the design and maintenance of airport facilities,
runways, taxiways, terminals, and navigation systems to ensure the safe and efficient operation of air
travel.
Port and Harbor Engineering: Engineers in this area work on the planning and design of port facilities,
including docks, piers, and shipping terminals, to facilitate maritime transportation and trade.
Environmental Considerations: Transportation engineers also consider environmental impact
assessments and sustainable practices to minimize the ecological footprint of transportation projects.
Safety: Ensuring the safety of transportation systems is paramount. Engineers analyze accident data
and implement safety measures to reduce the risk of accidents and protect the traveling public.
Design and Construction: Civil engineers are responsible for designing and constructing
transportation infrastructure, including roads, highways, bridges, tunnels, railways, and airports. They
ensure that these structures are safe, durable, and capable of withstanding various loads and
environmental conditions.
Traffic Engineering: Civil engineers specialize in traffic engineering, where they analyze traffic
patterns, design traffic control systems, and optimize traffic flow. They design and install traffic
signals, signs, lane markings, and other traffic management devices to enhance safety and efficiency
on the road.
Geotechnical Engineering: Civil engineers assess soil and geological conditions to determine the
feasibility and stability of transportation projects. They design foundations for bridges, tunnels, and
roadways to ensure they can withstand the natural forces acting on them.
Materials Engineering: Engineers in this field select and test construction materials, such as asphalt,
concrete, and steel, to ensure they meet the necessary specifications for transportation projects. They
consider factors like strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors.
Environmental Considerations: Civil engineers involved in transportation projects assess and address
environmental concerns. They conduct environmental impact assessments (EIAs) to minimize the
ecological footprint of projects and ensure compliance with environmental regulations.
Structural Engineering: This specialization focuses on designing and analyzing the structural
components of transportation infrastructure, such as the beams, columns, and foundations of bridges
and tunnels. Structural engineers ensure the safety and integrity of these structures.
Project Management: Civil engineers often take on project management roles, overseeing the
planning, budgeting, scheduling, and execution of transportation projects. They coordinate various
stakeholders, contractors, and resources to ensure projects are completed successfully.
Maintenance and Rehabilitation: Civil engineers are involved in the ongoing maintenance and
rehabilitation of transportation infrastructure. They assess the condition of roads, bridges, and other
assets, develop maintenance plans, and oversee repairs and upgrades to extend the lifespan of these
structures.

Transportation Planning: While transportation planning is a distinct field, civil engineers often
contribute their expertise to the planning process. They provide technical input on infrastructure
requirements, cost estimates, and feasibility studies.
Safety: Ensuring the safety of transportation systems is a primary concern. Civil engineers work to
design and implement safety features such as guardrails, crash barriers, and lighting to reduce the risk
of accidents.
Design-Transportation engineers are responsible for designing transportation infrastructure, including
roads, highways, bridges, tunnels, and public transit systems. They consider factors such as traffic
volume, safety, environmental impact, and economic feasibility. The design phase involves creating
detailed plans and specifications that guide construction and maintenance efforts.
Planning-Transportation planning is a crucial step that involves assessing current and future
transportation needs in a given area. Transportation engineers analyze traffic patterns, population
growth, and economic development trends to develop comprehensive transportation plans. These
plans outline strategies for improving transportation networks, reducing congestion, and enhancing
mobility. They may also include long-term visions for sustainable and efficient transportation
systems.
Maintenance-Transportation infrastructure requires ongoing maintenance to ensure its safety and
functionality. Transportation engineers are responsible for identifying maintenance needs, prioritizing
repairs, and overseeing maintenance projects. Regular inspections and assessments help identify
issues such as potholes, wear and tear, and structural deficiencies, which must be addressed promptly
to prevent accidents and maintain road quality.
Safety-Ensuring the safety of transportation systems and users is a primary concern of Transportation
Engineering. Engineers work on designing safe road geometries, installing traffic signs and signals,
and developing strategies to reduce accidents and fatalities. This includes analyzing accident data,
conducting safety audits, and implementing safety enhancements.
Safety- Safety is a paramount objective in Transportation Engineering. The goal is to design and
operate transportation systems in a way that minimizes the risk of accidents and injuries to travelers
and pedestrians.
Sustainability- Ensuring the sustainability of transportation systems is essential to minimize their
environmental impact and resource consumption.
Efficiency- Efficiency is crucial for optimizing transportation systems to ensure the smooth flow of
traffic and the effective use of infrastructure.

CHAPTER 2- TRANSPORTATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Transportation system is a system that involves facilities that implements, coordinates, and unifies the
means and equipment necessary for the movement of passengers or goods. Transportation systems
seek to reduce transport costs and improve delivery times through effective timetabling and route
management.
1. Vehicle- Vehicles are machines that moves objects or traffic (people/goods). They may be
used in land, water, air, and even space transportation.
2. Guideway Guideways are an important part of our transportation systems for the reason that
these are where vehicles move along. The guideway often performs two necessary tasks at the
same time: directional control for the vehicle: and support to hold the vehicle or material in
place. Guideways are often overlooked because they are everywhere.
3. Operations Plan- The set of procedures By which traffic and vehicles are moved over the
guideway, including schedules of timetables, crew assignments, and control systems are
called operation plans.
ROAD CLASSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
1.National Roads
2.Provincial Roads (Local Roads)
3.Municipal and City Roads (Local
Roads)
4.Barangay Roads (Local Roads)
5.Expressways
Rail transportation in the Philippines includes three rapid transit lines and one commuter rail line:
Manila Light Rail Transit System (Lines 1 and 2), Manila Metro Rail Transit System (Line 3), and
PNR Metro South Commuter Line, respectively.
Interisland water transport is a very important subsector of the national transport system. There are
about 1250 ports in the Philippines, and about 1000 are the government-owned ports, which may also
fall under the jurisdiction of the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA), the Cebu Ports Authority, or other
government agencies or local government units. These ports are classified into two, in which 429 are
fishing ports and 821 commercial ports.
Air transportation mostly involves airports and there are 215 airports in the Philippines, of which 85
are government owned and controlled and the rest are privately owned and operated. Regulation over
airports and aviation in the Philippines lies with the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines
(CAAP) The CAAP's classification system, introduced in 2008, rationalizes the previous Air
Transportation Office (ATO) system of airport classification.