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    3-Fluid Mechanics

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    Islam Babiker

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    3-Fluid Mechanics

    Uploaded by

    Islam Babiker
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    3 views19 pages

    3-Fluid Mechanics

    Uploaded by

    Islam Babiker

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Fluid Mechanics

    Fluids
    A fluid is a collection of
    molecules that are
    randomly arranged and
    held together by weak
    cohesive forces and by
    forces exerted by the walls
    of a container.

    Both liquids and gases are


    fluids
    Statics and Dynamics
    Fluid Statics :
    Describes fluids at rest .
    Fluid Dynamics :
    Describes fluids in motion .
    The same physical principles that have
    applied to statics and dynamics up to this
    point will also apply to fluids .
    Pressure
    The pressure P in a fluid is the
    force per unit area exerted by
    the fluid on a surface:

    The SI unit of pressure has units


    of newton's per square meter
    (N/m²), and
    1 N/m² = 1 pascal (Pa).
    Example
    A block with length of p = 1.5 m, width l = 1 m,
    height t = 0.5 m and mass m = 300 kg lays on the
    table. What is the pressure at the bottom surface
    of the block?

    5
    Pressure and Depth, final
    Three forces act on this sample of water
    o Downward force on the top, P0 A

    o Upward on the bottom, PA

    o Gravity acting downward, Mg

    The mass can be found from the density

    P = P0 + ρgh

    6
    Example
    There is a water tank with a height of 9 m
    filled with water. Using the water pressure
    formula, you need to calculate its pressure
    at the bottom.
    (g = 9.8 m/s², ρ water = 1000 kg / m³)

    7
    Atmospheric Pressure
    o The pressure P at a depth h below a point in the
    liquid at which the pressure is P0 is greater by an
    amount ρgh.
    o If the liquid is open to the atmosphere, and P0 is the
    pressure at the surface of the liquid, then P0 is
    atmospheric pressure.

    P0 = 1.00 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa


    Pascal’s Law:
    A change in the pressure applied to a fluid is
    transmitted undiminished to every point of
    the fluid and to the walls of the container.

    P1 = P2
    F1 F2
    =
    A1 A2
    Pascal’s Law, Other Applications
    o Hydraulic brakes.
    o Hydraulic jacks.

    o Forklifts.

    o Car lifts.

    10
    Example : The Car Lift
    In a car lift used in a service station, compressed
    air exerts a force on a small piston that has a
    circular cross section of radius 5.00 cm. This
    pressure is transmitted by a liquid to a piston that
    has a radius of 15.0 cm.
    A) What force must the compressed air exert to lift
    a car weighing 13300 N?
    B) What air pressure produces this force?
    Pressure Measurements:

    barometer Manometer

    12
    Buoyant Forces
    The upward force exerted by a fluid on any
    immersed object is called a buoyant force.
    Archimedes' Principle:
    The magnitude of the buoyant force
    always equals the weight of the fluid
    displaced by the object.

    Fb = ρg V
    Example
    Fluid Dynamics
    When fluid is in motion, its flow can be
    characterized as being one of two main types.
    1- Laminar flow or Steady flow:
    Each particle of the fluid follows a smooth path.
    The paths of the different particles never cross
    each other.
    2- Turbulent flow
    occurs when the particles go above some
    critical speed.
    Ideal Fluid Flow
    In our model of ideal fluid flow, we make
    the following four assumptions:

    1.The fluid is nonviscous.


    2.The flow is steady.

    3.The fluid is incompressible.

    4.The flow is irrotational.


    Equation of Continuity
    The product of the area and the fluid
    speed at all points along a pipe is
    constant for an incompressible fluid.

    Conservation of Mass gives:


    Bernoulli’s Equation
    The sum of the pressure, kinetic energy
    per unit volume, and gravitational
    potential energy per unit volume has the
    same value at all points along a
    streamline for an ideal fluid.
    Conservation of Energy gives

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