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Protection Philosophy

Satadru Majumder
STS-Team Lead

For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
PROTECTION
01 TPNODL OVERVIEW 05 PERFORMANCE
INDEX

PROTECTION 02 BUS
ARRANGEMENT
06 PPI, DI & RI

PHILOSOPHY
TPNODL 03 Roadmap- Relay Co- 07 High Impedance fault
ordination

04 STANDARDIZATION OF
FEEDER, 11 kV INC &
08 Case Studies

33KV PTR SETTING

For you, with you, always…


For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
TPNODL Overview
TP Northern Odisha Distribution Limited (TPNODL) is a Joint Venture between Tata Power and Government of Odisha

DISTRIBUTION POPULATION CONSUMER PTR/MVA


AREA SERVED BASE 562 Nos/ 2715.56
MVA
27,857 Sq.km 97 Lac 19.54 Lac

159
Sections 33kV VCB – 102 CR Panel- 202
11kV VCB - 150 Relay - 425

HT:LT - 8%:92% 50 Sub-


Divisions
HT:LT - 74%:26%
16
Division Battery - 58
Charger - 66
HT:LT - 45%:55%
05
HT:LT – 78%:22% Circle

HT:LT - 50%:50%

For you, with you, always…


For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
BUS ARRANGEMENT WE USE IN TPNODL

SINGLE BUS SYSTEM Single Bus System with Bus Sectionalizer / coupler

ADVANTAGES: Due to its simple design, it is easy and ADVANTAGES: Maintenance of the bus section can be
convenient to operate. It is very economical, because of its done individually, without affecting other section.
least capital cost among all bus Bar systems. Hence power supply continuity is maintained.
DISADVANTAGES: In this type, maintenance activity of any DISADVANTAGES: The cost of circuit breaker and
bay or equipment such as a transformer is not possible without
isolators is added to the capital cost.
service interruption of the particular bay or equipment. In
case of fault on bus or bus outage for maintenance, all the
bays connected to the bus get interrupted.
For you, with you, always…
For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
Basics of Protection

➢Protection: ➢ Components of protection system:


❖ What to protect? ❖ Instrument transformers (CT/PT)

❖ Why to protect? ❖ Relays


❖ Circuit breakers
❖ How much to protect?
❖ Control battery
❖ Communication
➢Why to protect?:
❖ Monitoring (Supervision and alarm)
❖ Minimize damage
❖ Minimize down time
❖ Minimize system disturbance

For you, with you, always…


For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
Roadmap- Relay Co-ordination

Taalmel 1.0 & 1.1 progress Taalmel 2.1 Progress

28

87
214

87.3 % 88.5%
246 TAALMEL 1.1 & 1.2 TAALMEL 2.2
Relay setting coordination of RMU, Upcoming- 2nd phase of setting 101

AR & PSS relay has been margin 50 % margin relief to


standardized and adopted 78.3%. be discussed & completed by
No. OF GSS NO OF FEEDERS
Total PSS In coordination with COS team , Dec-23.
Setting Adopted Total Adopted 1st level
setting has been adopted . setting at GSS end
.

TAALMEL 1.0
Taalmel 1.0: 11 kv OG, INC & TAALMEL 2.1 TAALMEL 2.3
HV PTR relay setting Meeting with OPTCL &
Standardized in .
May-22 Upcoming- 3nd phase of setting
Circle wise protection joint
setting adopted in Phase Team formation done on Aug- margin 80 % margin relief to
manner. Progress till date is 22. Weekly meeting conducted
70 %. About 125 more be discussed & completed by
with OPTCL
breakers need to be Installed. Team in circle Level. Partial March-24.
setting margin (about 25%) at
.
For you, with you, always… 87 feeders ( 33 kV) out of 104

For You, With You, Always… given.


ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
Relay Co-ordination
Objective
1. Standardisation of 11 kV outgoing feeders (OGF)
2. Standardisation of 11 and 33 kV Transformer breakers as per Scope
MVA ratings Calculation of Fault levels with available data.
3. Standardisation of 33 kV Incomer and outgoing Breakers. Overcurrent coordination setting recommendation.
4. Review of 33 kV feeders at OPTCL.

Common Considerations
1. Settings are advised in primary Ampere and should be suitably converted as per CTR at PSS i.e (PSM/Connected CTR).
2. IDMT curve should be NI-3 Sec (Normal Inverse) curve [Top = (0.14*TMS)/((If/Is)^0.02-1)], where If = fault current and
IS=PMS or set value.
3. The SIT (Selective Interval Time) is considered 100ms. Average breaker opening time is 50-70 ms, so with 20% overshoot
and other delay the value is set at 100 ms.
4. EF (Earth Fault) Instantaneous/DMT pickup values are 50% of POC (Phase Over current) settings.
5. Minimum TMS (Time Multiplier settings) available in relays are standardised to 0.05, reason being availability in REF615 &
Siemens Siprotec relays.
6. The IDMT, DMT stages can be of different name as per make.

For you, with you, always…


For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
1. Standardisation of 11 kV Outgoing (OG) feeders 2. Standardisation of 11 kV Group (PTR) breakers and 33 kV HT
breakers
Consideration
Consideration for 11 kV Group breakers
▪ There are no protection relays available at 11 kV Downstream, so no
The IDMT relay settings are calculated to coordinate with slowest 11 kV OG
coordination is required.
feeders.
• Most of outgoing feeders are of 100 sqmm AAAC overhead (OH)
DMT-1 stage is coordinated with DMT-1 stage of 11 kV OG breaker and TD
conductors. Maximum current capacity is 290 amperes. At some location
(time Delay) is set at 150 ms.
the weakest series, OH are of 35 sqmm AAAC, which can carry 140 Ampere
Consideration for 33 kV PTR breakers
current continuously.
the DMT-1 stage setting at 33 kV Sides are set at 1.2*Reflected fault current
• Earth fault (EF) IDMT is set at 25 Ampere, considering low fault current for
on 11 kV Side
1Φ faults at remote location. Unbalance will create only negative sequence
The phase IDMT stage is coordinated with 11 kV Group breakers with SIT of
current, and zero sequence will remain unaffected. No experience of
100 ms.
maloperation, with low settings have been seen in the past.
The EF current on 11 kV side is reflected as phase current on Delta side, so
• Reasons for setting of DMT-1 stages of Phase and EF at 700 & 350 Ampere
minimum settings are adopted in IDMT stage. This should not operate for
is given below:-
inrush current. Table-4: 5.0 MVA (33/11 KV) PTR
• The maximum and minimum single-phase fault current observed are 2400
Phase Settings Earth fault Settings
& 400 Ampere.
Breaker IDMT (51) DMT-1 (50-1) DMT-2 (50-2) IDMT (51-N) DMT-1 (50N-1)
PMS TMS PU TD PU TD PMS TMS PU TD
11 kV 300 A 0.07 1000 A 0.15 s 300 A 5.0 s 60 A 0.09 500 A 0.15 s
Table-1: Standard setting for 11 kV OG
Phase Settings Earth fault Settings 33 kV 100 A 0.10 1200 A 0.04 s -- -- 40 A 0.05 600 A 0.04 s
IDMT (51) DMT-1 (50-1) DMT-2 (50-2) IDMT (51-N) DMT-1 (50N-1)
PMS TMS PU TD PU TD PMS TMS PU TD Table-5: 8.0 MVA (33/11 KV) PTR
240 A 0.05 700 A 0.04 s 100 A* 4.0 s 25 A 0.05 350 A 0.04 Phase Settings Earth fault Settings
* If Feeder loading is more than 240 Ampere, Then Adopt 1.2* Peak Summer loading for Breaker IDMT (51) DMT-1 (50-1) DMT-2 (50-2) IDMT (51-N) DMT-1 (50N-1)
Phase OC IDMT & DMT-2 settings. PMS TMS PU TD PU TD PMS TMS PU TD
** The Setting stage names are different in different relay 11 kV 500 A 0.07 1000 A 0.15 s 500 A 5.0 s 100 A 0.07 500 A 0.15 s
*** The Reset curve should be a) Disk Emulation or b) 1 Second delayed
33 kV 170 A 0.09 1500 A 0.04 s -- -- 68 A 0.05 750 A 0.04 s
For you, with you, always…
Note: All other protection to be disabled/kept off
PROTECTION PERFORMANCE INDEX

Protection Mal- Sneak Circuit –


operation / faulty Problem in
Relays secondary circuit

Tracking, Loose Wire


Fault in relay Moisture Ingress
OBJECTIVE: Algorithm issue Damaged wire
• To compute Key Performance Measures - Dependability (D), Undesired Operation
Reliability (R) and Protection Performance Index (PPI).
• To compute Relay Setting Performance (RSP). Human Error Unwanted operation
Undesi of transformer
DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS red devices
Testing Error
Calculation of Protection Indices: Relay Setting Advise or Trippin
Faulty latch / internal contact
Dependability Index(D) = Nc / (Nc + Nf) Adoption Error g shorting
Operation Error
Protection Performance Index(PPI) = Nc / (Nc + Nu) Charging/Vibration
Reliability Index(R) = Nc / (Nc + Nf + Nu)
Other Causes
Unexplained
Where,
Nc = No. of Correct trippings Faults which cannot be
categories in mentioned
Nf = No. of failures to Operate (Non-Operation) Reason not found categories
Nu = No. of unwanted Operation (OPTCL Low setting issue)
For you, with you, always… 9
PPI , DI & RI
APRIL,20 JUNE,2 AUG,2
Performance Indices_WITH AR & RMU MAY,2024 JULY,2024 SEPT,2024
24 024 024 PPI Target vs 2023 vs 2024 100.00

99.52 99.89

99.58 99.89
99.88

99.85
99.81

99.5999.84

99.84

99.84

99.84
Total no.of Trippings (including 11 KV trippings) 7951 14685 13563 11528 11633 15403

99.78

99.75
99.80

99.74

99.62
Total no.of 11 KV trippings 7539 13790 12738 11256 10617 14551 99.60
Total no.of 33 KV trippings 412 895 825 272 1016 852
99.40

99.32
Nc = No. of Correct operations = 7875 14597 13447 11327 11497 15253 99.20
Nf = No. of failures to operate/Wrong operation = 24 31 32 24 29 29

98.97
Nu1 = No. of un coordinated trippings at 33 kV level= 99.00
13 21 14 25 11 17
Nu2 = No. of un coordinated trippings at 11 kV level = 2 0 0 1 0 0 98.80

99.81

99.84

99.88

99.73

99.89

99.88
Nu3= No. of un coordinated trippings at AR & RMU= 76 42 93 44 47 98.60
Nr=OPTCL low relay setting issue 37 36 28 58 52 57 98.40
Security Index (PPI) = Nc / (Nc + Nu1+Nu2+Nu3) = 99.81% 99.34% 99.59% 98.96% 99.52% 99.58% 2024-25_Without AR Target
Dependability Index(DI) = Nc / (Nc + Nf+ Nu1+Nu2+Nu3) = 99.51% 99.13% 99.35% 98.75% 99.27% 99.39% 2023-24 2024-25_With AR
Reliability Index(RI) = Nc / (Nc + Nf+ Nu1+Nu2+Nu3+Nr) = 99.04% 98.89% 99.14% 98.26% 98.83% 99.03%

99.68 Dependibility Index


99.67 99.69 Reliability Index

99.93
99.8 99.67 99.67
99.62
99.60 99.61 99.61 99.61 101.00

99.50
99.49
99.42

99.42
99.56

99.38

99.35
99.33

99.27
99.26

99.26

99.26

99.26
99.51

99.15

99.11
99.10
99.51

99.04
99.04

99.03
99.49 99.47

98.92

98.91
99.6

98.88

98.83
99.39 99.39 100.00
99.35
99.54

98.27
99.4 99.50 99.27
99.5 99.00
99.2
98.00

%RI
99 99.1
% DI

98.76 97.00
98.8
96.00
98.6
95.00
98.4
98.2 94.00
APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR
Target DI MONTHS
2023-24 DI 2024-25_
Without AR DI
2024-25_
With AR DI
2023-24 RI MONTHS
2024-25 without AR RI 2024-25 With AR RI

GSS Tripping Comparison FY22-23 &23-24


% of tripping reduction
FY APRL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MARCH Total
upto Nov,2023
2022 336 726 832 495 693 533 435 207 209 176 229 535 5406
2023 326 679 772 614 577 577 383 122 71 208 249 286 4864

For you, with you, always…


% of decrease -3.07% -6.92% -7.77% 19.38% -20.10% 7.63% -13.58% -69.67% -194.37% 15.38% 8.03% -87.06% -11.14% -11.14%
For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
Uncoordinated tripping-2023 83 133 95 84 71 52 48 54 12 47 48 96 823
OPTCL ISSUE,2023 47 73 36 29 31 19 19 18 30 22 14 48 386
CASE STUDY-1 KOSTA (BARIPADA)
Introduction:
This case report discusses the failure of an 11kV VCB not trip when the 11kV conductor
snapped and grounded on the earth in the BAGHADA feeder from the 33/11kV Kostha PSS.
The issue has been observed several times.

Investigation:
On dated 12/05/23 at village Dhireidihi 11 kv conductor snapped but not
tripped at that moment some villagers were gone with Cow for grazing but
unfortunately cow was grazing some distance from place of snapped conductor
,otherwise some incident had happened due to not tripped of 11 kv Baghada
feeder ,they seen that conductor laydown and fire sparkling on the grass and
burnt the ground various places and intimated us ,after that we tripped the 11
kv line from PSS (it was very pathetic and dangerous situation) . And same issue
has been found Today at village Kaltia ,that one Bamboo tree fallen down over
11 kv Baghada feeder but not tripped . And another thing is sulipada section is
coming under elephant movement area.

Conclusion:- Very high impedance faults produce milliampere fault currents,


which prevent tripping. Our earth fault relay settings ranged from 10A to 40A
(the absolute minimum), but in some instances, the relay wasn't even activated.

For you, with you, always…


For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
CASE STUDY-2 RAGHUNATHPUR (BARIPADA)
Introduction:
The case discuss the failure of 11kv Deuli feeder VCB not tripped from BARIPDA GRID
pss the live conductor touches ground and fire extended to the village of
Brahmanmora.

Investigation:
On dated 22/05/23 at village Brahmanmora 11 kv conductor snapped but
not tripped at that moment. PSS that live 11kv conductor touches ground
and fire extended to the village of Brahmanmora,it is possible of fire in
house of the villagers. After such critical situation 11kv Deuli feeder VCB
not tripped from PSS. The 11kv Deuli feeder is comes under elephant
corridor also.

Conclusion:
Our protection system with breaker is perfectly all right. Actually issue
with such abnormalities are :- Very high impedance fault leading to fault
current in milli ampre due to which tripping not occurs. relay didn’t even
picked up in some of the cases.

For you, with you, always…


For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
CASE -3 BARI FEEDER (JAJPUR)
Introduction: JAJPUR TOWN GRID
On receiving information about the snapping of the 11 KV Dharapur FDR conductor from Bari PSS
operator, a hand trip was done.

Investigation:

A detailed inspection was undertaken at the site of the incident. It was observed that the conductor
had broken due to a fault in the insulator. Furthermore, the source end of the conductor was
touching the ground surface as well as small branches of a tree, while the dead end was also
touching the ground surface. Despite this, the relay did not detect any fault. Further analysis
revealed that the relay earth fault (IDMT) setting was 40A, with a TMS of 0.05. Based on
After the inspection, the relay setting was checked and tested for tripping of the breaker, yielding
satisfactory results. In order to ensure safety, the IDMT EF setting was reduced from 40A to 20A. This
was necessary as the ashida relay had a minimum setting limit of 0.1 and the FDR CTR was 200/1A.
Therefore, it was deemed appropriate to keep the IDMT EF setting at 20A for all outgoing FDRs.

Conclusion:
The observations made, it appeared that the fault current was not more than the set current. This
could be due to the high resistance between the ground and conductor, which prevented the FDR
from tripping.

For you, with you, always…


For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
CONDITION : 1: EARTH FAULT CREATION AT CONCRETE

I AN A

I CN I
BN EARTH FAULT CREATION AT CONCRETE

C
E/F

For you, with you, always…


For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
CONDITION : 2: EARTH FAULT CREATION AT SOURCE END IN SOIL

I AN A

I CN I
BN

C
E/F

For you, with you, always…


For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
CONDITION : 3: EARTH FAULT CREATION AT LOAD END IN AT SOIL

Sunhat Feeder CTR: 600/1


I AN A
OC: 0.56*In, 0.03 (IDMT)
I CN I BN
EF: 0.05*In, 0.03 ( IDMT)

E/F

For you, with you, always…


For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
Question & Answer

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For You, With You, Always… ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ଆପଣଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ସର୍ବଦା…
Thank You!
Website: www.tpnodl.com
Email Id: ceooffice@tpnodl.com

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