RA is a continuous process. Base your everyday decisions on RA Risk Assessment
Perform RAs before working on any task, and for the following:
Routine operations New operations and new/non-routine tasks (that may become routine tasks after their review) Temporary, emergency, or permanent changes Incidents (including accidents), serious near misses, etc. (when required) Critical equipment maintenance or de-activation PMS jobs postponement New projects.
If a RA already exists: Review and update, if necessary, ensuring it reflects any changes in equipment, procedures, etc. Risk Assessment
Consider hazards in the following areas:
Personnel safety Exposure to or release of hazardous chemicals/materials Occupational health hazards Human factors Environmental aspects Security issues Regulatory compliance requirements. Risk Assessment 1. Problem definition and system identification
2. Hazard identification and
Hypothetical scenario
3.1 Determine 3.2. Determine
Frequency (F) Consequence (C)
4. Risk estimation and presentation
6. Implement: 7. If risk remains at non-
acceptable levels: New control measures, or 5. Assessment Risk control options, or using risk criteria STOP JOB Alternative prevention/ Seek assistance mitigation measures from the Office
NO Risk NO controlled? YES
8. Follow up/Evaluate the
outcome/conclusions and recommendations Risk Assessment techniques Pick the Hazard to Identify the Hazard examine out of 1 Hazard Register
Hazard Database (aka Register like a RA Library)
Describe the Hazard
2 Hazard Analysis
List Threats on the left
Consequences on the right Identify/List Threats (aka Causes) 3 threats Identify barriers and assess their potency/effectiveness on Identify/List Barriers (aka Controls) threats and consequences Barriers 4 Barriers - Assess barrier design and function in terms of potency/ effectiveness on Threats - Assess barrier design and function in terms of potency/ Barrier effectiveness assessment effectiveness on barrier Consequences barrier 5 - Assess barrier design and function will have an ef fect on likelihood
Develop options to improve existing barriers and enhance them
barriers 6
Identify escalation factors in the Escalation factors identification
form of shortcomings on either 7 barrier application or don’t functionality.
barriers is necessary to apply 8 controls to barriers that may fail taking into account such failure only SIMOPS
SIMOPS is any situation where 2 or more different activities are occurring close enough to each other, and there is a risk of interference, clashing, or risk transfer. In this respect, whenever involved in operations potentially running in parallel:
• Give SIMOPS consideration when 2 or more potentially clashing operations occur in the same location simultaneously.
• Identify and assess potential combined hazards and implement proper control measures to reduce the related risks to an ALARP level.
• Identify SIMOPS at an early stage before the operation commences to apply any required corrective counter-action timely.
• Refer to the company procedures for conducting SIMOPS safely and efficiently, considering the various factors involved. SIMOPS SIMOPS
• Ensure that adequate personnel for each SIMOPS are available during the operations. • Separate crew participating each SIMOPS activity and ensure nobody undertaking dual tasks. • Observe compliance with hours of work and rest. • Take this into account, with special emphasis on SIMOPS of prolonged duration, because you may need to split the duties and accountability of the persons in charge among 2 persons under an agreed rotation scheme. • When Office approval is required, inform the Office in advance, asking in addition for (as required on a case-by-case basis): o Additional advice/instructions/resources o Task coordination. SIMOPS Management of Change Safety Aspects related to Human Element Human factors:
• Are the characteristics that affect human interaction with equipment, processes, and other people. • Are "the ways in which the organization, the job, and the individual interact to influence human reliability in hazardous event causation". • Contribute to most incidents where people are involved in the design, construction, or operation of equipment and processes.
RAs are an important part of safe operations/maintenance and must address the underlying conditions and to use systems that influence human error, actions, and decisions. Human Error and Error Risk Management
Human error is commonly the "failure of a planned action to achieve the desired outcome".
• All people experience errors daily. Most errors are harmless, although annoying. While errors DO NOT always result in catastrophic outcomes, errors within hazardous environments are more likely to result in significant negative consequences.
• A multiple barrier approach to hazard mitigation is essential - NEVER rely on procedural
controls as the sole or primary barrier for incident prevention. Human Error and Error Risk Management
Human performance reliability:
• It is influenced by non-systematic conditions or behavioral negligence, reducing the
likelihood that individuals perform their tasks as expected. • Results in desired performance, while unreliable behavior may result in human error, leading to events and near misses.
While it is inevitable that a workforce experiences errors, certain factors influence the rate of error, either positively or negatively
• Individual factors • Job factors • Organisational factors Human Error and Error Risk Management Human Error and Error Risk Management • Individual factors include personality, competence and skill, mood, attitude, mental ability, and individual health factors, such as fatigue, drugs and alcohol, physical capability, and psychological health.
• Job factors include the physical working environment, human-machine interface, workload, availability, quality of procedures, the equipment used, task requirements, and team member behaviour
• Organisational factors include organizational priorities, decision-making, strategy, the culture of the company or team, the availability of resources, communication systems, change management, leadership behaviour, and relevant KPIs. Impact of Error in control measures
Control measures requiring human
interaction include procedures, training and competence, supervision, permit systems, inspections, RAs, and other controls.
Where an error has the potential
to lead or contribute to a major accident, an Error Risk Management must take place, comprising combinations of controls for implementation to prevent and mitigate error. Performance Shaping Factor - Process
A Safety Critical Task (SCT) is a task related to the ship's main hazards where human error, action, or inaction may cause or fail to avoid a serious incident.
For the SCT, a specific formal safeguard is necessary because if one relies only on a human's actions or decisions for protection against a serious incident, it is only a matter of time before there is a mistake and an accident occurs. SCT may include o Berthing and mooring operations o Cargo transfer operations o Operations involving ship-shore interaction during cargo operations o Double banking operations o Non-cargo-related operations including tank cleaning, bunkering, storing, tanker/terminal access, tending of mooring lines o Navigation in confined waters o Anchoring operations o Critical equipment maintenance o Works and operational activities requiring a work permit. Safety Critical Tasks Safety Critical Task Analysis
• identify possible errors, things that make errors more likely, and ways of making tasks more resistant to error. • determine what an individual or team must do to achieve a goal • For tasks critical to safety, integrity, and environment, to facilitate the identification of uncontrolled or poorly controlled error risk and drive the development of more robust control measures to reduce risk to a level that is ALARP • RAs are available for guidance in the RA Library, considering the possibility of human error introducing a hazard or a control failure Reducing error risk
Identify critical human tasks
Identify error potential
o What errors are possible? o What are the potential consequences of those errors?
Identify performance-shaping factors
Reducing error risk People-, job-, and organization-level PSFs
