WHY NAMED SO ?

Hemichordata was earlier considered as a subphylum under

phylum chordata,but now it is placed as a separate phylum
under non chordata.

HEMI
HEMICHORDATA
CHORDATA
WHY NAMED SO ?
HEMICHORDATA

HEMI CHORDE ATA

Half String To have

Habit And Habitat

This phylum consists of a small group of worm like marine animals.

Animals of this phylum are fossorial

(Lives in burrows).
Level of organisation

Organ system level of organisation

Symmetry

Hemichordates are Bilaterally symmetrical

Germ layers

Endoderm Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Animals are
Triploblastic
Coelom

Animals are coelomate

Coelom
Body Parts

Body is worm like , brittle and soft .

Body is divided into three parts –
Anterior proboscis
Collar
Long trunk

Proboscis Collar TRUNK

Body Plan

Tube within tube body plan.

Digestive system

Complete digestive system found .

Mouth
Anus
 Respiratory organs

Respiration takes place through gills (Pharyngeal Gill Slits)

Gill Slits
Circulatory system

Circulatory System is open type.

Blood is colorless with amoeboid corpuscles .

Heart is situated dorsally. Ventra vessel

Dorsal
Heart
vessel
Notochord

A notochord like structure is found in their buccal cavity called

buccal diverticulum or stomochord (out growth of gut).
True notochord is absent.
Post anal tail is absent .

Stomochord
Excretory organ

Excretion occurs by a Proboscis gland.

Excretory matter is ammonia.

Proboscis gland
Nervous system

Central nervous system is just like nonchordates .

Brain is present in the form of nerve ring.

Nerve cord
Reproduction

Reproduction is sexual

Sexes are separate (animals are unisexual).

Fertilisation is external.

Development is indirect.

Larva is TORNARIA.
Examples

Balanoglossus

Saccoglossus
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
Question
01

Excretory organ of Balanoglossus is :-

(1) Protonephridia
(2) Supra neural gland
(3) Solenocytes
(4) Proboscis gland

Answer (4) Proboscis gland

Question
02

The larval form of Hemichordata is called :

(1) Trochophore
(2) Tornaria
(3) Tadpole
(4) Axolotl

Answer (2) Tornaria

Question
03

Members of Hemichordata are

(1) Burrowing marine animals
(2) Exclusively fresh water
(3) Fresh water worms
(4) Terrestrial

Answer (4) transitional epithelium

Question
04

Balanoglossus belongs to
(1) Hemichordata
(2) Cephalochordata
(3) Urochordata
(4) Cyclostomata

Answer (1) Hemichordata

Question

05
Which of the following statement is correct about
Hemichordata?
(1) Animals are bilaterally symmetrical
(2) Animals have organ system level of organisation
(3) Animals are exclusively marine
(4) All of the above

Answer (4) All of the above

Phylum Chordata
Chorda
ata
Chordata
 Chordata

Chorda ata

A thick string To have

 Hollow nerve cord

Paired pharyngeal gill slits

Post anal tail

CHORDATA Coelomate organisms

 Triploblastic

Bilaterally symmetrical

Organ-system level of organisation

CHORDATA Closed circulatory system

 CHORDATA

Paired
Post anal Hollow nerve
pharyngeal gill
tail cord
slits

Notochord
Hollow nerve cord

Tail Pharyngeal Mouth

pouches
Coelomate Bilaterally
Triplo lastic
organisms symmetrical

Ectoderm

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Closed Organ-system
circulatory CHORDATA level of
system organisation
CHORDATA ANIMALS NON - CHORDATA

➢ Notochord is found in any ➢ Notochord is absent

stage of life.

Notochord

Pharyngeal gills
CHORDATA ANIMALS NON - CHORDATA

▪ Central nervous system is ▪ Double, ventral and

single, dorsal and hollow solid nerve cord

Hollow nerve cord Ventral nerve cord

CHORDATA ANIMALS NON - CHORDATA

▪ Pharyngeal gill slits ▪ Pharyngeal gill slits

present absent

Pharyngeal gills
CHORDATA ANIMALS NON - CHORDATA

▪ Heart is ventral ▪ Heart is dorsal (if present)

CHORDATA ANIMALS NON - CHORDATA

▪ A post- anal part (tail) is ▪ A post anal tail is absent

present.
 PHYLUM
CHORDATA

Group Acraniata Group Craniata

Or Protochordata Or Euchordata
(Lower chordates) (Higher chordates)

Subphylum Subphylum
Urochordata Vertebrata

Subphylum
Cephalochordata
 Sub Phylum Vertebrata

Division Gnathostomata Division Agnatha

(bears jaw) (lacks jaw)

• Super class Pisces • Class Cyclostomata

• Super class Tetrapoda • Class Ostracodermi

 Division
Gnathostomata
(bears jaw)

Super Class Super Class

Pisces Tetrapoda

Class Placodermi Class Amphibia

Class Chondrichthyes Class Reptilia

Class Osteichthyes Class Aves

Class Mammalia
 Group acraniata Group craniata
Characters
(Protochordata) (Euchordata)

Aquatic and
Habitat Exclusively marine
Terrestrial

Respiration Gills Gills and lungs

Persist throughout
Notochord Persistent
life
Paired appendages Absent Mostly present
Sexes Unisexual/Bisexual Unisexual
Fertilization External External or Internal
Development Indirect Direct or indirect
SUBPHYLUM – UROCHORDATA / TUNICATA

Exclusively marine Adults are sessile but larva

is free swimming
SUBPHYLUM – UROCHORDATA / TUNICATA
▪ Notochord is present only in ▪ Adult members have test over
tail of larva. their body, made up of tunicin
hence animals are also called
Tunicates

TUNICIN
SUBPHYLUM – UROCHORDATA / TUNICATA
Only one chordate character is found in adults
which is pharyngeal gill clefts

Pharyngeal gill clefts

SUBPHYLUM – UROCHORDATA / TUNICATA

Examples

Ascidia Herdmania (Sea- potato/Sea-

squirts)
SUBPHYLUM – UROCHORDATA / TUNICATA

Examples

Dolilum Salpa
CEPHALOCHORDATA

Found in shallow sea water.

CEPHALOCHORDATA

dorsal, tubular and

Dorsal fin
hollow nerve cord.

Pharyngeal gill slits

Excretion through protonephredia or flame cell or solenocytes .

Excretory matter is ammonia .

Notochord is from head to tail and persistent throughout the life .

e.g. Branchiostoma or Amphioxus (lancelet)
Class - Cyclostomata
 CYCLOSTOMATA

CYCLO STOMA ATA

TO
CIRCULAR MOUTH
HAVE
Sucking and circular mouth without jaws
6 to 15 pairs of Gill slits for respiration

All are ectoparasites on some fishes.

 Cartilaginous cranium Scales are absent

Unpaired fins
Two chambered heart , closed blood vascular system
All are ectoparasites on some fishes.

Sucking and circular mouth without jaws.

6 to 15 pairs of gill slits for respiration.

Scales are absent.

Unpaired fins are present.

Two chambered heart and closed blood vascular system is

present.
Animals are unisexual.

Fertilisation is external.

Larval stage is usually absent except : Ammocoete larva in

Petromyzon.

Marine, but migrate for spawning to fresh water.

After spawning, they die.

Their larvae, after metamorphosis, return to ocean.

PHYLUM CHORDATA – SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA

FRESH
WATER

SEA WATER
 EXAMPLES
Petromyzon (Lamprey):- It is an ectoparasite(Sanguivorous)
on true fishes.
 EXAMPLES
Myxine (Hag fish)
It has wrinkled lips resembling an old woman.
It usually remain attached with the gills of host.
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
Question
01

All living members of which class is ectoparasite on fishes?

(1) Turbellaria
(2) Chondrichthyes
(3) Cephalopoda
(4) Cyclostomata

Answer (4) Cyclostomata

Question
02

Which of the following are characters of cyclostomata?

(1) 6–15 pairs of gill slits is present for respiration
(2) Sucking and circular mouth without jaws
(3) Body is devoid of scales and paired fins
(4) All of these

Answer (4) All of these

Question
03

Which of the following organism possess cartilaginous

cranium, vertebral column, closed type of circulatory
system and migrate to fresh water for spawning?
(1) Ascidia
(2) Scoliodon
(3) Petromyzon
(4) Branchiostoma

Answer (3) Petromyzon

Question
04
Which of the following are marine but migrate for spawning to
fresh water. After spawning, within a few days, they die. Their
larvae, after metamorphosis, return to ocean.
(1) Petromyzon (Lamprey)
(2) Scoliodon
(3) Trygon
(4) Torpedo

Answer (1) Petromyzon (Lamprey)

Question

05
Which of the following is correct about cyclostomes?
(1) Ectoparasite on fishes during their adult stage
(2) Skin with scales and contain unicellular mucous gland.
(3) Three chambered heart
(4) Heart is two chambered and possess 4 pair of gill slits
for respiration.

Answer (1) Ectoparasite on fishes during their adult stage