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GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
Starter unit
Repaso de las formas verbales
Tiempo Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
Present simple I take the bus. I don’t take the bus. Do I take the bus?
He/She/It takes the bus. He/She/It doesn’t take the bus. Does he/she/it take the bus?
Present You are listening to me. You aren’t listening to me. Are you listening to me?
continuous He/She/It is flying to Rome soon. He/She/It isn’t flying to Rome soon. Is he/she/it flying to Rome soon?
Present perfect We have visited Paris. We haven’t visited Paris. Have we visited Paris?
simple He/She/It has visited Paris. He/She/It hasn’t visited Paris. Has he/she/it visited Paris?
Present perfect They have been studying. They haven’t been studying. Have they been studying?
continuous He/She/It has been studying. He/She/It hasn’t been studying. Has he/she/it been studying?
Past simple I watched a film on TV. I didn’t watch a film on TV. Did I watch a film on TV?
We ate in a restaurant. We didn’t eat in a restaurant. Did we eat in a restaurant?
Past You were working last night. You weren’t working last night. Were you working last night?
continuous He/She/It was working last night. He/She/It wasn’t working last night. Was he/she/it working last night?
Past perfect They had read the article. They hadn’t read the article. Had they read the article?
simple He/She/It had read the article. He/She/It hadn’t read the article. Had he/she/it read the article?
Used to We used to study Latin. We didn’t use to study Latin. Did we use to study Latin?
Future simple I’ll sing at the concert. I won’t sing at the concert. Will I sing at the concert?
He/She/It will sing at the concert. He/She/It won’t sing at the concert. Will he/she/it sing at the concert?
Going to You are going to learn Greek. You aren’t going to learn Greek. Are you going to learn Greek?
He/She/It is going to learn Greek. He/She/It isn’t going to learn Greek. Is he/she/it going to learn Greek?
Future They will be sleeping. They won’t be sleeping. Will they be sleeping?
continuous He/She/It will be sleeping. He/She/It won’t be sleeping. Will he/she/it be sleeping?
Future perfect I will have left when you arrive. I won’t have left when you arrive. Will I have left when you arrive?
simple He/She/It will have left when He/She/It won’t have left when Will he/she/it have left when
you arrive. you arrive. you arrive?
0.1 Los tiempos de presente We’ll win the competition for best school project.
Present simple y present continuous • Be going to: para expresar planes e intenciones, así como
predicciones basadas en evidencias (por ejemplo, algo
Uso que está claro o que podemos observar).
Repaso de las formas verbales: ver más arriba That boy is going to pass out! He looks really pale and ill.
• Present simple: para hablar de hechos o situaciones • Present simple: para hablar sobre acontecimientos del
permanentes, rutinas, estados y acontecimientos futuros futuro fijados en un horario, programa o calendario.
que ya están programados. The dance class starts at nine o’clock.
I take the metro to school every day. • Present continuous: para hablar de planes fijados de
• Present continuous: para hablar de acciones temporales antemano, cuando el lugar y la hora ya están decididos.
que están ocurriendo en el momento de hablar o en Are you meeting your friends after school?
un presente más amplio, situaciones temporales en el
presente y planes fijados en el futuro. ¡Atención!
We are staying at my aunt’s house at the moment. • Be going to: refuerza la idea de que hay una
intención.
¡Atención!
We’re going to meet the headteacher next week.
Recuerda que los verbos que expresan estados
• Present continuous: refuerza la idea de planificación,
normalmente no se usan en la forma continua. Por
sobre todo cuando la hora y el lugar ya se han fijado.
ejemplo: agree, believe, belong, depend, disagree, hate,
We’re meeting the headteacher on Tuesday.
hear, imagine, know, like, love, mean, need, own, prefer,
promise, remember, understand, want.
• Future continuous: para hablar de acciones que se estarán
desarrollando en un momento concreto del futuro.
0.2 Los tiempos de futuro This time next week, I’ll be taking my driving exam!
Repaso de las formas verbales: ver arriba • Future perfect: para decir que algo habrá sucedido o no
en un momento concreto del futuro.
Uso Mya won’t have had her baby before I get back from holiday.
• Future simple (will): para hacer predicciones basadas en
Los verbos irregulares: págs. 126-127
opiniones, y para expresar esperanzas y expectativas,
hechos futuros y decisiones espontáneas.
98 Grammar reference and practice

0.3 La voz pasiva 0.5 Gerundios e infinitivos

La voz pasiva: pág. 103 Uso
• Al usar un verbo seguido de otro, el primer verbo se
0.4 Los tiempos de pasado conjuga en un tiempo determinado y el segundo va en
gerundio (terminación -ing) o en infinitivo.
Past simple, past continuous, past
perfect simple y used to Gerundios
• detrás de verbos como: You should avoid having
Repaso de las formas verbales: pág. 98 avoid, can’t stand, don’t caffeine before bed.
mind, finish, like
• detrás de go cuando son I want to go skiing at Easter.
Uso actividades
• Past simple: para expresar un estado, una acción o una • detrás de preposiciones We’re afraid of getting stuck in
serie de acciones que sucedieron en el pasado. the dark.
I waited for 20 minutes but the postman didn’t come. • como sujeto de una Playing video games is my
oración favourite hobby.
• Past continuous: para hablar de una acción que estaba
sucediendo en un momento concreto del pasado o en Infinitivos
un pasado más amplio. • detrás de verbos como: We promised to try harder next
I was washing my hair at nine o’clock last night. arrange, decide, learn, time.
plan, promise
• Past perfect simple: para indicar que una acción ocurrió
antes que otra o antes de llegar a un momento • detrás de adjetivos It isn’t difficult to learn to drive.
determinado en el pasado. • para expresar propósitos I’m writing to complain about
I had finished my essay before my cousins arrived. the product I bought.
• detrás de too + adjetivo y She was too tired to dance.
• Used to: para expresar hábitos, situaciones o estados del
adjetivo + enough This essay isn’t good enough to
pasado que ya no existen.
hand in.
I used to live in New York, but now I live in Chicago.
• detrás de first y last I was the first to finish but the
Present perfect simple y present perfect last to leave.
continuous
¡Atención!
Uso
Recuerda que algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos de un
• Present perfect simple: para hablar de acciones que gerundio o un infinitivo sin que cambie el significado, p. ej.:
empezaron en el pasado y continúan en el presente; de
las experiencias de la vida; o de acciones del pasado que He started reading / to read when he was four.
tienen consecuencias en el presente. Pero hay otros verbos cuyo significado cambia según
I’ve read this book five times! vayan seguidos de un gerundio o de un infinitivo, p. ej.:
Have you ever been to Sweden? I stopped buying plastic products.
• Present perfect continuous: para hablar de acciones que I stopped to do the recycling on my way to work.
empezaron en el pasado y han continuado hasta el
presente; y de acciones que acaban de terminar y tienen
consecuencias en el presente. 0.1 Choose the correct options.
1 They like / are liking their English lessons and want /
I’ve been going to French classes for two weeks.
are wanting to start a club.
¡Atención! 2 Olly doesn’t come / isn’t coming to school today
because he visits / ’s visiting his cousins.
Recuerda que usamos el past simple, y no el present
3 Nina doesn’t realise / isn’t realising that she looks /
perfect simple, para hablar de acciones completadas
is looking at her phone all the time.
que empezaron y terminaron en el pasado.
4 My parents live / are living in a flat while the builders
✗ I’ve lived in London last year.
work / are working on their house.
✓ I lived in London last year.
0.2 Complete the sentences with the correct future
forms of the verbs in brackets. More than one
answer may be possible.
1 Don’t forget to put sunscreen on because it (be)
sunny today.
2 We (not finish) our exams this time next month.
3 This time next week, we (fly) to New York!
Grammar reference and practice 99

4 you (meet up) with any friends later today? ¡Atención!

5 The exam (start) at 9am tomorrow. Don’t be late! Recuerda que, a menudo, usamos el past perfect con el
past simple cuando queremos referirnos a un tiempo
0.3 Write passive sentences using the prompts.
pasado anterior a aquel del que estamos hablando.
Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
Mimi wrote a novel last year. She hadn’t written anything
1 our essays / not / give back / to us / yet
before then.
2 this book / publish / last year ?
Sin embargo, cuando hablamos de cosas que sucedieron
3 millions of euros / spend / every year on healthcare
una después de otra, utilizamos el past simple.
4 your phone / repair / next week ?
Callum woke up, made a coffee and checked his emails.
0.4 Complete the text with the correct past tense of
the verbs in brackets. EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES
A recent intelligence test (1) (reveal) that elephants are
much more intelligent than scientists (2) (previously / before, when, after, as soon as
think). In the experiment, elephants (3) (have to)
pick up a stick and give it to a researcher. However, the AIM HIGHER Inversión negativa
test (4) (be) as simple as it sounds, as the stick was En el lenguaje formal o literario se pueden poner al
attached to the mat that the elephant (5) (stand) on, principio de la oración unos sintagmas adverbiales
so it (6) (not can) pick up the stick unless it (7) negativos para enfatizar que una cosa ocurrió
(realise) its own weight (8) (prevent) it. Humans under inmediatamente después de otra. Detrás de estos
the age of two (9) (not manage) to complete the test. sintagmas, invertimos el verbo auxiliar y el sujeto.
Barely, Hardly y Scarcely van seguidos de when.
0.5 Rewrite the sentences so that they have the
same meaning, using the word or phrase given. Barely had I opened my front door when the dog ran past me.
1 Natalie thinks she would like to study medicine. No sooner va seguido de than.
(interested) No sooner had he arrived than he had to leave.
2 I wish I hadn’t invited Dan to the party. (regret)
3 Did you post the letter I gave you? (remember)
1.1 Complete the sentences with the correct past
perfect or past simple form of the verbs in
4 My mum said she’ll take us to the airport. (agreed)
brackets.
1 I (be) very tired because I (not sleep) all night.
2 We (just get) to the gallery when it (start) to
Unit 1 rain.
1.1 El past perfect simple 3 they (finish) the exam by the time you
Repaso de las formas verbales: pág. 98 (arrive)?
4 She realised that she (take) the wrong keys when
Uso she (try) to open the door.
• Para indicar que una acción había sucedido antes de que
ocurriera otra o antes de llegar a un momento concreto 1.2 Complete the text with the past perfect simple
del pasado. or continuous form of the verbs in the box.
Had you heard of this artist before you saw the exhibition? become ever hear live move not support
not write try
1.2 El past perfect continuous It is hard for us to imagine today, but few people (1)
Repaso de las formas verbales: pág. 98 of Vincent Van Gogh until his painting ‘Sunflowers’ was
sold at auction in 1987 for almost $40 million! He is now
Uso among the most popular artists of all time. However,
• Para expresar que una acción larga había estado he might never have become an artist if his younger
ocurriendo antes de una acción breve o de un momento brother Theo (2) him by sending money and offering
concreto en el pasado. encouragement throughout the artist’s life. By the time
Van Gogh was 30 years old, he (3) several different
He was exhausted because he had been running in the park.
careers, including teaching. He (4) in Belgium and
I didn’t go to the party as I hadn’t been feeling well that day. training as a priest for some months when Theo saw
Had they been waiting for a long time when the doors some of his drawings and suggested Vincent focus on
opened? his art. Once Vincent (5) to Paris with Theo’s financial
support and encouragement, he started painting
full time. If Vincent (6) almost 600 letters to Theo,
we wouldn’t know so much detail of his life and the
incredible bond between the brothers.

Unit 2 2.2 Los modales compuestos

2.1 Verbos modales You should have been listening. consejo sobre el pasado
They shouldn’t have driven there.
We can do this exercise. It’s easy. habilidad
He could have got lost on the way. especulación sobre un
Doctors are able to treat the condition.
hecho pasado posible
I couldn’t swim until I was five.
She can’t have been in town especulación sobre un
You can see the island on a clear day. posibilidad because she’s on holiday. hecho pasado imposible
This research could have surprising results.
They must have seen the film deducción sobre un
The medicine may cause some side effects. because they were talking about it. hecho pasado cierto
Daydreaming might be a good thing after all.
I should have put my keys in my arrepentimiento por
You can’t go to the USA if you don’t have a imposibilidad bag, not in my pocket. una acción pasada
passport.
consejo pasado
You ought to keep your keys in the same place consejo
so you don’t lose them. • Should/shouldn’t have; ought/oughtn’t to have: consejo
You needn’t arrive at school until 8.00am on falta de o crítica sobre el pasado, o arrepentimiento por una
the morning of the trip. obligación o acción pasada.
You don’t have to pay – it’s free. necesidad You should have left your phone at home. = You didn’t
leave your phone at home, but I think that was a mistake.
Uso especulación sobre un hecho pasado posible
habilidad
• Could have, may have y might have: posibilidades pasadas.
• En presente: can o be able to (más formal que can). Paula could have been at the show but I didn’t see her. =
• En futuro: will o going to + be able to. It’s possible that Zoe was at the show but I didn’t see her.
posibilidad especulación sobre un hecho pasado imposible
• Can: expresa posibilidad en el presente. • Can’t have/couldn’t have: cosas del pasado que creemos
• May, might o could: expresan posibilidad en el presente imposibles o falsas.
o en el futuro. Eddie can’t have stolen your camera because he’s the most
honest person I know. = It’s impossible that Eddie stole
¡Atención! your camera because he’s the most honest person I know.
deducción sobre un hecho pasado que es cierto
May expresa un poco más de certeza que might y could.
• Must have: deducciones sobre el pasado.
✗ It can rain tomorrow.
✓ It may/might/could rain tomorrow. = It’s possible
You must have felt very worried when your cat
that it will rain tomorrow. disappeared. = I’m certain that you felt very worried.
Can’t y couldn’t no expresan imposibilidad en el AIM HIGHER Alternativas a los modales
presente. En este caso se usa may/might not.
• Podemos usar it’s possible that en lugar de might para
Para preguntar sobre una posibilidad no se usa may,
expresar posibilidad.
sino might o could. Might es más formal que could.
It’s possible that I will be at home on Tuesday morning.
✗ May this be a good solution to the problem?
• Podemos usar there’s no need en lugar de don’t have to
✓ Might / Could this be a good solution to the problem? para expresar falta de obligación.
There’s no need to bring smart clothes to this office.
consejo
• Podemos usar not allowed to en lugar de can’t para
• Ought to y should: expresan consejo u opinión. Ought to
expresar prohibición.
es un poco más formal.
You’re not allowed to use your mobile phone in the library.
He ought to listen in class.
• Podemos usar be meant to en lugar de should have para
You oughtn’t to spend so much time on your computer.
algo que se esperaba que ocurriera, pero que no sucedió.
¡Atención! The bus was meant to arrive at six o’clock, but didn’t come.
• Podemos usar not be necessary to en lugar de needn’t
No es incorrecto usar ought to en preguntas, pero
have para la falta de obligación.
solemos usar should porque es más fácil de decir.
It wasn’t necessary to bring food because it was provided.
Ought I to leave now?
Should I leave now? • Podemos usar I’m sure it was en lugar de it must have
been para hacer deducciones sobre un evento pasado
que es cierto.
falta de obligación o necesidad
I’m sure it was a difficult day for you.
• Needn’t, don’t need to o don’t have to: expresan aquello que
no es obligatorio hacer.
You needn’t stay until the end of the day. = You don’t need
to / don’t have to stay until the end of the day.
2.1 Complete the sentences with the correct form

3.2 Los condicionals mixtos y I wish / If only
of can, could, may, might, ought to, needn’t or Usamos los condicionales mixtos cuando la referencia
be able to. Sometimes there is more than one temporal en la oración que contiene if es distinta de la de
possible answer. la oración principal. Usamos I wish / If only para hablar de
deseos y arrepentimientos.
1 run 10km or is that too far for you?
2 I heard it rain tomorrow, so take your umbrella. Forma Uso Ejemplos
3 We hurry because we’ve got plenty of time. If + past • Para hablar If you had seen the
4 Mozart play the piano at just three years old. perfect + del resultado documentary, you would
5 We check the time of the exam before we forget. would / presente que know how badly some
wouldn’t + tendría una animals are treated.
6 The door was stuck but eventually Billy open it. infinitivo acción pasada.
2.2 Complete the second sentence using a modal If + pasado • Para hablar de la If they didn’t live near the
+ would / consecuencia que sea, their house wouldn’t
perfect so that it means the same as the first
wouldn’t tuvo en el pasado have been destroyed in
sentence. have + una situación the storm.
1 It was a mistake to buy these shoes. participio actual.
I these shoes. de pasado
2 I am sure that Polly took my phone. I wish / If • Para expresar If only we hadn’t built the
only + past un deseo del house so close to the sea!
Polly my phone.
simple, past presente o del
3 It’s possible that my dad drove Dan to the station. perfect o futuro o un
My dad Dan to the station. condicional arrepentimiento.
4 It isn’t possible that Jodi failed her driving test.
Jodi her driving test. AIM HIGHER Condicionales invertidos
• En el lenguaje formal o literario, usamos condicionales
invertidos en lugar de oraciones con if.
Unit 3 • Should + sujeto + infinitivo en vez de if + sujeto + present
simple en el primer condicional.
3.1 Los condicionales
If the flight arrives late, you will need to get a taxi.
Forma Uso Ejemplos Should the flight arrive late, you will need to get a taxi.
Cero If + • Para hechos y If you heat • Were + sujeto + to + infinitivo en lugar de if + sujeto +
condicional presente + cosas que, en water, it boils. past simple en el segundo condicional.
presente general, son
ciertas. If they cancelled the show, customers would get a refund.
• Para describir Were they to cancel the show, customers would get a refund.
una acción y su • Had + sujeto + participio de pasado en lugar de if
consecuencia. + sujeto + had + participio de pasado en el tercer
Primer If + • Para situaciones If you visit the condicional.
condicional presente + ciertas o zoo, you will If we had known, we wouldn’t have gone.
will / won’t posibles en el see animals in
+ infinitivo presente o en el Had we known, we wouldn’t have gone.
captivity.
futuro.
Segundo If + pasado • Para situaciones If you saw
3.1 Complete the sentences with the correct
condicional + would / improbables o the show,
conditional form of the verbs in brackets.
wouldn’t + hipotéticas en el you would 1 If you like adventure stories, you (love) this film.
infinitivo presente o en el understand why 2 If we (want) things to change, we have to stop
futuro. a lot of people buying so much plastic.
didn’t like it. 3 I (not go) on a rocket to Mars, even if you paid me.
• Usamos were If I were rich, I
para la primera would buy a big 3.1 Complete the second sentence so that it means
y la tercera apartment in the same as the first sentence.
persona, en the city. 1 You need to drink water to avoid a headache.
lugar de was.
If you don’t …
Tercer If + past • Para situaciones If the show
condicional perfect + pasadas hadn’t been 2 We must leave now so we’ll arrive in time.
would / imposibles o cancelled, they Unless we …
wouldn’t hipotéticas. wouldn’t have
have + lost so much
participio
money.
de pasado

3.1 Complete the text with the correct conditional ¡Atención!

form of the verbs in brackets.
Recuerda que can nunca va seguido de un infinitivo
Consumer power is stronger than ever before. compuesto.
Nowadays, if customers (1) (not like) the way a shop ✗ You can have paid off the loan quicker.
does business, they (2) (stop) shopping there. In
✓ You could have paid off the loan quicker.
a recent survey by In Kind Direct, more than 50% of
respondents said they (3) (shop) elsewhere if they
(4) (find out) that a shop wasn’t donating leftover 4.3 Las formas causativas
stock to charity. Social media is a valuable tool for • Hacemos la causativa en todos los tiempos con la forma
spreading the word about good and bad retailers. correcta de have/get + participio de pasado.
Whenever you (5) (share) your experiences, you help
We will have the carpets cleaned by a cleaning company.
other people to make informed decisions. If we (6)
(realise) our consumer power sooner, we could have I am going to get my hair cut at the weekend.
stopped the issue years ago.
Uso
3.2 Choose the correct option to complete the • Para decir que alguien hace algo por nosotros, o que le
sentences. encargamos a alguien que haga algo.
1 We would have driven to the beach if we had / • Have es un poco más formal que get en este contexto.
have a car.
2 Marie Curie would be more famous if she was /
4.4 Introducir el estilo indirecto en pasiva
had been a man. Uso
3 She would have won / will win if she played. • Al repetir lo que alguien ha dicho sin citar a esa
4 If only you had listened / listen to the teacher! persona o expresar una creencia o idea generalizada,
podemos usar reporting verbs como say, believe, think,
etc. en pasiva: It is said/believed/thought + that... Es una
Unit 4 estructura impersonal habitual en contextos formales,
ya sean orales o escritos.
4.1 La voz pasiva
It is thought that the actor now lives alone on the island.
• Se forma con be + past participle en todos los tiempos.
It is said that your schooldays are the best days of your life.
Repaso de las formas verbales: pág. 98 • También podemos usar un sujeto de persona (en lugar
de it) + reporting verb en pasiva + to + infinitivo
Uso
compuesto.
• Para centrarse en la acción y en quién o qué la recibe en
She is said to have written the novel in just two weeks.
lugar de en quién la realiza.
The bank lent money to many villagers. AIM HIGHER El infinitivo y el gerundio en pasiva
(Activa: se centra en el banco que presta el dinero). • El infinitivo en pasiva se forma con to be + participio de
Many villagers were lent money by the bank. pasado.
(Pasiva: se centra en las personas que reciben el dinero). She hopes to be promoted at work in the next few weeks.
• La voz pasiva es habitual en el lenguaje formal y • El infinitivo compuesto en pasiva se forma con to have
académico. A menudo se usa para describir procesos. been + participio de pasado.
• Si queremos decir quién realizó la acción (el agente), He was angry to have been excluded from the tennis team.
usamos by, pero si se sobreentiende o no es importante, • La pasiva del gerundio es being + participio de pasado.
lo omitimos.
They hated being beaten by the other team.
The baskets were made by workers in India.
• La forma pasiva del gerundio compuesto es having been
The baskets were made in India. + participio de pasado.
Los verbos irregulares: págs. 126-127 We regretted having been given seats right at the back of
the theatre.
4.2 Los modales en pasiva
• Los formamos poniendo en pasiva el infinitivo simple o 4.1 Rewrite the active sentences in the correct
compuesto que va detrás de ellos. passive form. Include by and the agent if
necessary.
Verbo modal Activa Pasiva en Pasiva en past 1 Two teenagers found the ancient coins in a field.
presente perfect
2 The company is going to change its policies because
can/could/should/ of pressure from consumers.
ought to make be made have been made 3 Workers make the clothes from recycled cotton.
must/might/may
4 More than 1 million people have signed the petition.
5 Someone is repairing my phone at the moment.

4.2 Complete the text with the correct passive form ¡Atención!
of an appropriate modal verb and the verb in
Los pronombres de sujeto y objeto y los adjetivos
brackets.
posesivos cambian.
This is your new bank card. It (1) (sign) before you ‘I’ll give you my keys,’ she said.
can use it. It (2) only (use) with your PIN. Your PIN
She said she would give me her keys.
is secret and (3) never (give) to another person.
Your card is only for your home country and it (4)
• Las expresiones de tiempo y de lugar cambian.
(use) abroad. It is your responsibility to look after your
card, and it (5) always (keep) in a safe place. If Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
your card is missing and you think it (6) (steal), call
now ➔ then / at that moment
us immediately to report the theft.
today ➔ that day
4.3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of tonight ➔ that night
have and get.
this evening / week / year ➔ that evening / week / year
1 I (the money / send) to your bank account
tomorrow. here ➔ there
2 I had to (my hearing / check) last week. yesterday ➔ the day before
3 My dad (his suit / make) by a tailor last year. tomorrow ➔ the next day / the following day
4 Where do you (your hair / cut)? It looks amazing! (three) days ago ➔ (three) days before
5 We (pizzas / deliver) for the party next Saturday. next week ➔ the following week
4.4 Order the words to make impersonal reporting last week ➔ the previous week /
the week before
sentences.
1 than / is / cats / often / that / It / make / better / dogs / preguntas
argued / pets . • Las preguntas se pasan al estilo indirecto con el verbo ask.
2 stole / claimed / It / is / suspect / that / bank / from / El orden de las palabras cambia a sujeto + verbo.
the / the.
3 be / to / at / are / moment / MPs / the / voting / said . ¡Atención!
4 through / The / is / to / prisoner / a / escaped / have / No uses el auxiliar do.
tunnel / believed . No incluyas signos de interrogación.
Las preguntas de respuesta sí/no necesitan if o whether en
estilo indirecto.
Unit 5 ‘Does she live alone?’ ➔ He asked if / whether she lived
alone.
5.1 El estilo indirecto Las preguntas con partícula interrogativa Wh- mantienen
esa partícula en estilo indirecto.
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
‘Where is the bus stop?’ ➔
Present simple ➔ Past simple ✓ They asked me where the bus stop was.
Present continuous ➔ Past continuous ✗ They asked me where was the bus stop.
Past simple ➔ Past perfect simple
órdenes, sugerencias, peticiones y consejos
Past continuous ➔ Past perfect continuous
• Para las órdenes, sugerencias, peticiones y consejos
Present perfect simple ➔ Past perfect simple indirectos, usamos un reporting verb + infinitivo con to.
will ➔ would ‘Could you open the door?’ ➔ He asked me to open the door
be going to ➔ was going to ‘Be careful.’ ➔ She told me to be careful.
• Para expresar órdenes, sugerencias, peticiones y
¡Atención! consejos negativos en estilo indirecto, colocamos not
antes del infinitivo con to.
Recuerda que en el estilo indirecto can > could, must /
have to > had to. ‘Don’t look!’ ➔ He told us not to look.
Los otros verbos modales no cambian. • Cuando usamos el verbo suggest para expresar
sugerencias en estilo indirecto, no usamos el infinitivo
con to, sino el gerundio o that + oración. A continuación
Uso
se presentan los reporting verbs.
• Para comunicar lo que ha dicho otra persona.
‘Why don’t you get a job?’ ➔ She suggested that I get a job. /
‘I’ve eaten the cake.’ ➔ Jack says he’s eaten the cake. She suggested getting a job.
• Eliminamos las comillas y los otros signos de puntuación
cambian o desaparecen.

5.2 Los reporting verbs Unit 6

• Los reporting verbs van seguidos por diferentes estructuras.
6.1 Las oraciones de relativo especificativas
Estructura Verbos Ejemplos
Uso
verbal
• Definen a la persona, el lugar o la cosa citados en la
verbo + agree / ask / claim / Lucy offered to give
oración principal.
infinitivo decide / demand / offer / Ryan some money.
promise / refuse The teacher who / that influenced me most was Mrs Gray.
verbo + admit / deny / She recommended • Podemos usar that en lugar de who o which.
gerundio recommend / regret / putting the money into • En inglés formal, los pronombres relativos where y when
suggest his savings account. se pueden sustituir por una preposición + which.
verbo + objeto advise / ask / invite / Lucy advised him to • A menudo, omitimos los pronombres relativos who, that
+ infinitivo promise / remind / tell / put his money under
y which cuando hacen de complemento directo de la
warn his bed.
oración subordinada de relativo.
verbo + objeto accuse (of) / blame (for) / They accused him of
The man (who / that) we saw in the car park is my dad’s
+ preposición congratulate (on) / stealing the money.
+ gerundio thank (for) / warn (about) colleague.
verbo + prep. + apologise (for) / complain Lucy apologised for • También podemos acortar la oración subordinada
gerundio (about) / insist (on) not listening to Ryan. relativa cuando el pronombre relativo hace de sujeto
y va seguido del verbo be + un adjetivo, un sintagma
verbo + that + agree / argue / claim / Ryan announced that
oración complain / recommend / he was going to save
preposicional, un verbo en -ing o un participio.
say / suggest / think up for a bicycle. She is the woman (who was) encouraged to apply for the
job.
¡Atención! This is the day (that has been) chosen for the exam.
Algunos verbos se usan con más de una estructura verbal 6.2 Las oraciones de relativo explicativas
sin que cambie el significado.
He admitted stealing the money. Uso
He admitted that he had stolen the money. • Dan información adicional sobre una persona, un lugar o
una cosa que ya se ha definido.
AIM HIGHER Verbo + question word + infinitivo • Estas oraciones van entre comas para separarlas de la
oración principal.
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
AIM HIGHER Preposiciones en las oraciones de
‘How do I print the I didn’t know how to print the
document?’ document. relativo
‘Where can I find the He wondered where to find the • Si una oración de relativo especificativa lleva una
address?’ address. preposición, normalmente va al final.
‘Which chair should She wasn’t sure which chair to sit on. She is the person I wrote the song for.
I sit on?’ • En inglés formal, la preposición va antes del pronombre
‘Should I leave?’ She wasn’t sure whether to leave. relativo. Usamos which para cosas y whom para personas.
She is the person for whom I wrote the song.
5.1 Rewrite the conversation below in reported
speech. Use tell, suggest, ask and reply. 6.1 Choose the correct option.
Izzy I need to get a job. I haven’t got any money. 1 That is the teacher who / which used to teach us.
Josh Why don’t you get a job at the café where I work? 2 I will never forget the day when / who I met my
My boss is looking for people to start next week. best friend.
Izzy Oh, really? Who should I get in touch with? 3 What’s the name of the book who / which you were
Josh It’s probably best if you email my boss directly. reading yesterday?
Her name’s Sarah. 4 The house that / where I live has three bedrooms.
Izzy What’s her email address?
6.2 Complete the sentence with the correct relative
Josh I haven’t got it here, but I can send it to you tonight.
pronoun and punctuation.
5.2 Rewrite the direct speech as reported speech 1 Kendra lives near me. She goes to a different school to us.
using the reporting verbs given in brackets. 2 They are the boys. I told you about them.
1 ‘We can have the party at my house,’ said Bill. (agree) 3 I don’t remember the name of the man. He showed us
2 ‘I will pay for lunch,’ said Mum. (insist) around the museum.
3 ‘Would you like to come swimming with us?’ they 4 I’ve got a friend. His mum is a famous scientist.
asked us. (invite)
4 ‘We didn’t break the window,’ said the boys. (deny)

PHRASAL VERB LIST
act out to make movements with call in to ask or tell a person or an animal cover up to put one thing over another in
your body as a way of learning or to come to the place where you are order to hide it
remembering something call out to shout something, especially cross off (= a list) to draw a line through
apply for to make an official request for when you are trying to get someone’s something on a list to show that you
a job attention have dealt with it
arrive at to reach a result, decision or carry on to continue doing something cut down (on) to reduce the amount of
solution to a problem carry out to do a particular piece of work, something, especially something bad
aspire to to want to achieve something or research, etc or harmful
to be successful carry out to do something that you have cut down (on) to start doing less of an
base sth on sth to use particular ideas or said you will do or that you have been activity that is bad for your health
facts to make a decision told to do cut down to cut through the trunk of
base sth on sth to use something as a catch sb out to put someone in a a tree in order to make it fall to the
model for a film, piece of writing or dangerous or difficult situation that ground
work of art they are not prepared for date back to to be made or begun at a
believe in to think that an idea or a way of catch up with to talk to someone and find particular time in the past
doing something is good or right out what they have been doing recently deal with to take action to do something,
belong to to come from or be related to a centre around if something centres especially to solve a problem
particular group of people or things around something else, that thing is the deal with to take the action that is
bottle up to stop yourself showing main subject of interest or attention necessary when you are involved with a
emotions such as anger and check in to arrive at a hotel where you particular person or type of person
disappointment so that these feelings have arranged to stay and give your decide on to choose something or
harm you personal details to the person working someone from a number of possible
break down to remove a difficulty at the reception desk choices
that prevents something good from check out to examine or look at depend on if one thing depends on
happening something in order to form an opinion another, it is changed or affected by the
break into to take control illegally of a about it other thing
computer in order to get information chill out to relax and stop being angry or depend on to need someone in order to
belonging to another person or nervous be successful
organisation claim back to officially ask for money that depend on (depending on) according to
break into to start to use an amount of you have spent to be paid back to you do away with to get rid of or replace
money clean up to make a place completely something
break out if an argument or a war breaks clean and tidy do up to repair, paint, or decorate a house
out, it starts close down to stop doing business or or room
break up (with) if two people break up, operating permanently do with (not have anything to do with)
they end their relationship come about to happen, especially by to not be connected with another fact
breathe in to take air into your lungs chance or situation
through your nose or mouth come across to find something by chance do without to succeed in living
bring about to make something happen come back to return to a place or working without someone or
bring back to bring something such something
come from to be obtained from,
as a book back to the place you have produced by or found in a particular dream up to think of a new idea or plan
borrowed it from place or thing drive out to force someone or something
bring together to create a situation in come into to receive money when to leave a place
which people meet or do something someone dies drop in to visit a place without an
together invitation
come out to become known
bring up (be brought up (in/on/with)) drop out to leave something such as an
used for saying how or where someone come round to go to someone’s house in
order to visit them activity, school or competition before
lived when they were a child you have finished what you intended
bring up to start discussing a subject come together if people come together, to do
they meet in order to do something
build up to develop something and make eat out to have a meal in a restaurant
it increase in number or size come up against to have to deal with instead of at home
something difficult or unpleasant
build up to increase or to make end up to be in a particular place or
something increase come up to be mentioned in a situation because of doing sth
conversation
burn down to be destroyed by a fire end with to have something as the final
come up with to think of a new idea or part
butt in to join a conversation or activity plan
without being asked to face up to to accept that a bad situation
cope with to deal successfully with a exists and try to deal with it
call for to say publicly that something difficult situation
must happen fall for to be deceived and believe that a
trick or a joke is true
Phrasal verb list

PHRASAL VERB LIST
figure out to be able to understand get together to find or collect the things help out to help someone by doing a
something or to solve a problem you need so that they are in one place particular job
find out to discover a fact or piece of and ready to use hold back to decide not to do or say
information get together to ask or make people come something
fit in with to be correct, suitable or together in one place hold out to continue to exist or do
sensible in relation to something else get up to get out of bed after sleeping something despite difficulties
focus on to concentrate on one give out to give someone something hold up to cause a delay for someone or
particular thing such as a prize for something they have something
follow on to happen as the next part or achieved hook up to connect two pieces of
stage of something give sth away to show a feeling or a electrical or electronic equipment
follow through to continue doing quality that you are trying to hide hurry up used especially in spoken
something until it has been completed give up to stop doing something that you language to tell someone to do
get across to make people understand used to do regularly something more quickly
something give up to allow someone to have improve on to make something better
get ahead to be more successful or to something that was yours than it was before or to do something
progress more quickly than other go ahead to happen in the way that is better than you did before
people planned join in to do an activity with people who
get around to travel to different places go back to return to a place are already doing it
get around to to do something after you go back to to return to a subject that you keep out to prevent someone or
have intended to do it for a long time were talking about previously something from entering a place
get away (from) to go somewhere go down to sink below the surface of the keep up with to continue to learn about
different from where you live in order to water something so that you know the latest
have a rest or a holiday things that are happening
go down to become smaller in amount
get away with to do something bad or or size keep up with to move or learn at the
illegal without being punished for it same speed as someone or something
go for to choose a particular thing
get back to return to a place kick off to begin
go for (go for it) used especially in
get back to sb to phone, write or speak spoken language to encourage knock down to deliberately destroy a
to someone at a later time because you someone to try hard to achieve building or wall
are busy something knock over to hit an object hard so that
get by to manage to pay for the things go on (a website) to visit a website on it falls
that you need the internet to find information or to laugh at to say unkind things about
get sb down to make someone feel sad or take part in a discussion someone or something in order to
lose hope go on to continue happening make them feel silly
get down to to start doing something go on to happen lay down to explain or state officially
seriously or with a lot of effort go on to to do something after doing lay out to explain something carefully and
get into to start enjoying something or something else clearly, especially rules or processes
become enthusiastic about it go out to leave your house and go lead to to begin a process that causes
get into to be accepted to study at a somewhere, especially to do something something to happen
school or university enjoyable leave out to not include someone or
get off to leave a bus, train or plane go over to check something carefully something
get on (with) if people get on, they like go through to examine or search let out to allow a person or animal to
each other and are friendly something very carefully leave a place
get on with to give your time to an go through to experience something let sb down to make someone
activity and make progress with it difficult or unpleasant disappointed by not doing something
that they are expecting you to do
get onto to be chosen to be part of a go up to increase
group line up to form a row
go with to choose or accept something
get out to go outside line up if two or more things line up, they
grow up used for talking about where you are level with each other
get out to leave the place where you live lived or the things that happened when
or work for a short period of time you were a child link up if computers or computer systems
link up, electronic messages can be sent
get out of to avoid doing something that grow up to gradually become an adult between them
you should do hand in to give something to a person in live on to have a particular amount of
get over sb to start to forget someone authority money to buy the things that you need
and feel happy again after a relationship hang out to spend time in a particular to live
has ended place or with particular people look after to take care of someone or
get through to to make someone hear from if you hear from someone, they something and make sure they have
understand what you are trying to say write to you, phone you, email you, etc everything they need
Phrasal verb list

PHRASAL VERB LIST
look after to take care of something that move out to leave the house or flat put out to make something stop burning
belongs to someone else and make where you have lived in order to live put sth into sth to spend a particular
certain it is not damaged or stolen somewhere else amount of time doing something or to
look after to be responsible for name sb after sb/sth to give someone or make a particular amount of effort in
something or a group of people something the same name as someone order to do something
look around to walk around a place and or something else put together to produce or organise
see what is there note down to write something down so something using different things
look at to direct your eyes towards that you have a record of it put up with to accept something
someone or something so that you can open up to talk more about your personal unpleasant
see them feelings and experiences read on to continue to read something
look at to think about or consider a own up to admit that you have done after you have started it because it is
situation or subject carefully something bad or embarrassing interesting
look back at to direct your attention to pass away to die read through to read all of a document,
something such as a piece of work you pass out to suddenly become book, etc in order to check it
have done previously and think about it unconscious, for example, because you refer back to to mention something that
look back on to think about a time or are ill has already been said or written when
event in the past pay back to give someone the same you are speaking or writing
look for to search for someone or amount of money you borrowed from refer to to mention someone or
something them something when you are speaking or
look forward to to feel happy and excited pay off to bring advantages or benefits writing
about something that is going to pay off to give a person or organisation relate to to be about something or to be
happen all the money that you borrowed from connected to something
look out for to look carefully at the them in order to buy something rely on to trust someone or something to
people or things around you in order to pick out to choose one person or thing do something for you
try to find a particular person or thing from a group rely on to need something in order
look to to direct your thoughts or pick up to learn a new piece of to continue to operate, exist or be
attention to something information or a new skill effective
look up to try to find a particular piece of pick up to buy something, especially for a result in to cause or produce something
information by looking in a book, on a cheaper price than usual revolve around if you think everything
list, or using a computer revolves around you, you think that
pick up to notice a smell or sound
lose out to not get a benefit that other people and things are not as
someone else is getting pick up to receive an electronic signal on important as you are
a radio or similar piece of equipment
make out to see, hear or read something rip off to cheat someone by charging
with difficulty pile up to increase a lot in amount them too much money for something
make sth into sth to change something plug in to connect a piece of equipment rule out to stop considering something as
so that it becomes something else to an electricity supply or to another a possibility
piece of equipment
make up to invent a story, explanation run into to meet someone when you did
or lie pop up to appear quickly or suddenly not expect to
make up to prepare something using print out to produce a copy of a run out if a battery runs out, it has no
different parts or ingredients computer document using a printer more power
make up (time) to work or do something pull down to destroy a building, run out if an official document runs out, it
harder or faster than usual because especially because it is not in good stops being legal on a certain date
previously you have not been able to condition
run out of to use all of something and not
work or do it as hard or as fast as you put aside to save some money to pay for have any left
should have done something later
run up to get into debt and allow the
meet up to come together with someone, put forward to offer an idea, opinion, etc amount to increase
either unexpectedly or as planned so that people can discuss it
save up to regularly put money in a bank
miss out on to lose an opportunity to put off to delay doing something, or invest it so that you can use it later
have or do something especially because it is not convenient
or you do not want to do it sell out if tickets, etc sell out, there are no
move along to progress or develop or to more available
make something progress or develop put off to make someone not want to do
something set off to begin a journey
move away to stop living in one place
and go to live in another put on to spread a cream or liquid on your set up to start an organisation or business
move into to start living in a particular skin set up to organise or plan an event or
place put on trial to order someone who has system
move on (to) to stop discussing or done something illegal to appear in a settle on to choose between two or more
doing something and begin doing or court of law people or things after you have not
discussing something different been certain which to choose
Phrasal verb list

PHRASAL VERB LIST
shop around to go to several shops take after to look or behave like an older turn to sth to start thinking about or
before you decide what to buy family member discussing something
shout out to say something suddenly in a take away to remove or make a feeling or turn up to arrive somewhere
very loud voice sensation disappear turn up to appear or happen in an
show off to show people something that take down to remove a picture or piece unexpected way
you are good at and proud of of text from a website on the internet, type in to type information on a keyboard
show up to arrive often because it is harmful or offensive so that it is recorded by a computer and
sign off to end a letter take down to separate a large structure can be read on a screen
into pieces venture out to go somewhere
sign up (for) to join or participate in
something take in to trick someone into believing unpleasant, dangerous or exciting
something that is not true wake up to stop sleeping
sing along to sing a song with someone
who is already singing take in to understand and remember watch out to pay attention
something that you hear or read
sit back to relax and stop making the wear out to use or wear something so
effort to do anything take into custody to keep someone in much that it can no longer be used
prison until they go to a court of law for
sit down to lower your body into a sitting a trial weigh up to consider the good and bad
position aspects of something in order to make
take off to remove something such as a a decision
slow sb down to make someone less piece of clothing or jewellery
active or effective work on to spend time improving
take off to become successful or popular something by practising it
soak up to spend time experiencing
something enjoyable take off to remove a picture or piece of work on to spend time fixing something
text from a website on the internet, that is broken
sort out to deal successfully with a often because it is offensive or untrue
problem or difficult situation work on an assumption to consider that
take off to have a particular amount of something is likely or true, even though
speak up to say what you think instead of time away from work
saying nothing you are not totally certain that it is
take on (sb’s identity) to claim illegally work out to find a satisfactory way of
splash out on to buy something that you are someone else in order to
expensive doing something
get their money, possessions, etc
spy on to watch someone secretly so that work out to decide on something
take on to accept work or responsibility
you know everything they do work out used for saying what the actual
take out to get some money from a bank cost or value of something is when you
stand out to seem more impressive or account
important than other things calculate it
take sb out to take someone to a place work out to understand someone or
stand out to be easy to see or notice like a cinema or a restaurant and pay
because of being different something
for them
stand up to put your body into an upright wrap up to cover something by putting
take sth out on sb to make someone paper or cloth around it
position from a sitting or lying position suffer because you are angry or upset,
stand up for to defend someone or even though it is not their fault write back to reply to someone who has
something that is being criticised or sent you a letter
take over to take control of something
attacked write down to write something on a piece
take up to fill a particular amount of time of paper
start on to begin working on something
take up to start doing something write up to write a report, article, etc
stay away to not go to a place regularly as a habit, interest or job using notes that you wrote earlier
stay off to avoid going to or using a talk over to discuss a problem or a plan
particular place or area
think over to consider a problem or
step down to leave an official position decision carefully
or job
throw up if you throw up, food and drink
stick up for to speak in support of a comes back up from your stomach and
person, idea or belief, especially when out of your mouth
no one else will
try out to test something to see what it is
stick with to continue to do something like or whether it is suitable
or try to achieve something despite
difficulties turn down to refuse to accept an offer or
request
sum up to give a summary of something
turn off to stop using a supply of
switch off if you switch off something electricity or water by moving a switch
such as a light or machine, you make it or turning a tap
stop working
turn out to have a particular result
switch on if you switch on something
such as a light or machine, you make it turn sb/sth into sb/sth to make someone
start working or something change or develop into
something different
Phrasal verb list

WORDLIST
A ban (mobile phones) (v) /bæn/ boundary (regardless of boundaries

account (bank) (n) /əˈkaʊnt/ cuenta prohibir (los teléfonos móviles) and culture) (n)
(bancaria) be attached to (emotionally) /ˈbaʊnd(ə)ri/ frontera (sin
/biː əˈtæʧt tuː/ estar apegado/a a importar las fronteras ni la cultura)
actual (this isn’t the actual dress
she wore) (adj) /ˈækʧuəl/ real, (emocionalmente) brainstorm solutions
verdadero/a (este no es el vestido be backed up by (evidence) /ˌbreɪnstɔː(r)m səˈluːʃənz/ pensar
real que llevaba puesto) /bi ˌbækt ˈʌp baɪ/ estar y proponer soluciones en grupo
adopt an approach to /əˌdɒpt ən respaldado/a por (pruebas) break into (your savings) (phr v)
əˈprəʊʧ tuː/ adoptar un enfoque be brought up with (technology) /ˌbreɪk ˈɪntuː/ recurrir a (tus ahorros)
adviser (to a prime minister) (n) (phr v) /bi ˌbrɔːt ˈʌp wɪð/ crecer breakthrough (n) /ˈbreɪkˌθruː/
/ədˈvaɪzə(r)/ asesor/ora (de un con (la tecnología) avance
primer ministro) be exposed to (music at an early bring about (make sth happen)
affordable (adj) /əˈfɔː(r)dəb(ə)l/ age) /biː ɪkˈspəʊzd tuː/ estar (phr v) /ˌbrɪŋ əˈbaʊt/ provocar
asequible expuesto/a (a la música a una bring up (start discussing) (phr v)
edad temprana) /ˌbrɪŋ ˈʌp/ sacar un tema (en una
(an) ageing population (n)
/ən ˌeɪʤɪŋ ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ (una) be faced with /bi ˈfeɪst wɪð/ conversación)
población envejecida enfrentarse a build up (a network of contacts)
allowance (money) (n) /əˈlaʊəns/ be filmed on location /bi ˌfɪlmd (phr v) /ˌbɪld ˈʌp/ crear (una red
prestación económica; paga o ɒn ləʊˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ ser rodado en de contactos)
asignación que dan los padres a exteriores buy some time /ˌbaɪ səm ˈtaɪm/
los hijos be fired /ˌbi ˈfaɪə(r)d/ ser ganar tiempo
all things considered /ˌɔːl θɪŋz despedido/a del trabajo
kənˈsɪdə(r)d/ bien mirado todo be in peak form /biː ɪn ˌpiːk C
analyse (blood samples) (v) ˈfɔː(r)m/ estar en plena forma call out (to get sb’s attention)
/ˈænəlaɪz/ analizar (muestras de be made homeless /bi ˌmeɪd (phr v) /ˌkɔːl ˈaʊt/ gritar, decir
sangre) ˈhəʊmləs/ quedarse sin hogar, algo en voz alta (para llamar la
appealing (adj) /əˈpiːlɪŋ/ atractivo/a perder la vivienda atención de alguien)
apprenticeship (n) /əˈprentɪsʃɪp/ be made redundant /bi ˌmeɪd candidate (for a job) (n)
periodo de práctica laboral en una rɪˈdʌndənt/ ser despedido/a (del /ˈkændɪdeɪt, ˈkændɪdət/
empresa trabajo) candidato/a (para un trabajo)
approach (the university offers a be ruled by (the world is ruled by capture people’s imagination
multi-disciplinary approach) (n) technology) /bi ˈruːld ˌbaɪ/ estar /ˌkæpʧə(r) piːp(ə)lz
/əˈprəʊʧ/ enfoque gobernado/a por ɪˌmæʤɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ fascinar
astonishment (n) /əˈstɒnɪʃmənt/ be self-employed /bi ˌselfɪmˈplɔɪd/ (a) career path (n) /ə kəˈrɪə(r) ˌpɑːθ/
asombro trabajar por cuenta propia (una) trayectoria profesional
asylum seeker (n) /əˈsaɪləm bear in mind /ˌbeər ɪn ˈmaɪnd/ carry out (test) (phr v) /ˌkæri ˈaʊt/
ˌsiːkə(r)/ refugiado/a, solicitante tener en cuenta realizar (un examen)
de asilo begging (present participle of categorise (v) /ˈkætɪgəraɪz/
at the height of (civil rights beg) (v) /ˈbegɪŋ/ mendigando clasificar
movement) /ˌət ðə ˈhaɪt əv/ en el bionic (adj) /baɪˈɒnɪk/ biónico/a change your mind /ˌʧeɪnʤ jə ˈmaɪnd/
momento más álgido (movimiento bizarre (adj) /bɪˈzɑː(r)/ extraño/a cambiar de idea
por los derechos civiles) board (for chopping food) (n) changeover (change from one
auction (n) /ˈɔːkʃ(ə)n/ subasta /bɔː(r)d/ tabla de cocina (para method to another) (n)
cortar alimentos) /ˈʧeɪnʤˌəʊvə/ cambio (pasar de
un método a otro)
B board (of a company) (n) /bɔː(r)d/
bad timing /ˌbæd ˈtaɪmɪŋ/ consejo, junta directiva (de una check out (examine closely) (phr v)
momento inoportuno empresa) /ˌʧek ˈaʊt/ comprobar (examinar
atentamente)
balance (bank) (n) /ˈbæləns/ saldo boost (creativity) (v) /buːst/
(banco) estimular (la creatividad)
Wordlist
WORDLIST
choke on (he choked on his words) create (v) /kriˈeɪt/ crear draw conclusions /ˌdrɔː
(phr v) /ˈʧəʊk ˌɒn/ trabársele la creation (n) /kriˈeɪʃ(ə)n/ creación kənˈkluːʒ(ə)nz/ sacar
lengua (se le trabó la lengua al conclusiones
creative (adj) /kriˈeɪtɪv/ creativo/a
hablar) drawback (n) /ˈdrɔːˌbæk/
creativity (n) /krieɪˈtɪvəti/
city-dwelling (adj) /ˈsɪtiˌdwelɪŋ/ inconveniente
creatividad
urbanita dream (n) /driːm/ sueño
crystal-clear (adj) /ˌkrɪstəlˈklɪə(r)/
claim (she claims she’s been robbed) dream (v) /driːm/ soñar
obvio, evidente, claro como el
(v) /kleɪm/ afirmar (afirma que le
agua dream up (phr v) /ˌdriːm ˈʌp/
han robado)
current (adj) /ˈkʌrənt/ actual pensar en, idear, discurrir
clan (a family) (n) /klæn/ clan
cyberbullying (n) /ˈsaɪbə(r)ˌbʊliɪŋ/ dreamer (n) /ˈdriːmə(r)/ soñador/ora
come about (happen) (phr v)
ciberacoso dreamy (adj) /ˈdriːmi/
/ˌkʌm əˈbaʊt/ suceder, ocurrir
somnoliento/a
come first (in test/exam) /ˌkʌm
ˈfɜː(r)st/ quedar el primero/la
D drop out of school /ˌdrɒp aʊt əv
date back to (phr v) /ˌdeɪt ˈbæk tuː/ ˈskuːl/ dejar los estudios
primera (en un examen)
datar de drop-off (at an airport for car
come into (money) (phr v) /ˌkʌm
daydream (v) /ˈdeɪˌdriːm/ soñar passengers) (n) /ˈdrɒpˌɒf/ zona
ˈɪntuː/ heredar
despierto/a de un aeropuerto donde pueden
come to light /ˌkʌm tə ˈlaɪt/ salir a parar los coches para dejar bajar a
deadline (n) /ˈdedˌlaɪn/ fecha límite
la luz los pasajeros
debit card (n) /ˈdebɪt ˌkɑː(r)d/
come up (subject in conversation)
tarjeta de débito
(phr v) /ˌkʌm ˈʌp/ salir (un tema
deliver (v) /dɪˈlɪv(ə)r/ proporcionar;
E
en la conversación)
entregar (una mercancía); hacer efficient (adj) /ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt / eficiente
come up against (problems) (phr v)
(una presentación en clase) effortless (adj) /ˈefə(r)tləs/ sin
/ˌkʌm ˈʌp əgenst/ hacer frente a
demonstrate the possibility that esfuerzo
(los problemas)
/ˌdemənstreɪt ðə pɒsəˈbɪləti ðæt/ emerge (a new idea) (v)
come up with (an idea/thought)
demostrar la posibilidad de que /ɪˈmɜː(r)ʤ/ surgir (una idea nueva)
(phr v) /ˌkʌm ˈʌp wɪð/ ocurrírsele
a uno/a, generar (una idea) device (gadget) (n) /dɪˈvaɪs/ end poverty /ˌend ˈpɒvə(r)ti/
dispositivo (aparato) acabar con la pobreza
complex (adj) /ˈkɒmpleks/
complicado/a, complejo/a discomfort (n) /dɪsˈkʌmfə(r)t/ essential (adj) /ɪˈsenʃ(ə)l/ esencial
malestar eventually (adv) /ɪˈvenʧuəli/
conduct (research) (v) /kənˈdʌkt/
llevar a cabo (una investigación) (a) disgrace (n) /ə dɪsˈgreɪs/ (una) finalmente, con el tiempo
desgracia expand (urban areas) (v)
conscious (aware of ) (adj)
/ˈkɒnʃəs/ consciente disregard (v) /ˌdɪsrɪˈgɑː(r)d/ /ɪkˈspænd/ extenderse, crecer
ignorar, rechazar, descartar exploration (n) /ˌekspləˈreɪ ʃ(ə)n/
considerable change
/kənˌsɪd(ə)rəb(ə)l ˈʧeɪnʤ/ distinguish (between blue... and exploración
cambio considerable green...) (v) /dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ/ exploratory (adj) /ɪkˈsplɒrət(ə)ri/
distinguir (entre... y...) exploratorio/a
convenient (adj) /kənˈviːniənt/
conveniente do your best /ˌduː jə ˈbest/ hacerlo explore (possibilities) (v) /ɪkˈsplɔː(r)/
lo mejor posible, hacer todo lo examinar, estudiar, analizar
convince (v) /kənˈvɪns/ convencer
posible (posibilidades)
cope with (difficulty) (phr v)
donate (money) (v) /dəʊˈneɪt/ explorer (n) /ɪkˈsplɔːrə(r)/
/ˈkəʊp ˌwɪð/ hacer frente a,
hacer una donación explorador/ora
superar, poder con (un problema)
doorstep (n) /ˈdɔː(r)ˌstep/ umbral
counterfeit (n) /ˈkaʊntə(r)fɪt/
falsificación downfall (n) /ˈdaʊnˌf ɔːl/ caída, F
ruina fall for (be deceived by) (phr v)
countless (adj) /ˈkaʊntləs/
innumerable, incontable dramatic change /drəˌmætɪk /ˈfɔːl ˌfɔː(r)/ dejarse engañar por
ˈʧeɪnʤ/ cambio espectacular
crack open (a nut) (phr v) /ˌkræk
ˈəʊpən/ abrir, partir (una nuez)
Wordlist
WORDLIST
fall to pieces (his statement fell G guinea pig (in an experiment) (n)
to pieces) /ˌfɔːl tə ˈpiːsəz/ genuine (adj) /ˈʤenjuɪn/ /ˈgɪni ˌpɪg/ conejillo de Indias
hacerse pedazos, desmontarse, genuino/a, auténtico/a
desmoronarse (su declaración se
get a foot in the door /get ə ˌfʊt ɪn H
desmontó)
ðə ˈdɔː(r)/ poner un pie dentro, hand in (homework) (phr v)
far-reaching change meterse (en el mundo laboral) /ˌhænd ˈɪn/ entregar (deberes)
/ˌfɑːriːʧɪŋ ˈʧeɪnʤ/ cambio
get a promotion hands-on (experience) (adj)
trascendental
/ˌget ə prəˈməʊʃ(ə)n/ ascender /ˌhændzˈɒn/ práctico/a
fascinating (adj) /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/ (en una empresa) (experiencia)
fascinante
get back to sb (contact them later) haunted (he was haunted by the
feel uncertain about (phr v) /ˌget ˈbæk tə sʌmbədi/ past) (adj) /ˈhɔːntɪd/ perseguido/a
/ˌfiːl ʌnˈsɜː(r)t(ə)n əbaʊt/ no responder, telefonear o hablar con have memory loss /ˌhæv ˈmem(ə)ri
estar seguro/a acerca de alguien (más tarde) lɒs/ tener amnesia
fidget (v) /ˈfɪʤɪt/ no estar quieto/a, get by (with little money) (phr v) have the freedom to choose
no para de mover una parte del /ˌget ˈbaɪ/ arreglárselas (con poco /hæv ðə ˌfriːdəm tə ˈʧuːz/ tener
cuerpo dinero) libertad de elección
field of study (n) /ˌfiːld əv ˈstʌdi/ get down to (work) (phr v) /ˌget health insurance (n) /ˈhelθ
campo de estudio ˈdaʊn tuː/ ponerse a (trabajar) ɪnˌʃʊərəns/ seguro médico
figure out (phr v) /ˌfɪgə(r) get inspiration /ˌget healthcare (n) /ˈhelθˌkeə(r)/
ˈaʊt/ averiguar; entender el ɪnspəˈreɪ ʃ(ə)n/ inspirarse asistencia médica
funcionamiento de
get into (start enjoying/doing sth) heightened (sense of smell) (adj)
file (documents in an office) (v) (phr v) /ˌget ˈɪntuː/ empezar una /ˈhaɪtənd/ agudizado (olfato)
/faɪl/ archivo actividad nueva que te gusta (get) held up (delayed) (phr v)
fire (a gun) (v) /faɪə(r)/ disparar get on with (work) (phr v) /ˌget ˈɒn /(ˌget) held ˈʌp/ retrasarse
first-rate (adj) /ˌfɜː(r)stˈreɪt/ de wɪð/ ponerse a (trabajar) hire (pay sb to do a job) (v)
primera categoría get stuck (not able to do sth) /ˌget /ˈhaɪə(r)/ contratar
(a) flash of inspiration /ə ˌflæʃ əv ˈstʌk/ quedarse atascado/a hold back (not do/say sth) (phr v)
ɪnspəˈreɪ ʃ(ə)n/ (un) destello de get the message across /ˌget ðə /ˌhəʊld ˈbæk/ contenerse (no
inspiración ˈmesɪʤ əkrɒs/ transmitir el hacer/decir algo)
fold (a company) (v) /fəʊld/ cerrar mensaje hook up (computer to printer)
(una empresa) give priority to /ˌgɪv praɪˈɒrəti tuː/ (phr v) /ˌhʊk ˈʌp/ conectar (el
fold (paper) (v) /fəʊld/ doblar dar prioridad a ordenador a la impresora)
(papel) go over (check calculations) (phr v)
follow a train of thought (I’m /ˌgəʊ ˈəʊvə(r)/ repasar (las cuentas) I
struggling to follow his train of go through (phr v) /ˌgəʊ ˈθruː/ in captivity (an animal)
thought) /ˌfɒləʊ ə ˌtreɪn əv revisar algo detenidamente; /ˌɪn kæpˈtɪvəti/ en cautividad
ˈθɔːt/ seguir el hilo (me cuesta rebuscar en (la basura)
seguir su razonamiento) income (n) /ˈɪnkʌm/ sueldo, salario;
goods (n pl) /gʊdz/ bienes ingresos
follow through (continue doing/
grip on to (v) /ˌgrɪp ˈɒn tuː/ incredulous (adj) /ɪnˈkredjələs/
developing sth) (phr v) /ˌfɒləʊ
agarrarse a incrédulo/a
ˈθruː/ continuar algo hasta el final,
terminar de hacer algo grow your network /ˌgrəʊ jə indecisive (adj) /ˌɪndɪˈsaɪsɪv/
ˈnetwɜː(r)k/ ampliar tu red de indeciso/a
fortune (lot of money) (n)
contactos individual privacy (n) / ɪndɪˌvɪʤuəl
/ˈf ɔː(r)ʧən/ fortuna
a growing industry /ə ˌgrəʊɪŋ ˈprɪvəsi/ privacidad de las
frustrated (adj) /frʌˈstreɪtɪd/
ˈɪndʌstri/ un sector en crecimiento personas (en internet)
frustrado/a
funding (n) /ˈfʌndɪŋ/ financiación
growth (emotional/spiritual infinite (possibilities) (adj) /ˈɪnfɪnət/
development) (n) /grəʊθ/ infinito/a
crecimiento (desarrollo emocional
/espiritual)
Wordlist
WORDLIST
influence (the government to make keep up with (the news/ lose out (not get a benefit) (phr v)
changes) (v) developments) (phr v) /ˌkiːp ˈʌp /ˌluːz ˈaʊt/ salir perdiendo
/ˈɪnfluəns/ influir (en el gobierno wɪð/ estar al tanto de (noticias,
para que haga cambios) avances) M
informed (knowledgeable) (adj) keep up with (work/function at the major breakthrough /ˌmeɪʤə
/ɪnˈfɔː(r)md/ informado/a same speed) (phr v) /ˌkiːp ˈʌp wɪð/ ˈbreɪkθruː/ gran avance
innovative (adj) /ˈɪnəvətɪv, seguir el ritmo (trabajar al mismo
make advances in (progress)
ˈɪnəveɪtɪv/ innovador/ora ritmo)
/ˌmeɪk ədˈvɑːnsəz ɪn/ progresar/
innovator (n) /ˈɪnəveɪtə(r)/ key (very important) (adj) /kiː/ clave avanzar en
innovador/a (persona que make improvements to /ˌmeɪk
presenta ideas o cosas nuevas) L ɪmˈpruːvmənts tuː/ mejorar,
inspire (she’s inspired young people) lead (a race) (v) /liːd/ liderar (una perfeccionar
(v) /ɪnˈspaɪr/ inspirar carrera) make out (see/hear/understand)
instantly (music is instantly lead (a team/meeting) (v) /liːd/ , (phr v) /ˌmeɪk ˈaʊt/ distinguir,
understood by everyone) (adv) dirigir, capitanear (un equipo/una entender
/ˈɪnstəntli/ al instante reunión) make the world of difference /
interface (the app has a legacy (of political leaders) (n) ˌmeɪk ðə ˈwɜː(r)ld əv dɪfrəns/
well-designed interface) (n) /ˈlegəsi/ legado, herencia (de los cambiar muchísimo, hacer grandes
/ˈɪntəˌfeɪs/ interfaz (la aplicación líderes políticos) cambios
tiene una interfaz bien diseñada) life expectancy (n) /ˌlaɪf massive (adj) /ˈmæsɪv/ enorme
intern (AmE sb who works at a job ɪkˈspektənsi/ esperanza de vida mentor (sb who helps/advises you
to get experience) (n) /ˈɪntɜː(r)n/ light years ahead /ˈlaɪt jɪə(r)z (n) /ˈmentə(r)/ mentor/ora
trabajador/ora en prácticas əˌhed/ (estar a) años luz, muy por (persona que te ayuda/
internship (AmE job a student takes delante da consejos)
to get experience (n) line up (phr v) /ˌlaɪn ˈʌp/ ponerse miss out on (phr v) /ˌmɪs ˈaʊt ɒn/
/ˈɪntɜː(r)nˌʃɪp/ prácticas (trabajo en fila perderse (algo bueno)
que realiza un estudiante para
live and learn /ˌlɪv ən ˈlɜː(r)n/ Vivir move into (phr v) /ˌmuːv ˈɪntuː/
ganar experiencia)
para ver/Todos los días se aprende adentrarse/penetrar en;
intrigued (adj) /ɪnˈtriːgd/ intrigado/a algo nuevo (fig.) meterse en (una profesión o
invest (time/money) (v) /ɪnˈvest/ live and let live /ˌlɪv ən let ˈlɪv/ vive actividad)
invertir (tiempo/dinero) y deja vivir must-have (the latest must-have
live for the moment /ˌlɪv fə ðə gadget) (adj) /ˈmʌstˌhæv/
J ˈməʊmənt/ vivir el momento imprescindible (el dispositivo más
job prospects (n pl) /ˈʤɒb moderno que hay que tener)
live happily ever after /ˌlɪv hæpɪli
ˌprɒspekts/ perspectivas laborales evər ˈɑːftə/ vivir felices para mutation (genetic) (n)
job satisfaction (n) /ˈʤɒb siempre /mjuːˈteɪʃ(ə)n/ mutación
sætɪsˌfækʃ(ə)n/ satisfacción (genética)
live in the past /ˌlɪv ɪn ðə ˈpɑːst/
laboral vivir en el pasado
join in (please join in the singing) live on (a certain amount of money) N
(phr v) /ˌʤɔɪn ˈɪn/ unirse a (phr v) /ˈlɪv ˌɒn/ vivir con (una nasty (cut/bruise) (adj) /ˈnɑːsti/
joy (n) /ʤɔɪ/ alegría determinada cantidad de dinero) grave, de mal aspecto (corte,
moratón)
live the dream /ˌlɪv ðə ˈdriːm/ vivir
K un sueño neural network (in brain) (n)
/ˌnjʊərəl ˈnetwɜː(r)k/ red
keep a close watch on /ˌkiːp look at (look at different solutions
neuronal (en el cerebro)
ə ˌkleʊs ˈwɒʧ ɒn/ vigilar to a problem) (phr v) /ˈlʊk ˌæt/
atentamente (algo o a alguien) considerar non-profit organisation (n)
keep an open mind /ˌkiːp ən əʊpən look back on (phr v) /ˌlʊk ˈbæk ɒn/
/ˌnɒnprɒfɪt ˌɔː(r)gənaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/
organización sin ánimo de lucro
ˈmaɪnd/ mantener la mente recordar
abierta
Wordlist
WORDLIST
O passer-by (n) /ˌpɑːsəˈbaɪ/ pretend (v) /prɪˈtend/ fingir

observe (using microscope) (v) transeúnte primitive (simple in design) (adj)
/ əbˈzɜː(r)v/ observar (con el pathway (career pathway) (n) /ˈprɪmətɪv/ rudimentario/a (con
microscopio) /ˈpɑːθweɪ/ trayectoria (profesional) un diseño sencillo)
on a par with (at the same standard/ peak (at its highest level) (adj) prioritise (v) /praɪˈɒrɪtaɪz/ priorizar
level of quality) /ˌɒn ə ˈpɑː(r) /piːk/ máximo (en el punto más procedure (n) /prəˈsiːʤə(r)/
wɪð/ al mismo nivel que (al mismo alto) procedimiento
nivel de calidad) peer-to-peer technology (n) process data /ˌprəʊses ˈdeɪtə,
on schedule /ˌɒn ˈʃedjuːl/ /ˌpɪə(r)təpɪə(r) tekˈnɒləʤi/ ˌprəʊses ˈdɑːtə/ procesar datos
puntualmente, a su debido tiempo tecnología (para comunicarse)
protect your identity /prəˌtekt jər
on the downside /ˌɒn ðə ˈdaʊnsaɪd/ entre pares/de igual a igual
aɪˈdentəti/ proteger tu identidad
desde el punto de vista negativo, a pension plan (n) /ə ˈpenʃ(ə)n
provide evidence /prəˌvaɪd
como inconveniente ˌplæn/ plan de pensiones
ˈevɪd(ə)ns/ aportar pruebas
on the look-out for perch (on) (slippery surfaces) (v)
pull sb’s leg (joke with sb)
/ˌɒn ðə ˈlʊkaʊt fɔː(r)/ (estar/ir) a /ˈpɜː(r)ʧ (ˌɒn)/ agarrarse, adherirse
/ˌpʊl səmbədiz ˈleg/ tomar el pelo
la caza de (a) (superficies resbaladizas)
a alguien (bromear con alguien)
on time /ˌɒn ˈtaɪm/ puntual perks of the job /ˌpɜː(r)ks əv ðə
push people apart (make people
ˈʤɒb/ ventajas del trabajo
oncoming (traffic) (adj) oppose each other) /ˌpʊʃ piːp(ə)l
/ˈɒnˌkʌmɪŋ/ los coches que pasan personal hygiene (n) /ˌpɜː(r)s(ə)nəl əˈpɑː(r)t/ separar/enfrentar a la
open-ended (question) (adj) ˈhaɪʤiːn/ higiene personal gente
/ˌəʊpənˈendəd/ abierta (una pick up (a bargain) (phr v) push the boundaries (do sth new)
pregunta de respuesta abierta) /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ conseguir (una ganga) /ˌpʊʃ ðə ˈbaʊnd(ə)riz/ romper
original (an original Van Gogh – pick up (a piece of information) barreras (hacer algo nuevo)
worth millions) (adj) (phr v) /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ pillar una put aside (money) (phr v) /ˌpʊt
/əˈrɪʤ(ə)nəl/ original (un Van información, enterarse de algo əˈsaɪd/ ahorrar, guardar (dinero)
Gogh original valorado en pick up (a smell) (phr v) /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ put off (discourage) (phr v)
millones) percibir (un olor) /ˌpʊt ˈɒf/ desalentar (disuadir)
original (a copy of the original) (n) placement (a placement with a put off (postpone) (phr v)
/əˈrɪʤ(ə)nəl/ original (una copia big company) (n) /ˈpleɪsmənt/ /ˌpʊt ˈɒf/ posponer
del original) colocación (en una gran empresa)
put up with (tolerate) (phr v) /ˌpʊt
orphan (n) /ˈɔː(r)f(ə)n/ huérfano/a plug in (printer) (phr v) /ˌplʌg ˈɪn/ ˈʌp wɪð/ soportar, tolerar
outperform (do sth better than enchufar (impresora)
sb else) (v) /ˌaʊtpə(r)ˈfɔː(r)m/ (have a) point (reason) (n) /pɔɪnt/ Q
superar a alguien (hacer algo (tener) razón
quantum leap (n) /ˌkwɒntəm ˈliːp/
mejor que otra persona) point (sharpest bit) (n) /pɔɪnt/ salto cuántico
overcome difficulties /ˌəʊvəkʌm punta (parte más afilada)
queuing (present participle of
ˈdɪfɪk(ə)ltiz/ superar problemas, population growth (n) queue) (v) /ˈkjuːɪŋ/ hacer cola
vencer las dificultades /pɒpjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n ˌgrəʊθ/
overdue (adj) /ˌəʊvəˈdjuː/ vencido crecimiento demográfico
(un plazo)
R
portrait (painting) (n) /ˈpɔː(r)trɪt/
rainforest (n) /ˈreɪnˌfɒrɪst/ selva
overwhelmed (adj) /ˌəʊvəˈwelmd/ retrato (pintura)
tropical
abrumado/a post (on a website) (n) /pəʊst/
raise awareness /ˌreɪz əˈweə(r)nəs/
own your own property /ˌəʊn jər publicación, artículo (en un sitio
despertar la conciencia
əʊn ˈprɒpə(r)ti/ tener una casa en web)
propiedad random (adj) /ˈrændəm/ aleatorio/a
post (on a website) (v) /pəʊst/
publicar (en un sitio web) (a) range (of colours) (n) /(ə) reɪnʤ/
(una) gama (de colores)
P pretence (n) /prɪˈtens/ fingimiento
paralysed (adj) /ˈpærəlaɪzd/ reach a decision /ˌriːʧ ə dɪˈsɪʒ(ə)n/
pretend (not real) (adj) /prɪˈtend/
paralizado/a tomar una decisión
falso/a
Wordlist
WORDLIST
recall (v) /rɪˈkɔːl/ recordar rights (legal authority to reproduce sign up for (a course) (phr v) /ˌsaɪn
(a) reference letter (n) / ə ˈref(ə) sth) (n pl) /raɪts/ derechos ˈʌp fɔː(r)/ inscribirse en (un curso)
rəns ˌletə(r)/ (una) carta de (permiso legal para reproducir significance (n) /sɪgˈnɪfɪkəns/
recomendación algo) importancia
refrain (stop yourself doing sth) (v) (not be) rocket science (mending a similarity (n) /ˌsɪməˈlærəti/ similitud
/rɪˈfreɪn/ refrenarse, abstenerse de car isn’t rocket science) (n) /ˈrɒkɪt
single-use plastic (n) /ˌsɪŋg(ə)ljuːs
(evitar hacer algo) ˌsaɪəns/ (no ser) complicado/a,
ˈplæstɪk/ plástico de un solo uso/
difícil (no hace falta ser un genio
refreshing change /rɪˌfreʃɪŋ de usar y tirar
para arreglar un coche)
ˈʧeɪnʤ/ cambio innovador/ slap (he slapped himself on the
original run out of (phr v) /ˌrʌn ˈaʊt əv/
thigh) (v) /slæp/ dar un cachete
agotarse
regardless of /rɪˈgɑː(r)dləs əv/ sin (se dio un cachete en el muslo)
importar, sin tomar en cuenta run up (debt) (phr v) /ˌrʌn ˈʌp/
sleep rough /ˌsliːp ˈrʌf/ dormir a la
endeudarse, acumular (deuda)
regulation (control) (n) intemperie
/ˌregjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ reglamento small change (n) /ˌsmɔːl ˈʧeɪnʤ/
(control) S cambio, calderilla (monedas)
rely on (trust) (phr v) /rɪˈlaɪ ˌɒn/ sample (blood sample) (n)
sophisticated (a sophisticated
contar con (confiar en) /ˈsɑːmp(ə)l/ muestra (de sangre)
device) (adj)
a remarkable achievement savings (n pl) /ˈseɪvɪŋz/ ahorros /səˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtɪd/ complicado/a, de
/ə rɪˌmɑː(r)kəb(ə)l əˈʧiːvmənt/ seabed (n) /ˈsiːˌbed/ lecho marino un diseño avanzado
un logro notable seek ways to improve sth /siːk species (n) /ˈspiːʃiːz/ especie,
repay debt /rɪˌpeɪ ˈdet/ pagar/ ˌweɪz tuː ɪmˈpruːv sʌmθɪŋ/ especies
liquidar una deuda buscar maneras de mejorar algo spinal cord (n) /ˈspaɪn(ə)l kɔː(r)d/
replica (n) /ˈreplɪkə/ réplica senior citizen (n) /ˌsiːniə(r) médula espinal
reschedule (v) /ˌriːˈʃedjuːl/ cambiar ˈsɪtɪz(ə)n/ persona mayor squat (she squats on the floor while
la fecha set a record (v) /ˌset ə ˈrekɔː(r)d/ drawing) (v) /skwɒt/ ponerse de
resemblance (n) /rɪˈzembləns/ establecer un récord cuclillas
semejanza set the table (v) /ˌset ðə ˈteɪb(ə)l/ stand (a place where you get
resemblant (adj) /rɪˈzemblənt/ poner la mesa information) (n) /stænd/ puesto
parecido/a set up (a business/company) (phr v) (de información)
resemble (v) /rɪˈzemb(ə)l/ /ˌset ˈʌp/ montar (un negocio/una stand out (easy to notice/remember)
parecerse a empresa) (phr v) /ˌstænd ˈaʊt/ sobresalir,
resign (v) /rɪˈzaɪn/ dimitir set yourself a goal /ˌset jəself ə destacar
ˈgəʊl/ marcarse un objetivo stand up for (phr v) /ˌstænd ˈʌp
resignation (n) /ˌrezɪgˈneɪʃ(ə)n/
dimisión setback (n) /ˈsetˌbæk/ contratiempo fɔː(r)/ apoyar, defender
respondent (sb who answers settle on (make a choice) (phr v) standard (with a level of quality
questions in a poll) (n) /ˈset(ə)l ˌɒn/ decidirse por (hacer considered normal) (adj)
/rɪˈspɒndənt/ encuestado/a una elección) /ˈstændə(r)d/ estándar (con un
nivel de calidad considerado
(persona que responde una shift (a shift in thinking) (n) /ʃɪft/
encuesta) normal)
cambio, giro (en la manera de
result in (cause/produce sth) (phr v) pensar) standards (a level of quality used for
/rɪˈzʌlt ˌɪn/ dar como resultado judging sb/sth) (n pl)
show off (your skills) (phr v)
(causar/producir algo) /ˈstændə(r)dz/ estándares (nivel
/ˌʃəʊ ˈɒf/ presumir de (tus
de calidad usado para juzgar a una
retrieve (a file) (v) /rɪˈtriːv/ habilidades)
persona o una cosa)
recuperar (un archivo) side effects (of a drug) (n pl) /ˈsaɪd
(a) starting salary (n) /ə ˈstɑː(r)tɪŋ
reward (they work hard for ɪˌfekts/ efectos secundarios (de
ˌsæləri/ salario inicial
little reward) (n) /rɪˈwɔː(r)d/ una medicina)
recompensa (trabajan duro por stick with (continue doing) (phr v)
sighted (not visually impaired) (adj)
/ˈstɪk ˌwɪð/ seguir con algo
poco dinero) /ˈsaɪtɪd/ vidente (que puede ver)
(continuar haciendo)
Wordlist
WORDLIST
stimulate (the brain) (v) take over (natural habitats are taken turn out (have a particular result)
/ˈstɪmjʊleɪt/ estimular (el cerebro) over by agriculture) (phr v) (phr v) /ˌtɜː(r)n ˈaʊt/ resultar
stimulated (adj) /ˈstɪmjʊleɪtəd/ /ˌteɪk ˈəʊvə(r)/ tomar el control, algo de una determinada manera
estimulado/a adueñarse de (la agricultura está (resulta que...)
invadiendo los espacios naturales) turning point (n) /ə ˈtɜː(r)nɪŋ
stimulating (adj) /ˈstɪmjʊˌleɪtɪŋ/
estimulante take shape (the new building is ˌpɔɪnt/ punto de inflexión
taking shape) /ˌteɪk ˈʃeɪp/ tomar
stimulation (n) /ˌstɪmjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/
estimulación
forma (el edificio nuevo está U
tomando forma)
stimulus (n) /ˈstɪmjʊləs/ estímulo unbeatable (better than anything
take time off /ˌteɪk taɪm ˈɒf/ else of the same type) (adj)
struggle (have difficulty doing
tomarse un tiempo libre /ʌnˈbiːtəb(ə)l/ imbatible (mejor
sth) (v) /ˈstrʌg(ə)l/ esforzarse
take-home (people attending were que cualquier cosa del mismo
(costarle a uno/a hacer algo)
given take-home information) (adj) tipo)
subtle change /ˌsʌt(ə)l/ˈʧeɪnʤ/
/ˈteɪkˌhəʊm/ para llevar (a las under the radar (unnoticed)
cambio sutil
personas que asistieron les dieron /ˌʌndə ðə ˈreɪdɑː(r)/
suit (the course suited her) (v) información para llevar) desapercibido/a, inadvertido/a
/suːt/ ser adecuado/apropiado/a
test a theory /ˌtest ə ˈθɪəri/ poner a under threat /ˌʌndə ˈθret/
para (el curso se adecuaba a sus
prueba una teoría amenazado/a
necesidades)
the next day /ðə ˌnekst ˈdeɪ/ el día unexpected change /ˌʌnɪkˌspektɪd
supply chain (n) /səˈplaɪ ˌʧeɪn/
siguiente ˈʧeɪnʤ/ cambio inesperado
cadena de suministro
think on your feet /ˌθɪŋk ɒn jə ˈfiːt/ unfamiliar (adj) /ˌʌnfəˈmɪljə(r)/
surroundings (n pl) /səˈraʊndɪŋz/
pensar rápido desconocido/a
alrededores
think out loud /ˌθɪŋk aʊt ˈlaʊd/ unique (adj) /juːˈniːk/ único/a
suspend judgement /səˌspend
pensar en voz alta
ˈʤʌʤmənt/ evitar juzgar unlock (mystery) (v) /ʌnˈlɒk/
think outside the box /ˌθɪŋk resolver (misterio)
swipe (move your finger across
aʊtsaɪd ðə ˈbɒks/ ser original, no
screen) (v) /swaɪp/ deslizar el upbringing (n) /ˈʌpˌbrɪŋɪŋ/ crianza
pensar como los demás
dedo (por la pantalla de un móvil
think over (phr v) /ˌθɪŋk ˈəʊvə(r)/
o una tableta)
reflexionar sobre
V
(a) vacant position /ə ˌveɪkənt
thrive (animals are thriving in cities)
T (v) /θraɪv/ desenvolverse bien,
pəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ (un) puesto vacante
tackle (problem) (v) /ˈtæk(ə)l/
prosperar (a) variety of sources /(ə) vəˌraɪəti
abordar (problema) əv ˈsɔː(r)səz/ (una) variedad de
time-management (n) /ˈtaɪm
take advice /ˌteɪk ədˈvaɪs/ fuentes
ˌmænɪʤmənt/ gestión del tiempo
asesorarse
(a) tiny minority /ə ˌtaɪni
take after (resemble someone in
maɪˈnɒrəti/ (una) pequeña
W
behaviour) (phr v) /ˌteɪk ˈɑːftə(r)/ waste time /ˌweɪst ˈtaɪm/ perder
minoría
asemejarse (parecerse a alguien en tiempo
transform (transform sb’s life) (v)
el comportamiento) wealthy (adj) /ˈwelθi/ rico/a
/trænsˈfɔː(r)m/ cambiar (la vida
take away (take away pain) (phr v) weigh up (phr v) /ˌweɪ ˈʌp/ sopesar
de alguien)
/ˌteɪk əˈweɪ/ aliviar (quitar el
treatment (medical) (n) well-established (adj)
dolor)
/ˈtriːtmənt/ tratamiento (médico) /ˌwelɪˈstæblɪʃt/ bien
take in (absorb information) (phr v) consolidado/a
trial and error /ˌtraɪəl ən ˈerə(r)/
/ˌteɪk ˈɪn/ asimilar (absorber
prueba y error widespread (adj) /ˈwaɪdˌspred/
información)
tricky (adj) /ˈtrɪki/ complicado/a extendido/a
take on (work) (phr v) /ˌteɪk ˈɒn/
truly (music is truly a universal (a) wise decision /ə ˌwaɪz
aceptar, hacerse cargo de (un
language) (adv) /ˈtruːli/ dɪˈsɪʒ(ə)n/ (una) sabia decisión
trabajo)
verdaderamente work overtime /ˌwɜː(r)k
take out (money) (phr v)
ˈəʊvə(r)taɪm/ trabajar horas extras
/ˌteɪk ˈaʊt/ retirar, sacar (dinero)
Wordlist
WORDLIST
workload (n) /ˈwɜː(r)kˌləʊd/ carga

de trabajo
worthwhile (adj) /ˌwɜː(r)θˈwaɪl/
que merece la pena
write up (a report) (phr v)
/ˌraɪt ˈʌp/ redactar (un informe)
Z
zap (Would you have your brain
zapped to make you more
creative?) (v) /zæp/ aplicar
descargas eléctricas (¿Estarías
dispuesto/a a que te diesen
descargas eléctricas en el cerebro
para volverte más creativo/a?)
Wordlist
IRREGULAR VERBS
infinitive past simple past participle infinitive past simple past participle
be /biː/ was; were been /biːn/ drive /draɪv/ drove /drəʊv/ driven /ˈdrɪv(ə)n/
/wɒz; wɜː(r)/
earn /ɜː(r)n/ earned; earnt earned; earnt
bear /beə(r)/ bore /bɔː(r)/ borne; born /ɜː(r)nd; ɜː(r)nt/ /ɜː(r)nd; ɜː(r)nt/
/bɔː(r)n/
eat /iːt/ ate /eɪt/ eaten /ˈiːt(ə)n/
beat /biːt/ beat /biːt/ beaten /ˈbiːt(ə)n/
fall /fɔːl/ fell /fel/ fallen /ˈfɔːlən/
become became /bɪˈkeɪm/ become /bɪˈkʌm/
/bɪˈkʌm/ feed /fiːd/ fed /fed/ fed /fed/
begin /bɪˈgɪn/ began /bɪˈgæn/ begun /bɪˈgʌn/ feel /fiːl/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/
bend /bend/ bent /bent/ bent /bent/ fight /faɪt/ fought /fɔːt/ fought /fɔːt/
bet /bet/ bet /bet/ bet /bet/ find /faɪnd/ found /faʊnd/ found /faʊnd/
bite /baɪt/ bit /bɪt/ bitten /ˈbɪt(ə)n/ fly /flaɪ/ flew /fluː/ flown /fləʊn/
bleed /bliːd/ bled /bled/ bled /bled/ forbid /fə(r)ˈbɪd/ forbade forbidden
/fə(r)ˈbeɪd/ /fə(r)ˈbɪd(ə)n/
blow /bləʊ/ blew /bluː/ blown /bləʊn/
forget /fə(r)ˈget/ forgot forgotten
break /breɪk/ broke /brəʊk/ broken /ˈbrəʊkən/ /fə(r)ˈgɒt/ /fə(r)ˈgɒt(ə)n/
bring /brɪŋ/ brought /brɔːt/ brought /brɔːt/ forgive /fə(r)ˈgɪv/ forgave forgiven
/fə(r)ˈgeɪv/ /fə(r)ˈgɪv(ə)n/
broadcast broadcast; broadcast;
/ˈbrɔːdˌkaːst/ broadcasted broadcasted freeze /friːz/ froze /frəʊz/ frozen /ˈfrəʊz(ə)n/
/ˈbrɔːdˌkaːst; /ˈbrɔːdˌkaːst;
ˈbrɔːdˌkaːstɪd/ ˈbrɔːdˌkaːstɪd/ get /get/ got /gɒt/ got /gɒt/
build /bɪld/ built /bɪlt/ built /bɪlt/ give /gɪv/ gave /geɪv/ given /ˈgɪv(ə)n/
burn /bɜː(r)n/ burnt; burned burnt; burned go /gəʊ/ went /went/ gone /gɒn/
/bɜː(r)nt; bɜː(r)nd/ /bɜː(r)nt; bɜː(r)nd/
grow /grəʊ/ grew /gruː/ grown /grəʊn/
burst /bɜː(r)st/ burst /bɜː(r)st/ burst /bɜː(r)st/
hang /hæŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/
buy /baɪ/ bought /bɔːt/ bought /bɔːt/
have /hæv/ had /hæd/ had /hæd/
catch /kætʃ/ caught /kɔːt/ caught /kɔːt/
hear /hɪə(r)/ heard /hɜː(r)d/ heard /hɜː(r)d/
choose /tʃuːz/ chose /tʃəʊz/ chosen /ˈtʃəʊzn/
hide /haɪd/ hid /hɪd/ hidden /hɪd(ə)n/
come /kʌm/ came /keɪm/ come /kʌm/
hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/
cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/
hold /həʊld/ held /held/ held /held/
creep /kriːp/ crept /krept/ crept /krept/
hurt /hɜː(r)t/ hurt /hɜː(r)t/ hurt /hɜː(r)t/
cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/
keep /kiːp/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/
deal /diːl/ dealt /delt/ dealt /delt/
kneel /niːl/ knelt /nelt/ knelt /nelt/
dig /dɪg/ dug /dʌg/ dug /dʌg/
know /nəʊ/ knew /njuː/ known /nəʊn/
do /duː/ did /dɪd/ done /dʌn/
lay /leɪ/ laid /leɪd/ laid /leɪd/
draw /drɔː/ drew /druː/ drawn /drɔːn/
lead /liːd/ led /led/ led /led/
dream /driːm/ dreamt; dreamed dreamt; dreamed
/dremt; driːmd/ /dremt; driːmd/ learn /lɜː(r)n/ learnt; learned learnt; learned
/lɜː(r)nt; lɜː(r)nd/ /lɜː(r)nt; lɜː(r)nd/
drink /drɪŋk/ drank /dræŋk/ drunk /drʌŋk/
Irregular verbs
IRREGULAR VERBS
infinitive past simple past participle infinitive past simple past participle
leave /liːv/ left /left/ left /left/ sit /sɪt/ sat /sæt/ sat /sæt/
lend /lend/ lent /lent/ lent /lent/ sleep /sliːp/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/
let /let/ let /let/ let /let/ slide /slaɪd/ slid /slɪd/ slid /slɪd/
lie /laɪ/ lay /leɪ/ lain /leɪn/ smell /smel/ smelt /smelt/ smelt /smelt/
light /laɪt/ lit /lɪt/ lit /lɪt/ speak /spiːk/ spoke /spəʊk/ spoken /ˈspəʊkən/
lose /luːz/ lost /lɒst/ lost /lɒst/ speed /spiːd/ sped; speeded sped; speeded
/sped; ˈspiːdɪd/ /sped; ˈspiːdɪd/
make /meɪk/ made /meɪd/ made /meɪd/
spell /spel/ spelt /spelt/ spelt /spelt/
mean /miːn/ meant /ment/ meant /ment/
spend /spend/ spent /spent/ spent /spent/
meet /miːt/ met /met/ met /met/
spill /spɪl/ spilt; spilled spilt; spilled
overcome overcame overcome /spɪlt; spɪld/ /spɪlt; spɪld/
/ˌəʊvə(r)ˈkʌm/ /ˌəʊvə(r)ˈkeɪm/ /ˌəʊvə(r)ˈkʌm/
split /splɪt/ split /splɪt/ split /splɪt/
pay /peɪ/ paid /peɪd/ paid /peɪd/
spoil /spɔɪl/ spoilt /spɔɪlt/ spoilt /spɔɪlt/
prove /pruːv/ proved; proven proved; proven
/pruːvd; pruːv(ə)n, /pruːvd; pruːv(ə)n, spread /spred/ spread /spred/ spread /spred/
prəʊv(ə)n/ prəʊv(ə)n/
stand /stænd/ stood /stʊd/ stood /stʊd/
put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/
steal /stiːl/ stole /stəʊl/ stolen /ˈstəʊl(ə)n/
read /riːd/ read /red/ read /red/
stick /stɪk/ stuck /stʌk/ stuck /stʌk/
ride /raɪd/ rode /rəʊd/ ridden /ˈrɪd(ə)n/
sting /stɪŋ/ stung /stʌŋ/ stung /stʌŋ/
ring /rɪŋ/ rang /ræŋ/ rung /rʌŋ/
swear /sweə(r)/ swore /swɔː(r)/ sworn /swɔː(r)n/
rise /raɪz/ rose /rəʊz/ risen /ˈrɪz(ə)n/
swim /swɪm/ swam /swæm/ swum /swʌm/
run /rʌn/ ran /ræn/ run /rʌn/
swing /swɪŋ/ swung /swʌŋ/ swung /swʌŋ/
say /seɪ/ said /sed/ said /sed/
take /teɪk/ took /tʊk/ taken /ˈteɪkən/
see /siː/ saw /sɔː/ seen /siːn/
teach /tiːtʃ/ taught /tɔːt/ taught /tɔːt/
sell /sel/ sold /səʊld/ sold /səʊld/
tear /teə(r)/ tore /tɔː(r)/ torn /tɔː(r)n/
send /send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/
tell /tel/ told /təʊld/ told /təʊld/
set /set/ set /set/ set /set/
think /θɪŋk/ thought /θɔːt/ thought /θɔːt/
shake /ʃeɪk/ shook /ʃʊk/ shaken /ˈʃeɪkən/
throw /θrəʊ/ threw /θruː/ thrown /θrəʊn/
shine /ʃaɪn/ shone /ʃɒn/ shone /ʃɒn/
understand understood understood
shoot /ʃuːt/ shot /ʃɒt/ shot /ʃɒt/ /ˌʌndə(r)ˈstænd/ /ˌʌndə(r)ˈstʊd/ /ˌʌndə(r)ˈstʊd/
show /ʃəʊ/ showed /ʃəʊd/ shown /ʃəʊn/ wake /weɪk/ woke /wəʊk/ woken /ˈwəʊkən/
shrink /ʃrɪŋk/ shrank /ʃræŋk/ shrunk /ʃrʌŋk/ wear /weə(r)/ wore /wɔː(r)/ worn /wɔː(r)n/
shut /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/ win /wɪn/ won /wʌn/ won /wʌn/
sing /sɪŋ/ sang /sæŋ/ sung /sʌŋ/ write /raɪt/ wrote /rəʊt/ written /ˈrɪt(ə)n/
sink /sɪŋk/ sank /sæŋk/ sunk /sʌŋk/
Irregular verbs

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GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

98 Grammar reference and practice

0.3 La voz pasiva 0.5 Gerundios e infinitivos

Grammar reference and practice 99

4 you (meet up) with any friends later today? ¡Atención!

100 Grammar reference and practice

Unit 2 2.2 Los modales compuestos

2.1 Complete the sentences with the correct form

102 Grammar reference and practice

3.1 Complete the text with the correct conditional ¡Atención!

Grammar reference and practice 103

104 Grammar reference and practice

5.2 Los reporting verbs Unit 6

Grammar reference and practice 105

Phrasal verb list

Phrasal verb list

Phrasal verb list

Phrasal verb list

A ban (mobile phones) (v) /bæn/ boundary (regardless of boundaries

O passer-by (n) /ˌpɑːsəˈbaɪ/ pretend (v) /prɪˈtend/ fingir

workload (n) /ˈwɜː(r)kˌləʊd/ carga

sink /sɪŋk/ sank /sæŋk/ sunk /sʌŋk/

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