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Unit 2-S8 spread spectrum

Short-Range Wireless Communication (SRWC) technologies enable devices to communicate wirelessly over short distances, typically within a range of a few centimeters to a few meters. These technologies are crucial for applications like Internet of Things (IoT), mobile payments, smart homes, and wearable devices.

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11 views

Unit 2-S8 spread spectrum

Short-Range Wireless Communication (SRWC) technologies enable devices to communicate wirelessly over short distances, typically within a range of a few centimeters to a few meters. These technologies are crucial for applications like Internet of Things (IoT), mobile payments, smart homes, and wearable devices.

Uploaded by

muditbisenk2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 2- S8

Spread Spectrum
Spread Spectrum
• Spread spectrum is a form of wireless communications in
which the frequency of the transmitted signal is
deliberately varied. This results in a much
greater bandwidth than the signal would have if its
frequency were not varied.

• Spread spectrum communication systems are widely used


today in a variety of applications for different purposes
such as access of same radio spectrum by multiple users
(multiple access), anti-jamming capability (so that signal
transmission can not be interrupted or blocked by
spurious transmission from enemy), interference
rejection, secure communications, multi-path protection,
etc.
General Model of Spread Spectrum
System
Gains
• Immunity from various noise and multipath
distortion
– Including jamming
• Can hide/encrypt signals
– Only receiver who knows spreading code can retrieve
signal
• Several users can share same higher bandwidth
with little interference
– Cellular telephones
– Code division multiplexing (CDM)
– Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Pseudorandom Numbers
• Generated by algorithm using initial seed
• Deterministic algorithm
– Not actually random
– If algorithm good, results pass reasonable tests of
randomness
• Need to know algorithm and seed to predict
sequence
Types of Spread Spectrum
• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
• Signal broadcast over seemingly random
series of frequencies
• Receiver hops between frequencies in sync
with transmitter
• Eavesdroppers hear unintelligible blips
• Jamming on one frequency affects only a few
bits
Basic Operation
• Typically 2k carriers frequencies forming 2k
channels
• Channel spacing corresponds with bandwidth of
input
• Each channel used for fixed interval
– 300 ms in IEEE 802.11
– Some number of bits transmitted using some
encoding scheme
• May be fractions of bit (see later)
– Sequence dictated by spreading code
Frequency Hopping Example
Frequency Hopping Example
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
System (Transmitter & Receiver)
Slow and Fast FHSS
• Frequency shifted every Tc seconds
• Duration of signal element is Ts seconds
• Slow FHSS has Tc  Ts
• Fast FHSS has Tc < Ts
• Generally fast FHSS gives improved
performance in noise (or jamming)
Slow Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum Using
MFSK (M=4, k=2)
Fast Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum Using
MFSK (M=4, k=2)
FHSS Performance Considerations
• Typically large number of frequencies used
– Improved resistance to jamming
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
• Each bit represented by multiple bits using spreading code
• Spreading code spreads signal across wider frequency band
– In proportion to number of bits used
– 10 bit spreading code spreads signal across 10 times bandwidth of 1
bit code
• One method:
– Combine input with spreading code using XOR
– Input bit 1 inverts spreading code bit
– Input zero bit doesn’t alter spreading code bit
– Data rate equal to original spreading code
• Performance similar to FHSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Example
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• A pseudo-random spreading code modulates the
transmitter carrier frequency, which is then modulated
by the data. The elements of this code are called chips.

• When the transmitter and receiver spreading codes are


the same and are in phase, a narrow-band IF signal
results that can be demodulated in a conventional
fashion.

• There are two stages to synchronizing transmitter and


receiver pseudorandom codes—acquisition and
tracking.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• In order to acquire a signal, the receiver
multiplies the known expected code with the
incoming RF signal.
• The output of this multiplication will be random
noise when signals other than the desired signal
exist on the channel.
• When the desired signal is present, it must be
synchronized precisely in phase with the
receiver’s code sequence to achieve a strong
output.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Comparison of DSSS and FHSS

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