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Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Wednesday 09 October 2024
Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper
reference WCH11/01
Chemistry  

International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level

UNIT 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry

You must have: Total Marks

Scientific calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• Fill in theis boxes
If pencil used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• centre number andat candidate
the top of this page with your name,
number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to allanswer
Show your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• Check your answers
every question.
• if you have time at the end.
Turn over

P78212A
©2024 Pearson Education Ltd.
V:1/1/1/1/
*P78212A0128*
 SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

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You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box . If you change
your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 What is the molecular formula of naphthalene?

A C10H8

B C10H10

C C12H10
D C12H12

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 Magnesium azide is an ionic compound containing the azide ion, N3– .

The empirical formula of magnesium azide is

A Mg3N
B MgN2

C MgN3

D MgN6

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 How many oxygen atoms are there in 0.0100 mol of H2SO4?

[Avogadro constant, L = 6.020 × 1023 mol–1]

A 6.020 × 1021

B 1.204 × 1022

C 2.408 × 1022

D 4.214 × 1022

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

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*P78212A0228* 
 4 Two identical sealed flasks, containing different gases, are side by side. Each flask
contains one gas, with the gases at the same temperature and pressure.
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Flask A contains 4.0 × 10–3 mol of methane.

Flask B contains 160 mg of a different gas.
Which could be the gas in Flask B?

A argon

B carbon dioxide

C helium

D neon

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Diphosphane, P2H4 , reacts spontaneously with oxygen.

xP2H4 + yO2 → P4O10 + zH2O

The equation for this reaction is balanced when

A x=1 y=6 z=2

B x=2 y=6 z=2

C x=2 y=7 z=4

D x=4 y=9 z=8

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 Copper metal can displace silver from silver nitrate solution according to the
equation shown.

Cu + 2AgNO3 → 2Ag + Cu(NO3)2

10 g of copper metal was added to an excess of silver nitrate solution.

The silver metal was collected, washed with deionised water and left to dry.
What is the mass of silver metal collected, assuming a 100 % yield?

A between 10 g and 20 g

B 20 g

C between 20 g and 40 g

D more than 40 g

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

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7 This question is about the thermal decomposition of calcium nitrate.

2Ca(NO3)2 → 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2

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What volume of gas is produced by the complete decomposition of 0.050 mol of
calcium nitrate at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)?
[Molar volume of a gas at r.t.p. = 24 dm3 mol–1 ]

A 600 cm3

B 1.20 dm3

C 3.00 dm3

D 6.00 dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 Ethanol is formed from glucose during fermentation.

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

What is the atom economy by mass for the formation of ethanol in this reaction?

A 26 %

B 49 %

C 51 %

D 96 %

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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*P78212A0428* 
 9 The table shows some data about fundamental particles in an atom.
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Particle Mass / g

electron 0.0009 × 10–24

neutron 1.6748 × 10–24

proton 1.6725 × 10–24

(a) An atom of hydrogen can be represented as 1H.

What is the mass, in grams, of this hydrogen atom?
(1)
A 1.6725 × 10–24

B 1.6734 × 10–24

C 3.3473 × 10–24
D 3.3482 × 10–24

(b) Which of the particles would be deflected by an electric field?

(1)
A electrons only

B electrons and protons only

C neutrons and protons only

D electrons, neutrons and protons
(Total for Question 9 = 2 marks)
Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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10 This question is about the Period 3 elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S and Cl.

(a) Which statement is not correct for these Period 3 elements?

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(1)
A atoms of Cl(g) have the highest first ionisation energy

B ions of Cl–(g) and S2–(g) have the same ionic radius

C atoms of Na(g) have the largest atomic radius

D atoms of P(g) have the most unpaired electrons

(b) The melting temperatures of these elements are shown in the table.

Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Melting temperature / K 371 922 933 1683 317 392 172

Which of the elements has the strongest intermolecular forces?

(1)
A Al

B Si

C P

D S

(Total for Question 10 = 2 marks)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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*P78212A0628* 
 11 Which row of the table shows properties consistent with the type of bonding shown?
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Electrical conductivity
Bonding Solubility in water Melting temperature
of solid
A ionic soluble high poor
B ionic soluble low good
C metallic soluble low good
D metallic insoluble high poor

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

12 Which ion is isoelectronic with a noble gas atom (Group 0/8)?

A H+

B O–
C Sc3+

D Zn2+

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

13 Cycloalkanes undergo free radical substitution reactions by the same mechanism as

methane. Three isomeric cycloalkanes are shown.

Isomer X Isomer Y Isomer Z

Which react with chlorine to produce four different monochlorinated products?

A All 3 isomers

B Isomer X and Isomer Z only

C Isomer Y and Isomer Z only

D Isomer X only

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

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14 Polymerisation of alkenes occurs via a free radical mechanism.
This reaction is started by the addition of small amounts of another compound.
The structure of one of these compounds is shown.

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O
O
O
O

This can be represented as R O O R where R is

Which step in the mechanism is an initiation step?

A R O O R → 2R O•

B R O CH2 CH2• + CH2 CH2 → R O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2•

C 2R O CH2 CH2• → R O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O R

D R O• + CH2 CH2 → R O CH2 CH2•

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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*P78212A0828* 
 15 This question is about cyclohexene, a cyclic alkene.
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(a) What is the general formula of cyclic alkenes such as cyclohexene?

(1)
A CnH2n – 4

B CnH2n – 2

C CnH2n

D CnH2n + 2

(b) Cyclohexene can form an addition polymer.

Which diagram shows two repeat units of this addition polymer?
(1)

A B

C D

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 (c) Cyclohexanol can be converted into cyclohexene.

OH

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+ H2O

What mass of cyclohexanol is needed to make 7.20 g of cyclohexene, if the yield

of this reaction is 72.0 %?
[Mr values: cyclohexanol = 100 cyclohexene = 82.0]
(1)
A 4.25 g

B 5.90 g

C 8.78 g

D 12.2 g

(Total for Question 15 = 3 marks)

16 The molecule shown has two double bonds.

1
2

Which is the correct identification for each double bond?

Double bond 1 Double bond 2

A E E
B E Z
C Z E
D Z Z

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

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*P78212A01028* 
 11
Turn over
*P78212A01128*
BLANK PAGE

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 SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

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17 Sodium hydroxide can be obtained as a hydrate, NaOH•xH2O.
When heated, the water of crystallisation is lost, leaving anhydrous sodium hydroxide,
NaOH, as shown in the equation.

NaOH•xH2O → NaOH + xH2O

An experiment was carried out to determine the value of x in NaOH•xH2O.

Procedure
Step 1  Weigh and record the mass of a clean, dry crucible.
Step 2  Add approximately 1.0 g of NaOH•xH2O to the crucible and record the mass.
Step 3  Heat the crucible and its contents until a constant mass has been reached.
Step 4  After allowing to cool, reweigh the crucible and the anhydrous solid.
Step 5  Calculate and record the mass of the anhydrous solid.
Repeat Steps 1 to 5 using a different mass of the hydrated sodium hydroxide.
Results

Mass of NaOH•xH2O / g Mass of NaOH / g

1.00 0.69

2.10 1.45

3.50 2.41

4.90 3.38

6.60 4.55

8.00 5.52

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*P78212A01228* 
 (a) (i) Complete a graph of the results by
• plotting the points
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• labelling the axes

• including a straight line of best fit.
(3)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(ii) Use your graph to determine the mass of NaOH•xH2O needed to form 4.0 g of
NaOH. You must show your working on the graph.
(1)

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 (iii) Calculate the value of x in NaOH•xH2O using your answer to (a)(ii) and the
equation for the reaction.

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NaOH•xH2O → NaOH + xH2O
(3)

(b) Sodium hydroxide also forms a heptahydrate, NaOH•7H2O.

Calculate the mass of this heptahydrate needed to make 250 cm3 of a solution of
sodium hydroxide of concentration 0.150 mol dm–3.
(2)

(Total for Question 17 = 9 marks)

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*P78212A01428* 
 18 Molecules of isooctane, found in petrol, have eight carbon atoms.
The skeletal formula of isooctane is shown.
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(a) Give the molecular formula, empirical formula and IUPAC name for isooctane.
(3)

Molecular formula .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Empirical formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IUPAC name .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Isooctane and octane are isomers that are both found in crude oil.
Octane has a boiling temperature of 125 °C, and isooctane has a
boiling temperature of 99 °C.
This difference in boiling temperature can be used to separate the two isomers in
a laboratory.
The technique is the same as that used to separate crude oil.

(i) Name the technique that could be used for this separation.
(1)

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(ii) Describe how this technique separates isooctane from octane.

(2)

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 (c) Isooctane is added to petrol to increase its octane rating.
Some high‑performance engines need fuel with a higher octane rating.

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(i) Write the equation for the complete combustion of isooctane.
State symbols are not required.
(1)

(ii) Carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide are both pollutants produced in
car engines.
Describe how each pollutant is formed in car engines, including the
conditions required.
You may include appropriate equations.
(4)

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*P78212A01628* 
 (iii) Identify another pollutant, other than carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and
nitrogen monoxide, produced in car engines.
(1)
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(d) Isooctane reacts with an excess of chlorine to form a mixture of chlorinated

compounds containing the same number of carbon atoms as isooctane.
(i) State the type and mechanism of this reaction.
(1)

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(ii) Give the essential condition required.

(1)

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(iii) One of the chlorinated compounds contains 44.1% carbon and 6.9% hydrogen
by mass.
Calculate the molecular formula of this compound.
(3)

(Total for Question 18 = 17 marks)

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19 This question is about two reactions of propene.

H3C H H3C H H3C H

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HCl
Reaction 1 C C Cl C C H + H C C Cl
H H H H H H

propene 2-chloropropane 1-chloropropane

(major product) (minor product)

H3C H H3C H
H2O
Reaction 2 C C HO C C H
H H H H

(a) (i) Name the mechanism and type of reaction for Reaction 1.
(1)

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(ii) Explain why the structures of the intermediates in Reaction 1 mean that
2‑chloropropane is formed in greater yield than 1‑chloropropane.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18
*P78212A01828* 
 (b) Reaction 2 proceeds in two stages.
The equation for the first stage is shown.
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CH3CH CH2 + H2SO4 → CH3CH(OSO2OH)CH3

The mechanism for this reaction is the same as Reaction 1.

Complete the mechanism by including the intermediate structure, curly arrows
and relevant dipoles, charges and lone pairs.
(4)

H3C H
C C
H H
H H
H3C C C H
Step 1 Step 2
O H
H O S O
O O
O S O H
O

(Total for Question 19 = 8 marks)

19
 *P78212A01928* Turn over
20 The periods in the Periodic Table show trends in physical properties.

(a) (i) Explain the general trend in first ionisation energies for the Period 2 elements.

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(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain which one of the elements from lithium to nitrogen deviates from
this general trend.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20
*P78212A02028* 
 (b) Identify the Period 3 element that has the following successive
ionisation energies.
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Ionisation energy / kJ mol–1

First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth

1000 2251 3361 4564 7012 8496 27 107 31 671

(1)

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(c) (i) The diagram shows the melting temperatures of the elements in Period 2
from lithium to nitrogen.
Complete the diagram by putting crosses to show the approximate
melting temperatures of boron and nitrogen.
(2)

5500

5000

4500

4000

3500

3000
Melting
temperature / K
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
Li Be B C N

21
 *P78212A02128* Turn over
 (ii) Explain why the melting temperature of carbon is high, with reference to its
structure and bonding.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 20 = 11 marks)

22
*P78212A02228* 
 21 Boron, aluminium and thallium are in Group 3 of the Periodic Table.
These elements form molecular compounds with chlorine with the formulae BCl3 ,
AlCl3 and TlCl3 . The shape of these molecules depends on the electronic structures of
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the Group 3 elements.

(a) (i) Give the electronic configuration of aluminium.

(1)

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(ii) Compare and contrast the electronic structures of boron, aluminium

and thallium.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Deduce, using electron‑pair repulsion theory, the expected shape of BCl3 ,
AlCl3 and TlCl3 . Justify your answer.
(3)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23
 *P78212A02328* Turn over
 (b) Aluminium chloride is a solid at room temperature.
At the relatively low temperature of 453 K it sublimes.

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(i) A sample of 5.00 g of aluminium chloride was heated to 455 K at a pressure
of 1.01 × 105 Pa.
When all the aluminium chloride had vaporised, the final volume of gas
was 700 cm3.
Show that the data is consistent with the formula of aluminium chloride in the
gas phase being Al2Cl6 .
[Gas constant R = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1 Ideal gas equation pV = nRT ]
(3)

(ii) Draw the dot‑and‑cross diagram for Al2Cl6 . Use dots (•) for the electrons of
aluminium and crosses (×) for the electrons of chlorine.
(3)

24
*P78212A02428* 
 (c) Thallium also forms ions containing chlorine, for example the TlCl 43– ion.
In this ion, the thallium atom has 10 electrons in its outermost shell.
Phosphorus in phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5 , also has 10 electrons in its
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outer shell.
Draw the shape of the TlCl 43– ion and predict the bond angles.
Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence the shape.
(3)

(Total for Question 21 = 15 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

25
 *P78212A02528*
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
*P78212A02628*
BLANK PAGE

26
 27
*P78212A02728*
BLANK PAGE


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
*P78212A02828*
28