GENERAL MATHEMATICS

LOGARITHMS
log b a=x → b x =a

Where: b = base
a = product/answer
x = exponent

- Logarithms and exponents allow us to express the same relationship in two

different ways.

- These are logarithms with base 10. The base 10 is usually omitted when
writing common logarithms (meaning, you don’t have to write base 10).

log 10 x=¿ log x ¿

- Logarithms with base 𝑒 are called natural logarithms and are denoted by
“ln”.
log e x → ln x

LOGARITHM: Examples
4
5 =62 5→ log 5 625=4

2−5 =
1
31 ( )
→ log 2
1
31
=−5

2
3 9 9
( ) = → log 3 ( )=2
2 4 2 4

3
e =x → ln x=3
3
−6 =−316 -- cannot be! The base is negative integer.

logarithmic function, equation or inequality.

log x 2=1→ Logarithmic equation
log 3 x= y → Logarithmic function
log b 125<1 → Logarithmic inequality

Practice! Determine the value of the ff. logarithms: (calcu nalang, pwede
naman sa exam)
1. log 4 64 = ?
2. log 3 81 = ?
3. log 5 1 = ?
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS

Basic Properties of Logarithm

Note: b > 0, b ≠ 1 (b is greater than zero and b is not equal to 1).
1. log b 1=0  If the product is 1, the answer is always 0.
2. log b b x =x  If the product is the same as the base and is raised to x,
then x is always the answer.
3. b log x =x  If x > 0 and the base is raised to its logarithm, the product
b

(x) is the answer.

Examples using the basic properties:
log 1=log 10 1=0  Property 1
log 2 256=log 2 2 =8  Property 2
8

log 7
1
49( )
=log 7 7−2=−2  Property 2

=3  Property 3
log6 3
6

Addition Law of Logarithm

log b ( m n )=log b m+ log b n  copy the log and base, and separate the products with plus.

Examples:
1. log 2 ( 5 ∙ 9 )=log 2 5+ log 2 9
2. log (5 b m)=¿ log 5+ log b +log m
3. log 3 ( 35 ∙ 34 )=log 3 3 5+ log 3 3 4 ( using property 2 )=5+ 4=9

Logarithm of a Product
- The logarithmic expression log 6 is equal to log 2 + log 3
Solution: log 2 + log 3 = log (2 ∙ 3) = log 6

Try mo: Write log 2 6+ log 2 x +log 2 y as a single logarithm.

Subtraction Law of Logarithm

- same as addition, but this time with division turned into subtraction.

log b ( mn )=log m−log n b b

Examples:

()
1. log 2
5
9
=log 2 5−log 2 9

2. L og (
n )
8m
=¿ log 8+ log m−log n
3
5 3 2
3. log 5 ( 2
)=log 5 5 −log 5 5 ( using property 2 )=3−2=1
5

4. log 2 x 2 y 3−log 2 x−log 2 y

Solution:

( )
2 3
x y
• log 2 −log 2 y  cancel x, less sa x 2
x

• log (
y )
3
xy
2  cancel y, less sa y 3

Ans: log 2 ( x y 2)
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS

Exponent Law of Logarithms

n
log b m =n log b m

Examples:
1. L og 34 =4 log 3

2. log 4 √ 1024
7

Solution:
1
• log 1024 7
4
1
• log 4 1024
7
1 5
• log 4 4  using property 2, log 4 4 5=5
7
1
• ( 5)
7
5
Ans:
7
4√x
3. Expand the logarithm log ( ) using the Addition and Subtraction Law of Logarithm.
y
Solution:
• log ( 4 √ x ) −log y
1
• log 4 +log √ x−log y  √ x can be written as x 2 , and then use the Exponent Law of Logarithm.
1
• log 4 +log x 2 −log y
+1
Ans: log 4 log x−log y
2

Logarithm of a Power
- The logarithmic expression log 8 is equal to 3 log 2.
Solution: 3 log 2 = log 23 = log 8

Other Examples:
1. Express 2 log b a+3 log b c2 −4 log b d as single logarithm.
• log b a 2+ log b (c¿¿ 2)3−log b d 4 ¿  focus first on the exponents next to the logs, then
simplify.
• log b a 2+ log b c 6−log b d 4
• log b (a2 c 6)−log b d 4
2 6
a c
Ans: log b ( 4
)
d

2. log 4 256
• log 4 4 4
• 4 log 4 4 --> log 4 4=1
• 4 ( 1)
Ans: 4

3. ln [x ( x+ 4 ) ]
• ln [ x ( x + 4 ) ]  distribute the x first.
Ans: ln (x 2+ 4 x)
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS

SIMPLE INTEREST
I s=Prt (kahit bali-baligtarin yung “P” “r” at “t”, same formula parin)

Where: I s = Simple Interest

P = Principal (money invested)
r = Interest rate
t = term / time in years

MATURITY (FUTURE) VALUE

t
F=P ( 1+ r )
Where: F = Maturity (Future) Value at the end of the term
P = Principal (money invested)
r = Interest rate
t = term / time in years

COMPOUND INTEREST
I c =F−P
Where: F = Maturity (Future) Value at the end of the term
P = Principal
I c = Compound Interest

PRESENT VALUE
F
P=
( 1+ r )t
Where: P = Present Value or Principal (money to be invested)
F = Maturity (Future) Value at the end of the term
r = Interest rate
t = term / time in years

PRACTICE (Note: these formulas na may “r” lang are used if the problem only mentions “Compounded
annually.”
Read questions carefully.)

1: Find the maturity value and interest if P50,000 is

invested at 5% compounded annually for 8 years.

Ans: F = 73,872.77 ; I c = 23,872.77

2: What is the present value of P50,000 due in 7 years

if money is worth 10% compounded annually?

Ans: P = 25,657.91

3: How much money must be invested to obtain an amount

of P30,000 in 4 years if money earns at 8% compounded annually?

 GENERAL MATHEMATICS

Ans: P = 22,050.9

4: A businessman invested P100,000 in a fund that pays

10.5% compounded annually for 5 years. How much was

in the fund at the end of the terms?

Ans: F = 164,744.677

MATURITY (FUTURE) VALUE (j)

(Note: These formulas are the same from earlier, pero napalitan yung “r” ng “j” kaya easy na lang alalahanin,
basta remember, “j” has a procress na rin :3)

( ) or
n
i n
F=P 1+ F=P ( 1+ j )
m
Where: F = Maturity (Future) Value at the end of the term
P = Principal (money invested)
t = term / time in years
m = frequency of conversion
i = nominal rate of interest (annual rate)
n = m ×t

j=
ⅈm (rate of interest per conversion period)
m

COMPOUND INTEREST
I c =F−P
Where: F = Maturity (Future) Value at the end of the term
P = Principal
I c = Compound Interest

PRESENT VALUE
F
F
or P=
( )
P = 1+ i n
( 1+ j )n
m
Where: P = Present Value or Principal (money to be invested)
F = Maturity (Future) Value at the end of the term
t = term / time in years
m = frequency of conversion
i = nominal rate of interest (annual rate)
n = m ×t

j=
ⅈm (rate of interest per conversion period)
m

PRACTICE (Note: these formulas na may “j” are used if may na-mention na “quarterly,” “semi-annually,”
etc.
Read questions carefully.)

1: Find the maturity value and interest if P10,000 is deposited in a bank at 2% compounded
quarterly for 5 years.

Ans: F = 11,048.96 ; I c = 1,048.96

2: Find the present value of P50,000 due in 4 years if money is invested at 12% compounded
semi – annually.

Ans: P = 31,370.62
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS

3: What is the present value of P25,000 due in 2 years and 6 months if money is worth 10%
compounded quarterly?

Ans: P = 19,529.96

4: Accumulate P15,000 for 2 years at 15% compounded monthly.

Ans: P = 11,132.96

Semi-annually = 2
Quarterly = 4
Every month, monthly = 12
Bi-monthly = 60
Every day = 365

6
Note: Kung may months siya, like in number 3, divide number of months to 12 and add the years. [ +2
12
]

SIMPLE ANNUITY
Definition of Terms

Annuity - is a sequence of payments made at equal (fixed) intervals or periods of time.

Payment Interval - is the time between successive payments.

Classification of Annuities:
Simple Annuity - The payment of interval is the same as the interest period.
General Annuity - The payment interval is not the same as the interest period.
Ordinary Annuity (Annuity Immediate) - The payments are made at end of payment interval.
Annuity Due - The payments are made at the beginning of each payment interval.
Deferred Annuity - The payments aren’t made in the beginning nor the end of each period but some
later date.

Annuity Certain - The payments begin and end at definite times.

Contingent Annuity (Annuity Uncertain) - The payments extend over an indefinite length of
time.

General Ordinary Annuity - The first payment is at the end of every payment interval.
General Annuity Due - The first payment is at the beginning of each payment interval.
Perpetuities - A series of payments which are to run infinitely or forever.

Annuity Examples:
• Rentals
• Loans
➢Car
➢Appliance
➢House and lot
➢Tuition fee
➢5 – 6
Contingent Annuity
• Life insurance
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS

• Pension Payments

(Note: Annuities have the phrase “at the end of each month,” “every month,” and “monthly
deposit” or anything implying na they are making payments na consistent na daily, monthly,
yearly, ganun)

• Simple Annuity (monthly)

❖ Installment payment for an appliance at the end of each month with interest compounded
monthly

• General Annuity (annually)

❖ Installment payment for an appliance at the end of each month with interest compounded
annually

NOTATIONS/REPRESENTATIONS
•Term of an annuity (𝒕) – time between the first payment interval and the last payment interval.
•Regular or periodic payment (𝑹) – the amount of each payment.
•Amount (Future Value) (𝑭) – sum of future values of all the payments to be made during the entire
term of the annuity.
•Present Value (𝑷) – sum of present values of all the payments to be made during the entire term of the
annuity.

FUTURE VALUE (F): ORDINARY ANNUITY

( 1+ j )n−1
F=R × Where: R = Regular Payment
j
F = Maturity (Future) Value at the end of the term
t = term / time in years
n = m ×t (number of payments)
i
j= (rate of interest per conversion period)
m
m = frequency of conversion
i = nominal rate of interest (annual rate)

PRESENT VALUE (P): ORDINARY ANNUITY

−n
1− ( 1+ j )
P=R × Where: R = Regular Payment
j
P = Present Value
t = term / time in years
n = m ×t (number of payments)
i
j= (rate of interest per conversion period)
m
m = frequency of conversion
i = nominal rate of interest (annual rate)

PERIODIC PAYMENT
P j̇
R= −n Where: R = Regular Payment
1− ( 1+ j )
P = Present Value
t = term / time in years
n = m ×t (number of payments)
i
j= (rate of interest per conversion period)
m
m = frequency of conversion
i = nominal rate of interest (annual rate)

CASH VALUE OR CASH PRICE

The cash value or cash price is equal to the down payment (if there is any) plus the present value of the
installment payments.
-> CASH VALUE (CV) = DOWN PAYMENT + PRESENT VALUE (P)
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS

PRACTICE (Read questions carefully.)

1: In order to save for her high school graduation, Maricar decided to save ₱200 in a bank at the end of
each month. If the bank pays 0.25% compounded monthly, how much will her money be at the end of 6
years?
Ans: F = 14,507

2: Suppose Mrs. Joven would like to save ₱3, 000 at the end of each month, for six months, in a fund that
gives 9% compounded monthly. How much is the amount or future value of her savings after six months?
Ans: F = 18,340.89

3: Suppose Mrs. Bautista would like to know the present value of her monthly deposit of ₱3000 when
interest is 9% compounded monthly. How much is the present value of her savings at the end of 6
months.
Ans: P = 17,536.79

4: Paolo borrowed ₱100,000. He agrees to pay the principal plus interest by paying an equal amount of
money each year for 3 years. What should be his annual payment if interest is 8% compounded annually?
Ans: R = 38,803.35

5: A ₱50,000 loan is payable in 3 years. To repay the loan, the debtor must pay an amount every 6
months with an interest rate of 6% compounded semi – annually. How much should he pay every 6
months?
Ans: R = 9,229.88

LOGIC
- It is the science of correct reasoning.
- Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C) is one of the earliest logicians and one of the most renowned.
- Student of Plato and the tutor of Alexander the Great.
- His works were used to distinguish valid from invalid arguments.

Declarative – is used to make statement of fact, wish, intent, or feeling.

(The principal will visit classes starting next week.)
(I wish I could visit my grandparents this summer.)
Exclamatory – is used to express a strong feeling, using exclamation point.
(Ouch! I cut my finger.)
(Keep quiet! Stop talking!)
Imperative – is used to state a command, request or direction.
(Turn right at the fourth traffic sign.)
(Write your name in a sheet of paper.)
Interrogative – is used to ask a question.
(Have you heard of the good news?)
(Did you do your homework?)

PROPOSITION
- It is a declarative sentence that can be classified as true or false, but not both.
Its truth value is either TRUE(T) OR FALSE(F).
Examples:
Rowena is passing in Mathematics.
December 7, 1953 was a Monday.
5 + 3 = 8 and 12 – 7 = 3 .
The principal will visit classes starting next week.

Note: A self – contradictory proposition is called “PARADOX”

where you cannot assign a true or false value
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS

“I am LYING.”

SIMPLE PROPOSITION
- A simple proposition is a proposition that conveys one thought with no logical
connector. It cannot be broken down any further into other component propositions.
Ex:
Tomorrow is another day.
The principal will visit classes starting next week.

COMPOUND PROPOSITION
- A compound proposition is a proposition formed from simpler propositions using
logical connectors or some combination of logical connectors. (and, or, but, while,
even, though, yet)
Ex:
Donna is doing great in language but she is having difficulty in Math.
Mike is doing the dishes while Donna is doing the laundry.

LOGICAL OPERATORS

TRUTH TABLES
- Truth table shows all the possible truth values of a proposition. Truth table is used to
define the logical operators. It is used to exhibit the relationship between the truth
values of its simple components and the compound proposition itself.

NEGATION
- The negation of a proposition p is denoted by: ~p: (not p)
NEGATION: Example
n1: 2 is an odd number.
~n1: 2 is not an odd number.
~n1: It is not true that 2 is an odd number.
~n1: It is not the case that 2 is an odd number.
~n1: 2 is an even number.
n2: CCNHS is the biggest high school in Cauayan City.
~n2: CCNHS is not the biggest high school in Cauayan City

is not necessarily the complete opposite of 𝑝.

- It is a common mistake to assume that ~𝑝 is automatically false. Also, the negation ~𝑝

n3: Everyone in Isabela speaks Ybanag.

~n3: Everyone in Isabela does not speak Ybanag. (WRONG)
~n3: Not everyone in Isabela speaks Ybanag. (RIGHT)

p ∧ q: (p and q)
CONJUNCTION

(shortcut) -> ∧nd

- The conjunction p and q is denoted by:

- It is only true if both p and q (conjuncts) are true.

CONJUNCTION: Example
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS

Let p and q be the following propositions:

𝑝: Angels exist.
𝑞: Angels can fly.
1. 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞
Ans: Angels exist and they can fly.
2. 𝑝 ∧ (~𝑞)
Ans: Angels exist but they cannot fly

Ans: (~𝑝) ∧ (~𝑞)

3. Angels do not exist and can’t fly.

Ans: (~𝑝) ∧ q
4. Angels do not exist but they can fly.

Note: Conjunctions do not always use the word “and”.

Words like “but, even, though, yet” and “while” can also be used.

1. Carlo is competitive and hardworking.

2. Carlo is competitive but hardworking.
3. Carlo is competitive yet hardworking.
4. Although Carlo is competitive, he is hardworking.
5. While Carlo is competitive, he is hardworking.

𝑝 ∨ 𝑞: (𝑝 𝑜𝑟 𝑞)
DISJUNCTION

(shortcut) -> o
- The disjunction of propositions p and q is denoted by:

- a written (r) is similar to a ∨.

- The disjunction p V q is false only if both are false.

DISJUNCTION: Example
Let p, q and r be the following propositions:
p: Victor has a date with Liza.
q: Janree is sleeping.
r: Eumir is eating.
1. 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞
Ans: Victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping.
2. 𝑞 ∨ (~𝑟)
Ans: Either Janree is sleeping or Eumir is not eating.
3. 𝑝 ∨ (𝑞 ∨ 𝑟)
Ans: Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping or Eumir is eating.
4. (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑟)
Ans: Either Victor has a date with Liza and Janree is sleeping or Victor has a date with
Liza and Eumir is eating.

𝑝 → 𝑞: (𝑖𝑓 𝑝,𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
CONDITIONAL

𝑞)
- The conditional of propositions p and q is denoted by:

𝑝 → 𝑞 is being read as p implies q.

p: hypothesis
q: conclusion
- The truth value is false only when the hypothesis is true and the conclusion is false.
CONDITIONAL: Example
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS

p1: If Mark is in G11, then he is a senior high school student.

p2: If Mark is in G11, then he is working as a lawyer.
P3: If Mark has a degree in Computer Science, then he believes in true love.

BICONDITIONAL
- Conjunction of two conditional statements where the antecedent and consequent of the

𝑝 ↔ 𝑞: (𝑝 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑
first statement have been switched in the second statement.

𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 q)
- The biconditional propositions p and q is denoted by:

- It is defined through its table. It may also be written as “p iff q”. p and q are called the
components.
- The truth value is TRUE when both components are the same; they are both true or
they are both false.
BICONDITIONAL: Example
p1: Mark is in G11 if and only if he is a senior high school student.
p2: Mark is in G11 if and only if he is working as a lawyer.
P3: Mark has a degree in Computer Science if and only if he believes in true love.