Project Title:

“Performance Based Seismic Design of a 4-Storey Reinforced Concrete

Parking Building in Borongan City, Downtown”

PROJECT PROPONENTS:

GROUP # 9

Roselle S. Amidao

Kean Ahlbrix C. Gaspe

Fernand L. Gatbonton

Matthew D. Gonzales

Roberto S. Lobederio Jr.

Jake Mariano D. Maga

CE Students, Civil Engineering Department

Department:

Civil Engineering Department, Eastern Samar State University – Main Campus

Course:

CE 411: CE Project 1

Adviser:

ENGR. RODITO A. ACOL

Instructor, Civil Engineering Department

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Description Page

Table of Contents i

List of Figures iii

List of Appendices iv

I INTRODUCTION 1

Background and Rationale 1

Background of the Study 1

Objectives of the Study 2

Main Objectives 3

Specific Objectives 3

Significance of the Study 3

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 4

Definition of terms 6

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 8

Performance-Based Seismic Design 8

Strong Motion Simulation Based on Seismic Hazard 9

Assessment
Conceptual Framework 10

III METHODOLOGY 12

Design Input 12

Project Requirements 12

Site Data 13

Material Specification 13

Design Load Assumption 14

Design Codes References 15

Design Process 16
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Conceptual Design of the Project 16

Architectural Plans 21

Structural Layout 22

Skeletal Modelling 23

Structural Design Analysis 24

Structural Seismic Analysis 24

Construction Management 25

Project Duration 26

Construction Cost 27

REFERENCES 28

APPENDICES 29
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Description Page

1 An Input-Process-Output Framework 10

2 Ground Floor Bubble Diagram 17

3 Second-Floor Bubble Diagram 17

4 Third-Floor Bubble Diagram 18

5 Catch Basin Details 18

6 Elevator Conceptual Design 19

7 Storm Drainage Layout 19

8 Site Development Plan 20

9 Roof Slab Conceptual Diagram 20

10 Flow of the Study 21

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Description Page

A Codes and References 29

B Computation 36

C Meetings and Consultation 39

D Approval Sheet 40
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Background and Rationale

Seismic design is paramount in new constructions, especially in earthquake-

prone areas. Life safety remains the core aim of most design perspectives and

practices, ensuring that buildings will not collapse during earthquakes; however, they

often do not address building performance under varying intensities of earthquakes.

Performance-based seismic design (PBSD) addresses this concern effectively by

stating that buildings during earthquakes should meet performance expectations that

go beyond stability to include functionality and damage prevention. Like other vital

infrastructure, parking structures must also consider their role during and after

seismic events. These buildings provide essential services and are often envisioned

as emergency operation and transport management centers. Given the unique

characteristics required when designing parking structures such as accommodating

irregular shapes, dynamic loads, and large open spaces, it is crucial to employ novel

design strategies to enhance their earthquake resistance (Filiatrault & Cherry, 2007).

The rapid urban growth in Borongan City has increased the vehicular

congestion and the need for parking facilities particularly in the commercial zone

which is characterized by a high concentration of people. Hence building a 4storey

reinforced concrete parking building has been suggested. The general concept of the

structure is to maximize the area of land since the increase in the number of cars has

resulted in the need to create more parking spaces. Most of the design of the parking

building is directed towards ensuring that users of the facility are facilitated to the

maximum while at the same time ensuring the safety of the structure and optimizing

the design to accommodate as many vehicles in the building as possible. It must

provide convenience of use, a provision for the safe and easy entrances and exits,

integrate the building within the surroundings provided with sustainable features such
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as energy efficient lighting system and natural ventilation option. Structural analysis

will also play a critical role in variable load management, materials selection, and the

anticipated gets of such earthquakes and wind loading as those of this area, due to

the seismicity and high wind zones (O’Reilly & Calvi, 2018).

The City of Borongan, situated in the Eastern Samar region, is regarded as a

high seismic risk region as it is close to the Eastern Samar Fault and the Philippine

Sea Plate. More so, with this city being urbanizing at a very high rate, there is a huge

demand for multistorey parking buildings within the central business district to cater

for the rising statistics of vehicles and traffic congestion.

The challenge is to design a 4-storey reinforced concrete parking building that

is functional as a parking building, that will conform with the seismic design

requirements considering life safety and performance based seismic design

standards. Moreover, the design must also balance material usage with the need to

make the building resistant to earthquakes given that Borongan City is an area of

high seismic activity.

Objectives of the Study

The project aims to develop a secure, earthquake-resistant, and sustainable

parking facility for vehicles, incorporating architectural, structural, electrical and

plumbing details. The proponents are expected to provide a Civil Engineering Project

as a course requirement of the program. To achieve these goals, the project

proponents aim to fulfill the following:

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Main Objectives:

To provide a Civil Engineering Project for the Performance Based Seismic

Design of a 4-storey Reinforced Concrete Parking Building in Borongan City,

Downtown.

Specific Objectives:

1. To produce architectural plans, structural plans, electrical layouts and

plumbing layouts.

2. To conduct structural analysis as well as seismic analysis.

3. To provide bill of materials (BOM) and bill of quantities (BOQ) of the proposed

project.

4. To estimate the project timeline.

Significance of the Study

The project contributes to the improvement of the structural safety and the

understanding of seismic performance, which amounts to designing structures that

can better resist earthquakes, thereby protecting the structure and its occupants. It

includes modern design concepts and conforms to local and international building

codes, which help in increasing the earthquake strength of structures built in the

Philippines.

Also, this project leads to community building in such a way that it allows for

the designed parking structure to be perceived as safe by the residents of Borongan

City. Protecting also the lives and property of people, the construction can also be

used as an emergency provision when an earthquake strikes the area. This study

also helps in building awareness to the general public about earthquakes and such

risks promoting safety measures among the public.

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Furthermore, this project can be a stepping stone for other studies relating to

seismic design as useful information and data are provided within the research for

use in other related studies. It also aims at enhancing the knowledge of prospective

civil engineers as regards seismic safety measures in practice.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focuses around the Performance-based seismic design of 4-storey

Reinforced Concrete Parking Building, Borongan City - Downtown.

Initially, the first step is the Seismic Risk Assessment, which assesses the

seismic risks faced by Borongan City. This includes the mapping of active fault lines

in the vicinity, studying past earthquakes in the area and even looking at the soil type

available in the region to appreciate the seismic threats that exist fully. The following

task is seismic analysis and design where structural analysis software is used to

create a model of the parking building and performance based seismic design

approaches in the NSCP and other local seismic design codes are used to analyze

the building. This phase also entails large-scale analysis of the structural

components such as beams, columns, slabs and the foundations to ensure they are

capable of resisting the design seismic loads.

This particular project focuses more on the seismic design and analysis

phase but also takes into account the construction phase in ensuring safety and

functioning for seismic loads. Any proper construction can only be achieved if it's

accompanied by construction management techniques that are in accordance with

design. Furthermore, the project also includes the cost estimation, focuses on

determining the costs of material, labor as well as the equipment for the 4-storey

parking building. The Project Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path

Method (CPM) can be combined to assist in effective planning, scheduling, and

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implementation of a project while controlling time and costs and meeting the required

earthquake performance and safety levels. In addition, performance criteria are set

for the levels of performance they are expected to achieve, such as those for

immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention, with regard to the

earthquake loads on the building under design-basis and max-considered

earthquake events.

The geotechnical considerations are also part of the study and thus the local

soil profile and associated geotechnical information have been integrated into the

seismic design process. The foundation system has been configured in a manner

that it shall accommodate the expected ground motions while avoiding excessive

settlement in the occurrence of earthquakes.

Lastly, material specifications guarantee the use of right construction

materials according to the specified grade of determines concrete and steel required

to achieve the earthquake resistance measures as well as ensure the strength of the

building. Generally, all these aspects form a seismic design and improve the

structural safety, the resistance, and the functionality of the structure in case of an

earthquake.

Meanwhile, this project does not dwell upon any other aspects apart from

seismic design and performance, thus it highlights certain exclusions. First, the non-

structural components are outside the scope, as the design is limited to structural

elements. The assessment does not embrace non-structural features which include

but are not limited to HVAC systems, neither does it consider purely aesthetic

designs. The project does take into account how essential Services will be reinstated

following a seismic event in respect of post–seismic functionality. However, it does

not explore the specific issues relating to advocacy for seismic strengthening or

rehabilitation of built structures after earthquakes.

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With respect to the scope of the project, secondary loads such as thermal, or

other forces not linked to seismic activity are neglected as well owing to the fact that

seismic performance is the main thrust of the project. Also, because it is not

embedded in this study, there will not be any evaluation or cost assessment related

to the building and functioning of the parking structure in particular, the detailed

environmental impact analysis. Focusing more on the seismic aspects makes the

project briefer and broader into the structural safety and performance of the parking

building in Borongan City.

Definition of Terms

Earthquake-Resistant Facilities. Refer to structures designed to withstand

seismic forces, ensuring safety and functionality during and after an earthquake, with

features like reinforced materials and flexible systems, particularly for a parking

building.

Performance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD). An approach that

incorporates specific performance objectives into the design process, as outlined in

the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), to minimize damage and

ensure functionality during and after seismic events.

Reinforced Concrete. A construction material that combines concrete's

compressive strength with steel reinforcement's tensile strength, enhancing structural

integrity and durability in various design application.

Seismic Analysis. The process of evaluating a structure's response to

seismic forces to ensure its safety and performance during an earthquake, informing

design decisions and compliance with relevant codes and standards.

Seismic Design. The process of creating structures that can withstand

seismic forces, focusing on minimizing damage and ensuring safety and functionality

during and after an earthquake, in accordance with established codes and standards.
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Structural Analysis. The process of assessing a structure's ability to support

loads and resist forces, ensuring safety and stability through calculations and

modeling in accordance with relevant design codes and standards.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Based on the purpose of this study, the review of related literature sought to

explore the role and application of performance based seismic design (PBSD) in the

Philippines, particularly about how it applies to high-rise buildings and local building

codes' current guidelines. PBSD has lately become popular among the country's

developers and engineers as a means of mitigating seismic hazard with site-specific

data, particularly in Metro Manila where national seismic hazard mapping is still

incomplete though probabilistic seismic hazard assessments are put to use.

Performance-Based Seismic Design

Performance-based seismic design is very common in Philippine real estate

developers' knowledge and in local structural engineering practice. High-rise

buildings most of the time are now built using performance-based seismic design

processes as required by the newest guidelines and regulations. There is no proper

definition and mapping of seismic hazards in the National Structural Code of the

Philippines; however, probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of Metro Manila is

conducted, and performance-based design for tall buildings in the Manila area

utilizes site-specific seismic hazard information. (Sy et al.)

Furthermore, the performance-based seismic design, therefore, proves

efficient and effective in preventing future earthquake losses. In like manner, the

same technology applied to building performance-based seismic design can be

applied to performance-based design for other severe hazards such as fire, wind,

flood, snow, blast, and terrorist attacks. (Sejal et al.)

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Strong Motion Simulation Based on Seismic Hazard Assessment

On the other hand, according to Torregosa et al. (2001), from previous

earthquakes and active faults, 123,727 points were taken into consideration for the

seismic hazard analysis carried out for the Philippines and eventually settled at a grid

size of 1.4 km. The results pointed out that the country's eastern region possesses

much more significant seismic risk if the Philippine Trench were to displace.

Therefore, the goal of any performance-based design process is to produce

structures whose seismic performance can be reliably predicted. Performance-based

design is a method for the design of a structure such that its performance lies within

specified limits under a specified amount of ground motion. Generally, the bounds

are established based on the importance of the structures. (Leelataviwat et al., 1999)

It is also demonstrated that performance-based criteria (deterministic or probabilistic)

can be implemented for the design of new RC buildings. (Fragiadakis &

Papadrakakis, 2008)

While performance-based seismic design has been well studied for a number

of types of building structures, very little of that has been particularly directed towards

multi-story parking complexes. These buildings have some distinguishing features in

their structure and function-open floors and heavy truck loads-which may alter the

abilities of such structures to withstand earthquakes differently. Such a motivation for

this study arises out of the rare nature of documentation on case studies or useful

recommendations dealing with how to combine performance-based design concepts

with particular needs of parking facilities. Through an evaluation of the seismic

performance of a four-story parking structure, this study aims at filling this gap by

providing the necessary insight and suggestions to improve safety and resilience in

structures like this.

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Although there is an increasing number of parking buildings in earthquake-

prone regions, there is a scarcity of case studies and recommendations on the

application of performance-based seismic design principles to these structures. This

indicates that further research is required to help engineers and architects develop

safer and more resilient parking complexes. Good design is important to prevent

mechanical failure as well as to keep the elevator system operating in case of an

earthquake.

Conceptual Framework

To achieve the objectives, proponents will follow a three-step procedure. (1)

Inputs, (2) Process, (3) Outputs. Figure 1 illustrates the design flow of the project.

Figure 1. An Input-Process-Output Framework for “Performance Based Seismic

Design of a 4-Storey Reinforced Concrete Parking Building in Borongan City,

Downtown”
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The figure discusses the importance of performance-based seismic design in

a project, outlining the comprehensive design process from concept to

implementation. It highlights the role of design codes and references in ensuring

adherence to industry standards. Key design tools like SketchUp, AutoCAD,

FrameCE, and STAAD Pro are utilized for architectural visualization and structural

analysis, ensuring stability and security. Project management techniques such as

PERT/CPM are employed for time estimation, while cost estimation procedures

determine construction expenses. The project delivers critical outputs, including

architectural and structural plans, a seismic analysis report, and structural integrity

verification, all contributing to a robust framework that ensures the project's

effectiveness and resilience against seismic activities.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

Design Input

The methodology followed in this paper comprises a good number of the

necessary design inputs to form a comprehensive approach for performance-based

seismic design of multi-story parking structures. Starting with project requirements

that describe in broad terms overall objectives, constraints, and functional needs

which focuses on safety, operational reliability, and durability under seismic

conditions. Site data is also required, which provides the information available on

local soil properties, seismicity, and environmental factors likely to influence the

response of the structure to earthquakes. Material specifications are hence

judiciously selected for strength, durability, and pliability for the adequacy of resisting

dynamic loads. Design load assumptions would also include the expected forces on

the structure in terms of dead loads and live loads such as vehicle weights. Lastly,

the study has obligations that strictly adhere to established codes and references of

design that consider national and international standards. These inputs together form

the basis for a performance-based seismic design approach tailored to the needs of

parking structures in regions of earthquake activity.

Project Requirements

The public parking building will have an area of 542.3 square meters and

consists of four units: the ground floor, second floor, third floor, and fourth floor. The

ground floor is divided into the following spaces: motorcycle parking space, elevator,

run-way, and control room. The second floor is divided into four-wheels parking

space, PWD parking space, elevator, run-way, and control room. The third floor

contains a four-wheels parking space, PWD parking space, elevator, run-way, and

control room. Similarly, the fourth floor includes a four-wheels parking space, PWD

parking space, elevator, run-way, and control room.

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Site Data

The site is located at the core of Borongan City, right in the lively downtown

area next to the Borongan City Hall. This prime location not only makes the proposed

parking facility highly accessible to government employees and City Hall visitors but

also serves the general public, who frequent this active urban center. The

surrounding area is vibrant and diverse, featuring numerous businesses, shops,

restaurants, and other amenities that attract both residents and tourists. Being

situated in such a lively community, the parking facility promises a steady stream of

foot traffic and consistent demand. This strategic positioning enhances its potential

as a convenient, high-utility infrastructure addition, fulfilling a pressing need for

parking space in a dense commercial hub and contributing positively to the city's flow

and accessibility.

Material Specifications

In line with the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 (NSCP 2015),

material specifications for this project have been carefully selected to meet seismic

and structural requirements. For concrete, M40 Grade concrete, with a minimum

compressive strength of 40 MPa, will be used in columns and beams, while M50

Grade concrete, with a minimum strength of 50 MPa, will be applied to slabs and

other critical areas. Reinforcement will consist of high-yield strength deformed (HYSD)

bars with diameters from 10mm to 32mm, depending on structural needs, and

welded wire fabric will be used for slab reinforcement alongside deformed bars for

additional stability. Grade 50 steel will serve as the primary structural steel for beams

and columns due to its strength and durability, while Grade 60 steel will reinforce

other elements needing higher strength. Finally, solid concrete blocks with a

minimum compressive strength of 7.5 MPa will be used for non-load-bearing walls,
 14

ensuring robust construction for non-structural sections of the building. These

carefully chosen materials align with national code requirements and contribute to the

structural resilience of the building.

Design Load Assumption

The National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 (NSCP 2015) specifies

essential load requirements for designing resilient structures, including dead loads,

live loads, wind loads, and seismic loads. Dead loads account for the structure’s own

weight, while live loads cover anticipated occupant and vehicle weight. Wind and

seismic loads address environmental forces, ensuring stability during extreme events.

Integrating these loads into the design process enhances safety, structural integrity,

and compliance with NSCP 2015 standards.

The data on the next page shows the types of loads applied to the structure to

be considered in design, as specified in NSCP 2015.

Types of Load Total Loads

Live Load 15,901.6kN

Dead Load 22,262.24kN

Wind Load
-Windward 4.012kPa
-Leeward -2.507kPa
-Sidewall -3.245kPa

Seismic Load 2,446.71kN

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Design Codes and References

The structural and construction design of this project will rely on the following:

CODE CHAPTER DESCRIPTION

National Structural Code Chapter 2: (NSCP 2015)

of the Philippines, 2015 Minimum Design Loads For the computation of
minimum loading
requirements for dead,
live and seismic loads.

Chapter 3: For the requirements for

Earthworks and excavations, fills, and
Foundations footings of the structure.
And for classifications
and allowable bearing
capacity of soil.

Chapter 4: For the computation of

Structural Concrete the design and
construction of structural
concrete elements of the
building.

National Building Code of Chapter 7: For the design of

the Philippines (NBCP) Classification and minimum requirements
General Requirement of for human habitation.
All Buildings by Use or
Occupancy

Chapter 8:
Light and Ventilation

Chapter 9:
Sanitation

Revised Plumbing Code Chapter 11: For standards and

of the Philippines Storm Drainage System requirements for the
design, installation, and
maintenance of systems
used to manage rainwater
and prevent flooding.

Fire Code of the Section 7. Inspections, For standard fire

Philippines (R.A.9154) Safety Measures, Fire prevention and safety
Safety, Constructions and measures incorporated in
Protective and/or Warning the architectural design.
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Systems

Design Process

The design process in our methodology encompasses a detailed approach to

developing a resilient and functional multi-story parking structure. The process starts

with the conceptual design which will involve a bubble diagram to outline the spatial

arrangement and major primary zones of the project with an initial, visual framework

for the layout of the building. Following that is to make true detailed architectural

plans and structural layout definitions of the forms, floor plans, and load-bearing

elements of the building. Structural design analysis and structural seismic analysis

are then carried out to check if the building is satisfied by the seismic performance

criterion and if it can withstand the anticipated forces.

The construction management strategies on project execution are made to

organize resources. This includes the comprehensive assessment of the time

needed to complete the project to ensure efficient and timely completion, as well as

an approximate estimate of construction costs that help in maintaining set budgetary

goals. This involves a reasonable and balanced approach toward the design,

structural resilience, and the feasibility of constructing the project.

Conceptual Design of the Project

The initial design of the conceptual model of the project involves a bubble

diagram that essentially is a preliminary spatial layout to visually present the key

areas of the various functional zones of the multi-storey parking structure. These

notable zones include entry and exit points, circulation areas, structural core parts, or

even just stairwells and elevators. The bubble diagram makes clear how these

spaces work together for optimal traffic flow, ease of access, and safe internal

movement through the building.

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Figure 2. Ground Floor Bubble Diagram

The figure represents the initial layout for the ground floor plan of the
proposed 4-storey parking building. The sketch shows the location of parking spaces,
run way, maintenance/control room, stairs, and elevator.

Figure 3. Second-Floor Bubble Diagram

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The figure represents the initial layout for the second-floor plan of the
proposed 4-storey parking building. The sketch shows the location of parking spaces,
run way, stairs, and elevator.

Figure 4. Third-Floor Bubble Diagram

The figure represents the initial layout for the third-floor plan of the proposed
4-storey parking building. The sketch shows the location of parking spaces, run way,
stairs, and elevator.

Figure 5. Catch Basin Details

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The figure shows the details of the catch basin necessary for the storm
drainage system of the proposed 4-storey parking building.

Figure 6. Elevator Conceptual Design

The figure shows the design and concept of the elevator for the 4-storey
parking building. It shows the design for ground floor, second floor, third floor, and
fourth floor.

Figure 7. Storm Drainage Layout

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The figure shows the layout of the storm drainage system of the proposed 4-
storey parking building. It shows the position of catch basin that collects the rainwater
from the roof slab.

Figure 8. Site Development Plan

The figure shows the location of the site and how it is located in Borongan
City downtown. It is located beside the national highway, Borongan City Plaza,
CDRRMO building, and Borongan City Hall.

Figure 9. Roof Slab Conceptual Diagram

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The figure shows the conceptual design of the roof slab of the proposed 4-
storey parking building. It also depicts the position of the floor drain for the storm
drainage system.

DESIGN
PROCESS

ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURAL PLUMBING ELECTRICAL

LAYOUT LAYOUT LAYOUT LAYOUT

SKELETAL
MODELLING

SRUCTURAL
DESIGN
ANALYSIS

SEISMIC
DESIGN
ANALYSIS

BILL OF
MATERIALS

BILL OF PROJECT
QUANTITES TIMELINE

Figure 10. Flow of the Study

The figure shows the process that will be done during the conduct of the

project. It shows the process from Architectural Layout, Structural Layout, Plumbing

Layout, Electrical Layout, Skeletal Modeling, Structural Design Analysis, Structural

Seismic Analysis, Bill of Materials, Bill of Quantities, and Project Timeline.

Architectural Plans
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SketchUp design begins with the requirements of the project, the

understanding of the layout, scale, and functionality that would be needed in the

building. Site dimensions, zoning requirements, and other existing structures or

environmental factors are analyzed to guide the initial design choices. The base

model in SketchUp usually starts with a site and floor plan, which sets up the spatial

layout. Walls, floors, and ceilings are subsequently generated, and then doors,

windows, and other architectural devices are given to define space as well as

movement within the building. Next materials and texture are added to reveal this

aesthetic being proposed and add depth and reality in the model. Subsequent

components to add to the model would include furniture, fixtures, and landscape

elements in visualization of the full environment. Illuminance and shadow settings are

turned to understand the natural dispersion of light and fine-tune the atmosphere.

And at every step, editing in SketchUp is such an easy process that it promotes

iterative design changes based upon feedback. Finally, presentation-ready rendering,

detailed two-dimensional plans, or interface with other software for highly technical

detailing and documentation lead to a comprehensive and visibly informative

architectural plan.

Structural Layout

This implies that the structural detailing process in AutoCAD needs to start by

making foundational details of column placement, beam locations, load-bearing walls

according to the architectural layout and engineering specifications. AutoCAD

precision tools help create scale drawings of key structural elements that start by

creating a framework, reinforcement bars, and the connection between beams and

columns. All structural details are dimensioned so that they include size, materials,

and alignment to ensure that clearances can be made during the assembly process.

Reinforcement details, including bar sizes, spacing, and bend shapes, are detailed to

ensure rigidity as well as compliance with current building codes. The layering
 23

system of AutoCAD has been exploited to group elements such as foundation details,

floor framing, roof structures, and bracing for easier review or input as needed.

Dimensions, labels, and notes for annotations will be added to each element and

indicate its purpose, material, and installation. These drawings will be finalized and

verified against structural calculations to ensure the safety and engineering

standards of all the details. Finally, arranged and formatted completed drawings as

comprehensive sheets ready for reviews, approvals, and the on-site implementation

as precise and standardized guide for the construction teams.

Skeletal Modelling

This process in FrameCE includes skeletal modeling that begins with defining

the structural framework and understanding the load requirements for the model. The

geometry of the structure is planned to identify the placement of nodes and elements

to represent joints and structural members. The frame elements will be drawn in

FrameCE to make the skeletal model, from which a simplified representation of the

skeleton of the structure will be obtained, capturing only important parts, like beams,

columns, and trusses, that will help in the behavior analysis under loads. Assigning

particular material properties like modulus of elasticity and cross- sectional

dimensions to each member will determine how the model responds to forces applied.

Having established the structure, there are several load cases that can be applied to

a model. Dead and live loads, for example, as well as wind loads, simulate the actual

life situation. Analysis tools such as those of FrameCE allow computation of the

reaction, bending moment, shear force, and deflection for every member for further

evaluation of weak and over-designed areas by the designer. The results of the

analysis are reviewed; member sizes, materials, or layout may be adjusted to

improve the stability and efficiency of this skeletal model. Finally, the optimized

skeletal model is documented with detailed analysis reports in order to have a good,

robust, and well-documented design that can become a basis for further detailing or
 24

construction planning.

Structural Design Analysis

This is a process of structural design by FrameCE, initiated by setting the

structural parameters and understanding the specific conditions under which the

structure will be loaded. The engineer models the structure by entering geometry

information, such as the dimensions of the beam and columns, along with the

respective material properties-for instance, yield strength and elastic modulus-for the

connections. Once the model is set up, a number of load cases are defined to be

dead loads, live loads, environmental loads, and dynamic effects to be considered for

the complete analysis. Loads applied to the model in FrameCE do this in a systemic

simulation of real-life conditions the structure will face. After defining the loads, the

software carries out the linear static or dynamic analysis and computes critical

parameters in regard to the response of the structure, including its internal forces,

moments, shear, and deflection on each structural member. It then checks the

analysis output for possible problems like too much deflection or overstressed

elements. From this appraisal, changes in design can thus be incorporated through

adjustment of member sizes, material change, or improving connections. Lastly, all

outputs including detailed reports and computer graphics, among others such as load

paths, shall be assembled to formalize the process of analysis and ensure that the

design checks out on safety aspects and performance criteria before it moves into

the detailing and construction stage.

Structural Seismic Analysis

The design process of structural seismic analysis using FrameCE begins with

the proper understanding of a structure's seismic requirements based on its location

and applicable building codes. The engineer models the structure, inputting the
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geometry of beams, columns, and connections while defining material properties and

cross-sectional dimensions. After the geometric model, seismic parameters such as

site-specific seismic response spectra, soil characteristics, and importance factors of

the building need to be defined. Several techniques supported by FrameCE allow

one to apply seismic loads, including Equivalent Lateral Force or Response

Spectrum Analysis. The software continues with dynamic analysis after these seismic

loads have been applied. Dynamic analysis is conducted on the performance that the

structure will exhibit upon such forces, computing inter-story drift, base shear, and

member forces under seismic loading conditions. Analysis results will be reviewed to

pinpoint some vulnerabilities, such as insufficiency in lateral stability or excessive

deflection that could compromise the structure during an earthquake. The outcome of

the results would be that design changes will be required in terms of the size of the

members, bracing systems could be added, or using damping mechanisms to

improve performance during seismic action. Proper reports and graphical outputs for

documenting the seismic analysis may include displacement diagrams and charts

showing force distribution to prove that the structure is safe and seismic resistant

before reaching the detailing and construction phases.

Construction Management

The entire construction management process, from inception to conclusion,

involves thorough planning and time and cost calculations. Detailed cost estimation is

the first step, which includes careful computations of labor, supplies, permits,

equipment, and contingencies. By establishing a reasonable budget and directing

strategic choices all along the way, this first phase establishes the project's financial

framework. Preconstruction planning comes next, during which thorough schedules

are created that specify the order of tasks, assign resources, and account for

inclement weather and possible delays. In order to ensure effective progress and a
 26

timely realization of the vision, the process determines the project's overall duration.

Following the timeline and keeping a careful eye on expenses are crucial during

construction. While project milestones operate as checkpoints to evaluate progress

and make any necessary adjustments to the remaining timeframe, real-time cost

tracking detects deviations and enables proactive adjustments. Construction

management affects a project's success by expertly guiding the dynamic interaction

between cost and time, resulting in the desired space being realized within financial

limitations and a predetermined timeline.

Project Duration

The construction of a four-story parking building is structured and follows a

timeline. Project initiation takes about 2 weeks and starts with initial meetings and

planning. This is followed by a site survey and analysis that lasts 3 weeks to assess

the land and environmental factors. In architectural design, it develops the

architectural layout, parking plan, vehicle circulation, entry/exit points, and building

elevations which takes 4 weeks. The structural design phase lasts for 3 weeks to

provide comprehensive plans for the foundation, beams, and columns as ways of

guaranteeing the structural strength of the building. After approval, site preparation

continues over a period of 4 weeks, including clearing and leveling the site.

Foundation work is done in 4 weeks. Then to construct the reinforced concrete

structure for the floor levels, it takes 6 weeks for structural frame construction. Floor

slabs per level over 4 weeks and constructing staircase and elevator shaft within 3

weeks. Utilities installation electrical, plumbing, and fire protection systems take 4

weeks. Interior finishing 5 weeks to complete internal work like painting, signage, and

parking barriers. Exterior work is done over 3 weeks to finalize the outside features,

including lighting and drainage. Final inspection and handover it is the last phase of

the project taking 2 weeks. It ensures that the building finally will comply with the
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regulations and standards as required before it can be formally handed over. Upon

completion of the very detailed project timeline, the estimated time for the project is

about one year or 52 weeks.

Construction Cost

The estimation of the construction cost of the proposed four-storey parking

building would rely on the upper-end cost per square meter, which would range

between ₱18,000 and ₱23,000. To ensure all aspects have a budgeted plan, we

would choose the higher estimate per square meter, which is ₱23,000. Multiplying

that would give us a total approximate construction for one floor with the total area of

square meters as ₱18,286,840. Because the building is supposed to have four

stories, we multiply that figure by four; hence the total rough cost estimate will be

₱73,147,360 for the whole building.

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REFERENCES

Filiatrault, A., & Cherry, S. (2007). Seismic Design of Parking Structures. Journal of
Structural Engineering, 133(9), 1240-1247.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:9(1240)
Fragiadakis, M., & Papadrakakis, M. (2008). Performance‐based optimum seismic
design of reinforced concrete structures. Earthquake Engineering & Structural
Dynamics, 37(6), 825–844. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.786
Leelataviwat, S., Goel, S. C., & Stojadinović, B. (1999). Toward Performance-Based
seismic design of structures. Earthquake Spectra, 15(3), 435–
461. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586052
O’Reilly, G. J., & Calvi, G. M. (2018). Conceptual seismic design in
performance‐based earthquake engineering. Earthquake Engineering &
Structural Dynamics, 48(4), 389-411. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3141
Sy, J. A., Anwar, N., HtutAung, T., & Rayamajhi, D. (2012). Performance Based
Seismic Design State of Practice, 2012 Manila, Philippines. International
Journal of High-Rise Buildings, 1(3), 203–209.
https://doi.org/10.21022/IJHRB.2012.1.3.203
Sejal, P. D., Vasanwala, S. A., & Desai, A. K. (2011). Performance based seismic
design of structure: A review. International Journal of Civil & Structural
Engineering, 1(4), 795-803. www (indianjournals.com)
TORREGOSA, R., SUGITO, M., & NOJIMA, N. (2001). Strong motion simulation for
the Philippines based on seismic hazard assessment. Journal of Natural
Disaster Science, Volume 23, pp35-51. https://www.jsnds.org/jnds/23_1_4.pdf
O’Reilly, G. J., & Calvi, G. M. (2018). Conceptual seismic design in
performance‐based earthquake engineering. Earthquake Engineering &
Structural Dynamics, 48(4), 389-411. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3141
 29

APPENDICES
Appendix A
Codes and References

Appendix B
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33
34
35
36
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APPENDIX B
Computations
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39
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APPENDIX C
Meeting and Consultation

Consultation with the City Engineer of the approval of utilization of the lot
beside Borongan City Hall as a basis of the CE project proposal of 4-storey parking
building at Borongan City, Downtown.
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APPENDIX D
Approval Sheet

Approval letter for the City Engineering Office signed by Engr. Rodito Acol,
Adviser of the researchers and Engr. Lusito R. Afable, City Engineer, approving the
researcher’s request to use the lot beside Borongan City Hall as a basis for their CE
project proposal of 4-storey parking building.