PH-Paper-2024

Introduction
Today, educational quality needs to transform itself at par with the

rapidly changing technological environment. A 2019 report by the International
Society for Technology in Education indicates that technology integration into
curriculum design increases student engagement and learners' outcomes
(International Society for Technology in Education, 2019). An OECD study in
2021 has found that educational systems using technology effectively are much
better at developing critical thinking and problem-solving (OECD, 2021).
Besides, schools with cutting-edge digital tools, a 2022 survey could do much
more in providing personalized learning experiences (Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation 2022). This disparity is evidenced in its uneven transition towards
technology-rich education, much more so in the sciences where resource
constraints still act as a big barrier. A 2020 report shows that more than 60
percent of secondary schools in low and middle-income countries are lacking
adequate science laboratories and modern equipment, which has immensely
hindered practical learning in science (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2020).
This disparity was replicated in a 2021 study in Science Education, in which it
was mentioned that schools with low funding struggle to access necessary
science tools, thus offering less equal opportunities for learning (Science
Education, 2021).
These challenges are very acute in the Philippines, which has had local
researchers and educators move to come up with innovations tailored toward
local solutions. According to a 2022 study published in Education and
Information Technologies, some Filipino educators have been developing open-
source educational resources and low-cost science kits to overcome this
shortage of equipment (Education and Information Technologies, 2022). The
same opinion on the success of these locally developed materials in enhancing
the quality of science education amid financial constraints was expressed (PIDS
2023). Recent studies by Filipino researchers to this day remain the turning
point for addressing such gaps. One of this is a 2019, a study in titled "Low-cost,
Locally Assembled Science Kits in Increasing Student Participation". The
research described low-cost science kits that will facilitate classroom learning
and foster student engagement with more hands-on activities (Reyes, 2019). In a
2021 article for the Asian Journal of Educational Research, it is indicated that the
development of low-cost laboratory equipment derived from local materials
significantly improved students' skills (Santos, 2021). In contrast, a 2022 project
described in the Philippine Education Quarterly, designed modular science
teaching aids that make use of local resources to help students learn abstract
scientific concepts (Mendoza, 2022). That is what continuous innovation in the
development of local educational tools will do for the true adaptation of science
education to resource realities.
Parallel to this trend is the development of an affordable, environmentally

friendly pH indicator. Traditional pH papers are rather expensive and require
materials that may not be readily available in resource-poor settings. The work
reports a low-cost preparation of a pH indicator from Bougainvillea spp. and
Blue Ternate juices. There is an increased interest globally in natural indicators
as substitutes to the synthetic dyes. According to a study natural dyes such as red
cabbage can be used with good results for educational purposes (Ganjanath et al.,
2019). The same has been the case while using Bougainvillea ( Miao et al. 2019)
and Blue Ternate (Wijesinghe et al. 2019). This project is done in tandem with
the global trend for sustainability by making scientific education more
experiential and accessible by localizing the plants at hand.
Methodology
Research Design
In developing localized pH paper using Bougainvillea and Blue Ternate

flowers is designed as an experimental investigation. Which we systematically
manipulates variables such as extraction methods and pigment concentrations to
observe and measure changes in pH sensitivity and accuracy of the pH paper. By
conducting controlled experiments, the research aims to validate the
effectiveness and reliability of these natural extracts as pH indicators, comparing
their performance with that of standard pH papers. This experimental design
facilitates a thorough evaluation of the pH paper’s responsiveness to different pH
levels, aiming to develop a viable, locally sourced alternative for pH testing.
Research Material
The researchers used Bougainvillea flowers, red or magenta in color, and

Blue Ternate flowers, Clitoria ternatea. The petals are grinded using a pestle and
motar with the use of distilled water which additionally can be supported by
ethanol for its efficiency. The pigment solution obtained after the process is
filtered by using a strainer and collected in a beaker. Scissors are needed to have
the bond paper cut into strips, the pigment solution applied and then dried
either in the oven or a rack. The dropper is used to distribute the extract evenly.
Last, the dropping of pH solutions for the pH paper to determine the reaction in
different pHs.
Research Procedure
Bougainvillea and Blue Ternate flowers contain pH-sensitive pigments

called betacyanins. These flowers are used for obtaining natural pH paper.
Distilled water extracts these pigments from the petals without impurities
affecting the sensitivity. Crush the petals in a mortar and pestle and grind, then
extract the pigments with the addition of ethanol if the pigments are known to
dissolve better in alcohol.Filter off solid particles from the mixture and collect a
clear extract in beakers. Dip bond paper strips in the extracts and dry on a drying
rack or in a low-temperature oven. Test with pH solutions on dried strips for
correct color changes by setting up test tubes and racks.
Results and Discussion
Evaluation of Color Changes on the Bougainvella and Blue Ternate Extract

pH Paper
Table 1.
Commercial Bougainvillea Bougainvillea Blue ternate Blue ternate
Samples Paper pH Paper Extract pH Paper Extract
pH
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Assessment on the Presence of Anthocyanin from the Blue ternate Extract
The FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis results

indicate that blue ternate extract displays five spectrum peaks between the
wavelengths of 1044.55cm-1 and 3312.83cm-1.
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Series2
Figure 1. FT-IR Transmittance result from the blue ternate extract.
The FT-IR analysis of the Blue Ternate extract identified several

important functional groups. A peak at 3312.83 cm⁻¹, with a transmittance of
53.49%, is attributed to hydroxyl groups (C-OH), indicating the presence of
alcohols or phenols. Peaks at 1638.57 cm⁻¹ and 1413.03 cm⁻¹, with
transmittances of 74.44% and 89.02%, respectively, correspond to aromatic ring
vibrations, suggesting a high concentration of aromatic compounds in the
extract. Additionally, a peak at 1084.03 cm⁻¹ (transmittance of 84.32%) is
associated with ester groups (C-O), and a peak at 1044.55 cm⁻¹ (transmittance
of 74.75%) indicates C-O stretching vibrations. These results reveal a diverse
chemical composition with prominent aromatic, hydroxyl, and ester
functionalities, which could impact the extract's properties and uses. The
detailed results are summarized in Table 2 below.
Table 2. Prominent peaks observed in the FT-IR transmittance results.
Peak Number Wave number Percent Functional

(cm-1) Transmittance Group
(%T)
1 3312.83 53.49 Hydroxyl (C-
2 1638.57 74.44 OH)
3 1413.03 89.02 Aromatic
4 1084.03 84.32 Aromatic
5 1044.55 74.75 Ester
C-O

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Introduction

Today, educational quality needs to transform itself at par with the

Parallel to this trend is the development of an affordable, environmentally

In developing localized pH paper using Bougainvillea and Blue Ternate

The researchers used Bougainvillea flowers, red or magenta in color, and

Bougainvillea and Blue Ternate flowers contain pH-sensitive pigments

Evaluation of Color Changes on the Bougainvella and Blue Ternate Extract

The FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis results

Figure 1. FT-IR Transmittance result from the blue ternate extract.

The FT-IR analysis of the Blue Ternate extract identified several

Table 2. Prominent peaks observed in the FT-IR transmittance results.

Peak Number Wave number Percent Functional

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