Bhalani 3.

0 ANATOMY
Skull - Contents of Canals and foramens of skull, Nerves
1. Head Neck Face associated with Mandible.
Scalp, Temple, face Structures in the neck
1.Scalp Layers, Blood Supply, nerve supply 1.Thyroid Gland*** blood supply VV imp.
Clinical importance **** 2.Hypoglossal nerve*
2. Bell’s palsy* 3. Cervical lymph nodes*
3. Dangerous area of face* 4. Right & Left Subclavian artery**
4. Orbicularis oculi & its antagonist
5. Lacrimal Apparatus
Cranial Cavity
6.Venous drainage of face 1. Cavernous sinus***
2. Straight sinus*
Side of Neck 3. Falx cerebri
1. Deep cervical fascia** 4. Enumerate dural venous sinuses
2. Posterior Triangle of neck
3. Sternocleidomastoid - Nerve supply,actions Contents of the orbit
Anterior Triangles of Neck 1. Extra-ocular muscles***
2. Ciliary ganglion
1. Carotid Triangle & Carotid sheath***
3. Oculomotor nerve**
2. Digastric triangle** 4. Muscles of eyeball and their actions.
3. Branches of External carotid artery*
4. Anastomosis between internal & external Mouth & Pharynx
carotid* 1.Palatine tonsil
5.Ansa cervicalis* 6. Branches of Subclavian artery. 2.Muscles of pharynx
3. structures passing between longitufinal muscles of Pharynx
Back of the neck Nose,Paranasal Sinuses
1.Suboccipital triangle 1. Nasal septum***
2. Lateral wall of nose***
Parotid Gland**** 3. Maxillary air sinus
1.External features 4. Sphenoidal air sinus
2. Relations Larynx
3. Histology
-Cartilages
4. Nerve supply
-Muscles & their actions* safety muscle
5. Lymph drainage
-Applied
6. Applied
-Movements of Vocal cords**

Temporal & Infratemporal region Tongue**

1. Temporomandibular joint*** -Muscles,nerve supply, development,
2. Muscles of mastication* histology, applied Safety muscle of tongue
3. Otic ganglion* Parts of tongue and their demarcations.
4. Pterygoid muscles* 5. Infra temporal fossa Borders Ear
1. Middle ear**
Submandibular region -boundaries, contents, applied
1. Submandibular salivary gland
-Applied* Eyeball
-Histology -Layers of retina*
-Development ©RAJ BHOSLE -development of retina
2. Neuroanatomy
Spinal Cord Fourth ventricle**
1. T.S at cervical level*
-floor - Draw & label, decribe
2. Brown sequard syndrome*
3. Pyramidal tracts
4. Dorsal column pathway Third ventricle - Recesses.
Fornix of brain Hippocampal circuit
Cranial Nerves Anterior horn of lateral ventricle
1.Mesencephalic nucleus of Trigeminal N.**
2. Glossopharyngeal Nerve* Central and Posterior Horn of Lateral Ventrcile.
3. Facial Nerve** Geniculate ganglion
Cerebrum,Diencephalon,Basal nuclei &
Brainstem white matter
1. T.S of Medulla 1.Corpus callosum***
-Pyramidal decussation*** 2.Superolateral surface of cerebrum***
-Sensory decussation* -Sulci & gyri -functional areas
-mid olivary nucleus* -blood supply -applied anatomy
2. T.S of Midbrain 3.Classify white matter of cerebrum with
-Superior colliculus examples & describe Internal capsule** Blood
4.Corpus striatum suppy.
-Inferior colliculus
3.Facial colliculus* Formation and Diagram. -Components,connections,functions
4.Medial medullary syndrome** 5. Basal Ganglia.
5. T.S of Pons - facial colliculus level**
6. Describe Midbrain -gross anat,blood supply Olivary group of nuclei*
7.Describe Pons - gross,internal structure, Visual pathway
applied
BDC Midbrain anatomy (for prelims only) Auditory pathway
Cerebellum
1.Inferior cerebellar peduncle*** Blood supply of Brain & Spinal Cord
2. Describe cerebellum 1.Circle of Willis***
-Lobes 2. Blood supply of Different surfaces of Cerebrum.
-Connections -Deep Cerebellar nuclei. 3. Striate batches of Circle of willis.
-Histology**
-Blood supply

Muscles inserted on intertubercular groove of Humerus.

3. Upper Limb
Pectoral region The Axilla
1.Clavipectoral fascia** 1. Axillary group of lymph nodes*
2.Mammary gland **** 2. Axillary artery* Course and Branches.
-Blood supply,lymphatic drainage 3. Typical intercostal space * Names and No.
-Applied anatomy 4. Brachial plexus*
3.Serratus anterior* 5. Erb’s Palsy & Erb’s Point**
6. Klumpke’s Palsy*
Scapular region Joints of upper limb
1.Quandrangular space * 1.Sternoclavicular Joint
2.Triangular space 2.Pronation & supination**
3.Deltoid muscle* 3.Shoulder Joint****
4.Rotator cuff of shoulder joint** -Movements -relations -stabilizers
-classification -blood supply
The Forearm & Hand -applied
1.Carpal tunnel syndrome** 4.Elbow joint
2.Ulnar Nerve*
3.Superficial palmar arch Spaces of HAND
4.Claw hand* -Mid palmar space
5.Anatomical snuff box* -Clinical anatomy of Radial Nerve
6.Flexor retinaculum -Over head abduction muscles of shoulder
-Frozen shoulder**
--Position of structures in Cubital Fossa.
The Arm -Chief muscles of Arm flexion.
1.Cubital fossa*** -Flexor muscle nerve supply of Forearm.
2.Biceps brachii*
3.Radial Nerve** Formation,Branches and Muscles supplied*****
4.Musculocutaneous Nerve*
5.Wrist drop** ©RAJ BHOSLE
6.Median Nerve* Distribution of Median nerve on Palm and fingers.

4.Thorax
Development of Ventricular septum and Atrial wall
Diaphragm - openings**
Walls of thorax Pericardium and Heart
1. Coronary sinus** Sinuses of pericardium
1.Azygous vein** 2. Left coronary artery**
2.Typical intercostal nerve* 3. Atrial septal defect*
Typical ribs and Atypical ribs.
Intercostal muscles an Neurovascular bundles. 4. Interior of right atrium,development*
The lungs (Position) 5.Arterial & venous drainage of heart **
1.Bronchopulmonary segments*** 6. Coronary blood circulation
7. Right ventricle***
2. Root of Right & Left lung* Superior vena cava*
3. Right lung -Mediastinal relations
-formation,tributaries
BPS,histology
Arch of aorta****
Mediastinum Thoracic duct ***
1.Define mediastinum,classify* Thoracic part of oesophagus
2.Posterior & anterior mediastinum* Thoracic part of trachea
3.Superior mediastinum*
4.Development of arch of aorta*
Structures supplied by phrenic nerve
5. LOWER LIMB
Front of Thigh Back of leg
1.Femoral Triangle 1.Popliteus muscle****
-femoral sheath*** 2. Soleus muscle*
-femoral canal** 3. Gastrocnemius muscle**
-femoral hernia* 4.Tibialis posterior*
2. Femoral artery*
3. Sartorius** Venous Drainage
4. Adductor/Hunter/subsartorial canal*** 1.Varicose veins**
5. Femoral nerve 2.Long saphenous vein***
6. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes* 3.Great saphenous vein*
4.Venous drainage of lower limb**
Medial side of Thigh
1.Obturator nerve* Joints of Lower Limb
1.Inversion & eversion of foot***
2.Adductor magnus*
2.Knee Joint **
3.Housemaid’s knee*
Gluteal region 4.Hip Joint *
1.Gluteus medius & Gluteus Minimus applied anatomy 5.Intra articular surface of knee joint
2.Structures under cover of gluteus maximus* 6.Ankle joint
3.Trendelenberg test*
4. Structures passing through great and lesser sciatic foramen.
5. Gluteus Maximus - attachments Nerve supply Action.
Popliteal Fossa*** Arches of Foot***
1.Medial Longitudinal arch Summit
-boundaries,contents,applied -Factors maintaining*
-popliteal artery** 2.Lateral Longitudinal arch
-common peroneal nerve Muscle tendons and Supports.
-foot drop*
Positons of NVA at different aspects of Popliteal fossa.

Back of thigh
1.Sciatic nerve****
2.Flexor of Knee joint*
3.Hamstring muscles

Front,lateral & medial sides of leg & Dorsum of Foot

1.Dorsalis pedis artery* Plantar arch
2.Deep peroneal nerve

Single * : The question appeared at least once in the past few years
6.Abdomen & PELVIS
Sacral canal Extrahepatic Biliary Apparatus
-Gross,Histology,applied*
Anterior abdominal wall -Gall Bladder*
Common Bile duct.
1.Rectus sheath**
2.Inguinal Canal** Mechanisms of Protection. Spleen,Pancreas & Liver
3.Inguinal Hernia Direct*** 1.Spleen -gross,histology,functions*
4.Contents of spermatic cord* 2.Liver -Ligaments,blood supply*
5.Structures passing through Deep & 3.Head of pancreas -development***
superficial inguinal ring* 4.Pancreas (full)
6.Clinical importance of umbilicus* 5. Bare area of Liver (places devoid of peritoneum)
7.Caput medusae*
8.Transpyloric plane Development of kidneys. Kidney -**relations,congenital anomalies
Ureters Ureters Relations at different levels
Male genital organ and constrictions**
1.Blood testis barrier*
2.Testis***
Suprarenal gland**-
histology,development,blood supply,applied
-Gross -histology -developement
-descent -applied
Diaphragm* -attachment,openings,blood
Abdominal cavity & peritoneum & nerve supply,applied
1.Lesser omentum*** Structures passing through
2.Lesser sac Mysentry of Small Intestine.
Posterior Abdominal Wall
3.Epiploic foramen*
4. Greater omentum, Pouch of douglas, 1.Quadratus Lumborum*
2.Inferior vena cava -**tributaries &
Abdominal part of Oesophagus & development
3. Abdominal aorta and branches.
stomach
1. Stomach bed*** The Perineum Boundaries of perineum.
2. Stomach -****Blood supply, histology, 1.Superficial Perineal pouch*
lymphatic,development, 2.Ischiorectal fossa***
Applied,relations 3.Pudendal/Alcock’s canal*
4.Perineal body*
5. 10 muscles of Perineum
The Intestine
1.Mcburney’s point* Urinary Bladder & Urethra
2.Appendix*** 1.Urinary Bladder -**Relations,interior
3.Meckel’s diverticulum* Arterial,venous supply,ligaments
4.Root of mesentry 2.Female urethra*
5.2nd part of duodenum*** 3.Male urethra*
6. Duodenum entire
Large Blood vessels of Gut
1.Porto caval anastomosis** Celiac trunk
Male reproductive Organ
2.porto-systemic anastomosis* Sup. Mesentric 1.Prostate Gland
3.Portal vein -describe,tributaries 2.Vas deferens
Female reproductive Organ Walls of pelvis
1.Tubectomy 1.Pelvic diaphragm
2.Uterus -***supports,development & 2.Internal iliac artery Branches
Congenital anomalies,histology angles of uterus 3.Hysterosalpingography
3.Ovary -***relations,blood supply,
Histology,development
4.Anatomical basis of contraception*
5.Uterine tube -gross,development*

Anal canal & Rectum Histology:

All 57 MUHS slides are equally
1.Anal canal -***gross,interior,development important.
Applied,blood supply Preference order system wise

7. GENERAL ANATOMY
1.GIT
Skeleton Genetics 2. Respiratory
3. General Histology (glands*)
1. Blood supply of long bone* 1.Barr body* 4. Endocrine
2. Karyotyping*** 5. Skin
2. Sesamoid bone 3. Kleinfelter syndrome* 6. Urinary system
3. Epiphysis** 4. Turner syndrome
7.Reproductive system
8. CNS
4. Connective tissue Fascia modifications****
5. Lyon’s Hypothesis 9. Retina Cornea and Tongue.
Joints 6.X linked recessive - pedigree characteristics
1.Types of cartilagenous joints** EMBRYOLOGY- -Vitello-intestinal Duct
-Pharyngeal arch arteries. -Rotation of Gut
2.Pivot joint -Placenta developement
-week of 2
-Fate and Derivatives of
-Yolk Sac
3.Synovial joints -Neural crest cell derivatives.
-Notocord
4.Symphysis -Mesonephric Duct
-Primitive Streak
5.Sutures* -Phases of Fertilisation
-Neural Tube Defects

Note :You can follow the old bhalani for embryology & histology imp topics.

Multiple * : The question was asked quite frequently in the past years

This pdf also contains questions/imp topics from other university

papers. (The ones which don’t have *)

This pdf contains most of the MUHS previous year questions and is
made with reference from Unique’s Companion.
 Physiology
1. General Physiology
1.Define homeostasis.**
2.Negative & positive feedback mechanism
-compare
3.Various transport mechanism across cell membrane*
4.Osmosis
5.Active transport*
6.Facilitated diffusion*
7.Na-K Pump -importance
8.Resting membrane potential -ionic basis of RMP

2.NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

Action potential of Nerve Molecular basis of Skeletal
1.Draw & label nerve action potential muscle contraction
-ionic basis,genesis,phases of AP* -sliding filament theory**
2.Well labelled diagram of neuron
-rigor mortis

Propagation of Impulse Skeletal muscle

1.Saltatory conduction* 1. Compare and contract
2.Properties of nerve fibres* -red & white muscle fibre
3.Factors affecting nerve conduction velocity* -isotonic & isometric contraction*
4.Classification of nerve fibres 2.Motor unit*
3.Refractory period
Neuromuscular transmission 4.Factors regulating force of
1. Draw & label NMJ,describe various events skeletal muscle contraction*
at NMJ -clinical importance*** 5. Frank sterling's law
2.Myasthenia gravis -cause,treatment* 6. tetanisation of skeletal muscle
3.End plate potential -genesis 7. energy sources of skeletal muscle
during exercise.

Excitation Contraction coupling

1.Sarcomere**
2.Note on excitation contraction coupling
-role of Calcium ions *
3.Sarcotubular system in skeletal muscle
3. Blood & its constituents
Albumin***
Plasma proteins -functions
RBC & Erythropoiesis Blood coagulation
1.Describe erythropoiesis** 1. Mechanism of blood coagulation***
-Factors regulating 2.Role of platelets in coagulation
-Stages 3.Purpura & its causes
2.Erythropoietin 4.Define hemostasis
-mechanism of any 1 common anti-
Anaemia & Polycythemia coagulant used in clinical practice*
1.Classify types of anaemia*
-describe iron deficiency anaemia Blood groups
2.Megaloblastic anaemia -treatment 1.Landsteiner’s Law*
3.Nutritional anaemia 2.Mismatched blood transfusion**
3.Erythroblastosis foetalis*
White blood cells 4.Rhesus factor
1.Morphology,classification & functions 5.Various blood grouping systems
Of WBCs.
2.Leucopoiesis -note
3.Life cycle of WBCs

Immunity & Allergy

1.Define & classify immunity**
-role of different T cells
2.CD4 Cells
3.Enumerate function of T lymphocytes, *relevance of HIV infection to T
lymphocyte function
4.Primary & secondary immune respone *—role in vaccination
5.Humoral immunity*
4. CVS
Properties of cardiac muscle* Short term regulation of
-enumerate* arterial blood pressure
-why heart muscle cannot be tetanised 1.Define bp -factors determining**
-ionic basis of autorhythmicity in SA node 2.Bainbridge Reflex
3.Baroreceptor mechanism**
Conduction of cardiac impulse 4.CNS ishaemic response*
1.Role of AV Node & Purkinje fibres 5.Mean bp -various short term
2.Origin & spread of cardiac impulse mechanisms regulating bp.**
3.Heart block -types,explain AV Nodal block**

Normal Electrocardiogram** Long term regulation of

1.Draw & label various waves in ECG lead II* arterial blood pressure
2.Describe normal ecg,how its recorded.** 1.Renin-angiotensin mechanism*
3.Classify & describe leads used in ECG 2.Role of JGA in regulation of bp*
4.Significance of P-R interval 3.Explain long term regulation**
5. Law= Lead 2 = Lead 1 + Lead 3.
Cardiac cycle*** Coronary circulation
1.Describe Phases of cardiac cycle* -peculiarities/features**
-Pressure & volume changes occuring during -factors regulating
cardiac cycle -applied physiology
2.Ejection fraction* 1. Angina pectoris*
3.Note on Heart sounds* 2. Myocardial infarction -
4. Frank sterling's law. *enumerate ecg changes in
Cardiac output & venous return infarction
1.Define cardiac output,factors affecting** 3. Cardiorespiratory changes
-method for measurement in man(Fick principle) during exercise *
2.Factors controlling venous return*
3.Factors affecting stroke volume *
4.Define -cardiac index Circulatory shock
1.Define & Classify *
shock,physiological basis of
Hemodynamics treatment
1.Poiseuille’s law -significance 2.Stages of shock
2.Peripheral resistance 3.Describe hypovolemic shock**
5.Respiratory system
Mechanics of breathing Carbon dioxide transport***
1. Lung compliance -factors affecting* 1.Describe CO2 transport
2. Surfactant - functions & applied RDS* 2.Haldane effect
3. Dead space -method of measuring it
4. Describe mechanics of respiration Chemical regulation of respiration
5. Explain work of breathing** 1.Peripheral chemoreceptors*
6. Muscles of respiration 2.Tubuloglomerular feedback
7. Note on obstructive lung disease* 3.Respiratory acidosis & alkalosis*
Lung pressures.
4.Describe chemical regulation**
Lung volume and capacities 5.Note on Kussmaul breathing*
1. Describe various lung volumes &
capacities
2. Functional residual capacity Neural regulation of respiration
-describe**
Pulmonary ventilation * 1.Herring breuer reflex
Note on positive pressure breathing 2.Ondine’s curse
3.Periodic breathing*
Pulmonary circulation 4. cheyne strokes Breathings
Ventilation perfusion ratio*
Respiration in unusual environment
Diffusion of gases 1.What is acclimatization*
1. Describe various layers of respiratory 2.Cardiorespiratory changes due to
membrane- factors affecting gaseous acclimatization at high altitudes*
exchange** 3.Acute mountain sickness
Diffusing Capacity of Lung.
Oxygen transport *** Cyanosis
1. Oxygen haemoglobin curve Dyspnea
-role of 2,3-BPG Asphyxia
-p50 value & right/left shift
2. Note on Bohr effect
3.Def ine & classify hypoxia
4.Describe oxygen debt
5.Explain method of Oxygen transport

6.Exercise Physiology
1.Cardiorespiratory changes during moderate
exercise**
2.VO2 Max*
7.Renal Physiology
Functional anatomy of kidney Role of JGA in regulation of blood
1.Juxta glomerular apparatus -functions pressure*
-well labelled diagram***
Role of kidney in regulation of pH
Renal Flow Of body fluids
1.Define GFR -dynamics,factors***
Affecting,methods of measuring GFR
Blood buffers
2.Tubuloglomerular feedback &
Glomerulo-tubular balance Micturition
-Innervation of urinary bladder
Tubular function -micturition relfex***
1.PCT* -abnormalities
2.Transport maximum.* -cystometrography
3.Mechanism of glucose reabsorption -atonic bladder
In renal tubules**
4.Inulin clearance Calculations of Clearance.
5.Urea clearance
6.Functions of DCT*

Urine formation
1.Counter current mechanism** ADH activity in kidney and Diabetes Insupidus.
2.Describe in detail handling of water
And sodium by kidney
3.Milieu interior, role of kidney in
Maintaining osmolarity of body fluid

8. GIT
Salivary glands & secretion Exocrine pancreas
1.Functions & composition of saliva* 1. Functionas,composition &
2.Regulation of saliva secretion* Regulation of pancreatic juice*
2.Note on CCK-PZ
Gastric secretions
1.Mechanism of HCL secretion**** Functions of Liver
2.Functions of HCL 1.Function & composition of bile salts*
3.Peptic ulcer -etiology & treatment** 2.Regulation of biliary secretion
4.Various gastrointestinal hormones* 3.Emptying of gall bladder
5.Compostion of gastric secretion &
4.Various functions of liver
Regulation* 5. Enterohepatic circulation
 GI motility
1.Deglutition-define,stages*
2.Movements of small intestine* Mass Migrating Motor Complexes MMCs.
3.Movements of large intestine*
4.Defecation reflex**
GI Hormones - Gastrin, secretin, CCK, VIP.
5.Gastric emptying ENS system
6.Regulation of GI Motility*
7.Deglutition reflex*
8.Peristaltic rush
9.Achalasia cardia*

9.Endocrine system
Anterior pituitary & hypothalamus Adrenal cortex
1.Growth hormone -mechanism of 1.Enumerate hormones of adrenal
Action,regulation,applied*** cortex.
2.Dwarfism ,Gigantism,acromegaly* 2.Aldosterone -functions,regulation
3.Enumerate hormones of Anterior pituitary* 3.Cushing’s syndrome*
4.Physiological actions of
Posterior pituitary glucocorticoids*
1.ADH -role,factors stimulating secretion,
Regulation* Endocrine pancreas
2. Physiological basis of diabetes insipidus*
1.Difference between diabetes
3. Functions of oxytocin
mellitus & insipidus**
2.Insulin functions
Thyroid gland 3.Physiological basis of polyuria in
1.Thyroid hormone -synthesis,regulation diabetes
-Functions of thyroid hormone*** 4. Insulin and Glucagon, Secretion,
2.Cretinism* Mechanism of action, Effects and regulation.
3.Hyperthyroidism note*
4.Physiological basis of anti thyroid drugs G protein coupled receptors
5.Differences between pituitary & thyroid 2nd Messengers like cAMP, IP3 etc
Dwarf

Calcium homeostasis
1.Function & regulation of parathyroid hormone*
2.What is Tetany? Name & explain signs of tetany
-treatment**
3.Describe regulation of calcium level in body.**
4.Note on osteoporosis
5.Note on rickets
10.Reproductive system
Testosterone Describe functions of placenta
1.Spermatogenesis -stages,factors -enumerate hormones secreted by
Regulating (hormonal)*** placenta
2.Actions of testosterone Physiology of lactation
Female physiology before Pregnancy Parturition,role of oxytocin.
1.Define ovulation,mechanism,indicators*
2.Contraception methods**
-oral contraceptives (action)
3.Define menstrual cycle,various phases
with hormonal regulation**
4.Cyclic changes in uterus during
reproductive life

11.Central nervous system

Synapse Pain & Temperature

1.Properties of synapse* 1. Compare Fast & slow pain*
2.Presynaptic inhibition -advantage* 2.Transmission of pain through*
3.Synaptic transmission neospinothalamic Pathway
4.Occlusion & subliminal fringe 3.Descending pain inhibiting system
4.Different types of pain,Referred pain-
Sensory receptors examples,***
1.Enumerate different types of 5.Basis of Phantom limb*
Sensory receptors,* 6.Analgesia system of brain*
2.Properties of receptors* 7.Thalamic syndrome
Pyramidal tract
Somato-sensory pathways -Origin,course,termination,applied**
1.Enumerate various ascending tracts* -Note on Upper motor neuron lesion
2.Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway -Differentiate between UMN & LMN
-origin,course,termination,applied** lesion*
3.Functions of Tract of Gall & Burdach

Muscle spindle* Motor reflexes

-Draw & label,functions of Muscle spindle 1.Draw & label reflex arc of stretch
1. Define Stretch reflex & role in reflex
maintaining muscle tone* 2.Classify reflexes
Regulation of tone & posture EEG
Define tone of muscle.* -Write a note on EEG
-spinal & supraspinal mechanism of -waves in EEG*
Regulation of tone.*
-decerabrate rigidity Sleep
-REM & NREM Sleep*
Cerebellum*
-Functions & connections Learning & memory
-cerebellar ataxia 1.Wernicke’s area
2.Define aphasia*, difference between
Basal ganglia* sensory & motor aphasia*
-Functions & connections 3.Alzhimer’s disease
-Note on Parkinson’s disease 4.Define & classify memory,mechanisms
of memory*
Hypothalamus*
-functions

12.Special senses
Taste & smell Eye
1.Taste bud 1.Accomodation -reflex pathway***
2.Pathway of taste sensation* 2.Note on presbyopia
3.Neural pathway for smell sensation* 3.Errors of refraction*
Hearing -myopia,astigmatism
1.Describe structure of Organ of corti** 4.Argyl robertson pupil & its basis
2.Functions of middle ear**
3.Causes of conductive deafness -tests Retina
for it* 1.Dark adaptation**-curve,significance
4.Attenuation & significance* 2.Photochemistry of vision*
5.Mechanism of hearing ,note on pitch 3.Color vision*
Discrimination, impedance matching 4.Theories of color vision & color
mechanism** blindness

13.Body temperature regulation

1.Role of hypothalamus in temp
7.Induced hypothermia -note
regulation***
2.Shell temperature & core temperature*
3.Heat loss mechanism*
4.Heat stroke -treatment ,pyrexia*
5.Body response to cold temperature**
6.Different thermoreceptors
 Biochemistry
Amino acids & proteins Carbohydrate metabolism
1.Biologically important peptides** 1.HMP Shunt & its significance
2.Different structures of protein -regulation ,why its called
-Secondary & tertiary** multifunctional ?****
3.Conjugation* 2.Glycogenesis & Glycogenolysis*
4.Important aminotransferases -regulation
5.Isoelectric pH 3.Glycogen storage diseases**
6.Functional & nutritional classification 4.Glycolytic pathway in RBCs*
Of proteins* 5.TCA Cycle & its energetics
6.Gluconeogenesis *
7.Rapaport Leubering cycle**
Enzymes -siginificance
1.Diagnostic enzymes in cardiac 8.Cori’s cycle -importance
Diseases**
2.Isoenzymes -diagnostic importance***
-with suitable examples
Lipid metabolism
3.Coenzyme 1.Beta oxidation of fatty acid**
4.Enzyme inhibition* -energetics
-Competitive & Non competitive 2.Enumerate ketone bodies*
5.Define activation energy* -formation & fate
-Formation of ES Complex with diagram -Note on ketosis*
6.Classification of enzymes* 3.de novo synthesis of FAs*
4.Fatty liver**
5.Lipotropic factors*
Carbohydrates
1.Glycosaminoglycans & significance**** Cholesterol & Lipoproteins
2.Biomedical importance of 1.Biosynthesis & regulation of
-Cholesterol & Hyaluronic acid cholesterol.***
3.Reducing property of monosaccharide -state important functions
2.LDL & HDL
-role in atherosclerosis*
Lipids 3.Formation & transport of
1.Classification of phospholipids chylomicrons *
-with examples***
2.Lipoproteins* Polyunsaturated fatty acids
3.Biologically important steroids -Important functions
4.Name essential fatty acids -enzyme deficient in & clinical
-why are they called essential? manifestations of Niemann-Pick’s
disease
Amino acid metabolism Plasma Proteins
1.Formation & fate of ammonia(Urea cycle)** 1.Immunoglobulins -types, diagram
2.Transamination & transmethylation** & features. Explain any one in
Reactions in brief detail **
3.Disorders of urea cycle 2.Functions of plasma proteins*
4.Deamination
5.Metabolism of glycine*** Acid Base balance
6.Formation of creatine 1.Metabolic acidosis & alkalosis***
7.Metabolism of Phenylalanine** 2.Buffer systems**
8.Metabolism of Tyrosine** 3.Role of kidney in maintaining acid-
9. Note on Alkaptonuria & Phenylketonuria** base balance*
4.Regulation of acid base balance*

Biological Oxidation & ETC Water & Electrolyte balance

1.Oxidative phosphorylation*
1.Note on dehydration**
-note on thermogenin
-Primary & Secondary dehyd.
2.Uncouplers **
2.Water balance & regulation*
3.ETC -describe,functions,inhibitors***
4.Formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate
5.Malate aspartate shuttle*
Free radicals & antioxidants
6.Substrate level phosphorylation* 1.Antioxidant vitamins & enzymes*
2.Antioxidants*
3.Name & explain free radicals
Heme metabolism
1.Heme synthesis & regulation*** Detoxification
-note on acute intermittent porphyria 1.What are xenobiotics***
2.Degradation of heme* -how are they detoxified?(phases
3.Hemolytic Jaundice of detoxification)
4.Hemoglobinopathies*
5.Biochemical basis of Sickle cell anaemia Vitamins
6.Formation & fate of bilirubin* 1.Vit A **-
7.Methaemoglobin sources,functions,deficiency
-Wald’s Visual cycle
Liver Function Tests 2.Vit D **
1.Role of various enzymes in LFT** -Sources,RDA,chemistry,functions,
2.Test based on detoxification* deficiency
-excretory function* 3.Enumerate B-complex vitamins
-study all b-complex vitamins
4.Vitamin C ** Vit. B12, Vit B complex
Kidney Function Tests deficiency disorders
1.Urea clearance test*
Digestion & absorption
2.Creatinine clearance test* -Lactose intolerance
Mineral metabolism Mutation & Inheritance
1.Iron -dietary sources,role,absorption** 1.Genetic code - features***
Disease manifestation,iron homeostasis 2.Lac Operon*
2.Calcium -sources,functions, RDA 3.Point mutations
Disease manifestation .***
-factors influencing Ca absorption
3.Zinc * Copper excess and deficiency disorders.
RDNA technology (Only
4. Copper -Cu containing enzymes (name)* BAQs & SAQ)
5.Functions of phosphorus 1.Application of recombinant
6.Regulation of serum calcium levels** DNA technology **
7. Deficiency and disorder of zinc. 2.What is RDNA technology?

Energy metabolism & Nutrition

1.Protein energy malnutrition*** Hormones
-Kwashiorkar & Marasmus 1.Secondary messengers**
2.Uses of dietary fibres * -note on cyclic AMP
3. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) ** 2.Hormonal regulation of blood
glucose *
3.Mechanism of action of
Nucleotide metabolism steroid hormones
1.Salvage pathway of Purine synthesis** 4.Mechanism of Hydrophilic
2.Catabolism of purine* hormones
3.Biologically important nucleotides ** 5.Mechanism of Group II
4.Hyperuricemia hormones
5.Primary & secondary gout**
Cancer
DNA 1.Tumour markers -enumerate**
1.Process of DNA replication** 2.Proto oncogenes & oncogenes*
-inhibitors of replication 3,Chemical carcinogens*
2.Chargaff’s rule* 4. P53 Gene - Oncosuppression.

Special techniques
Transcription & translation 1.Electrophoresis**
1.Different types of RNA -enumerate* 2.Chromatography -types*
2.Structure of tRNA -diagram & functions 3.Principle & use of Flame*
3.Protein biosynthesis in prokaryotes* photometer 3. ELISA and Colorimetry
-regulation & inhibitors Eukaryotes. 4. PCR******
4.What is ribosome, role in translation* Starvation***
-Antibiotics which act on ribosome
Radioactive isotopes*
5.Reverse transcription -short note
-diagnostic & therapeutic use