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Pharmacy Technician 2nd Year Supplementary 2023 PAPER – B

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Pharmacy Technician 2nd Year Supplementary 2023
PAPER – B
PHARMACOLOGY
1. Draw a diagram of pharmacokinetics?
Answer: Absorption
Absorption is transfer of a drug from its site of administration to the

bloodstream. The rate And efficiency of absorption depend on the route of


administration.
Distribution: Describes the journey of the drug through the bloodstream to
various tissues of the body.
Metabolism: Describes the process that breaks down the drug.
Excretion: Describes the removal of the drug from the body.
2. Write a note on parenteral routes?
Answer:
Parenteral routes refer to the administration of drugs or fluids directly into
the body through injection, rather than through the digestive system (as with

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oral medication). This allows the drug to bypass the digestive system and be
absorbed more quickly and efficiently.
Common parenteral routes include:
- Intravenous (IV): into a vein
- Intramuscular (IM): into a muscle
- Subcutaneous (SC): under the skin
- Intradermal (ID): into the skin
- Intrathecal (IT): into the spinal canal
- Epidural (ED): into the epidural space outside the spinal sac
Parenteral routes are used when:
- Rapid absorption is necessary
- Oral administration is not effective
- Patients have difficulty swallowing or absorbing oral medication
- High concentrations of the drug are needed
- Localized treatment is required (e.g., pain relief in a specific area)
3. Explain Transport of drugs from GIT?
Answer:
The transport of drugs from the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) involves several
processes that facilitate the absorption of drugs into the bloodstream. Here’s
a step-by-step explanation:
1. Ingestion: The drug is taken orally and enters the stomach.
2. Dissolution: The drug dissolves in the stomach and intestinal fluids.
3. Ionization: The drug may ionize, depending on its pH sensitivity, which
affects its absorption.
4. Diffusion: The drug diffuses through the gastrointestinal membrane into
the intestinal epithelial cells.

5. Absorption: The drug is absorbed into the bloodstream through various


transport mechanisms:
- Passive diffusion
- Active transport
- Facilitated diffusion
- Endocytosis
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5. Efflux: Some drugs may be pumped back into the intestinal lumen by efflux
transporters (e.g., P-glycoprotein).
6. First-pass metabolism: The absorbed drug may undergo metabolism in the
intestinal wall or liver before reaching the systemic circulation.
7. Systemic circulation: The absorbed drug enters the bloodstream and is
distributed throughout the body.
Factors influencing drug transport from the GIT include:
- pH
- Solubility
- Permeability
- Drug interactions
- Food effects
- Gut motility
- Enzyme activity

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
3. Define communication and what are importance of communication?
Answer:
Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, or
messages between individuals, groups, or organizations through a common
system of symbols, signs, or behavior. It involves the transmission, reception,
and interpretation of information, and can take many forms, such as verbal
(spoken or written), nonverbal (body language, facial expressions), or visual
(images, videos).
The importance of communication lies in its ability to:
1. Convey meaning and understanding
2. Build relationships and trust
3. Facilitate collaboration and teamwork
4. Resolve conflicts and issues
5. Share knowledge and ideas
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6. Provide feedback and guidance
7. Enhance productivity and efficiency
8. Promote learning and growth
9. Foster a positive work culture
10. Facilitate effective decision-making.

5. Write a Note on Hereditary cultural and environment influence?

Answer

Hereditary Cultural Influences On Behavior:-

Culture make us different from animals in a way that our dressing,Eating and way
of living is different and much better then animals Which increases the complexity
of human behavior due to the

Influence of these cultural aspects.

E.g. The behavior according to way of living,Culture of marriage in our society


influences the human behavior in the following ways.

1. Restriction of free sexual relation like animals


2. Economic stability (earning, job etc)

Family relation and system originates

Environmental Influences

These are the factors or influencing stimuli that affect the human and surround
them.

Physical Environment

Physical environment is used those environmental factors that can be seen and
visualized.

Malnutrition

Makes people rude and psychol ogy disturbs.

Noise

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Creates anxiety and anger leading to quarreling.

Drugs (Narcotics)

Drugs especially narcotics effect temporarily and permanently leading to bad


social relations.

TV

Television and commercials can change the basic thoughts and views of any
person.

6. Write a Note Mental health and applied psychology?

Answer

Mental Health: Mental health is a state of well-being in which the individual


realizes his Or her own abilities, can survive with the normal stresses of life, can
Work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to His or her
community”.

Applied Psychology: Applied psychology is the use of psychological principles and


theories to overcome problems In real life situations. Many areas of our lives and
society have been influenced and changed By the often-unnoticed application of
psychological principles.

LAW AND ETHICS


8. 7. Write a Note on legal guidelines of pharmacist and pharmacy
technician?
Answer : Here are legal guidelines for a Pharmacist/ Pharmacy Technician/
Assistant Pharmacist Regarding the pharmacy
Any pharmacist exercising their professional Role must be registered,
safe and competent to Practice.
Pharmacist must be aware that the patient is the Primary focus.
Pharmacist must be trained in respect of their Area of operation.
Pharmacist must ensure that dispensing is Carried out accurately.

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Each prescription must be critically reviewed Before dispensing to
ensure that the medicines Are safe and in the best interest of the patient.
The pharmacist must contact the prescriber Regarding medicines and
patient issues if Needed.
Patients must be given complete details regarding their medicines at the
time of Dispensing, so that they fully understand what the medicine is and
what it is for.
Proper information must be given to the patient regarding the safe
storage of their Medicine.
The medicine dispensed must be of suitable quality, fit for use suitably
packaged and Labeled manner.
Pharmacists should ensure that the necessary facilities, equipment and
materials are Present.
Pharmacy should be clean and weighing must be accurate.
9. Explain provincial quality control board?
Answer: Book page 26 and 27
10. What are sales management? Explain it
Answer: Sales management is attainment of an organization’s sales
goals in an effective & efficient Manner through

1. Planning
2. Staffing
3. Training
4. Leading
5. Controlling
Planning
Planning includes decisions about goals and activities That an individual
or group will perform and the use Of resources needed to achieve the
organization’s Sales goals.
Staffing
It includes hiring the right people to sell and to lead the salespersons.
Training

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Educating the sales personnel to satisfy the customers.Pharmaceutical
company customers Are usually physicians or other health-care
professionals. They required more detail as Compare to the general public.
So the salesman should be well trained.
Leading
Providing guideline or leading the individual or team in The best way so
that they can influence other people Toward achieving the organization’s
sales goals.
Controlling
Monitoring sales personnel’s activities, determining Whether the
organization is on target toward its goals, And making corrections if
necessary.

COMPUTER
11.WRiTE a NOTE ON iNPUT dEviCE aNd OUTPUT dEviCE?
aNsWER: iNPUT dEviCE helps the computer to receive instructions from
users.Input device helps the computer to receive instructions from users.
For example There are various input devices available like Microphone,
Joystick, Keyboard, Pointing device, Image Scanner, Graphics tablet, and
more.
OUTPUT dEviCE The output device helps the computer to produce or display
the information to the users.The output device helps the computer to
produce or display the information to the users.There are several output
devices available such as Speakers, Printers, Plotters, Projector, Monitor
and more.
12. Write a Note on Record keeping?

aNsWER Record Keeping Includes

• Use precise language and terminology that the patient/ doctor will be able
to Understand.

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• Avoid opinions regarding the patient and abbreviations that may not be
understood by A non-professional.

• Each entry must be dated and signed with staffs name and professional
designation.

• Entries must be completed as soon as possible

• Record current information on the care and condition of the patient

• Record the source of referral of the patient (the general practitioner,


hospital Consultant)

• Record any problems that have arisen

• Record evidence of any planned or delivered care

• Record any decisions made

• Record relevant conversations with friends or family

• Avoid any unnecessary gaps

• Record the actions agreed with the patient at the time of discharge

• Record any adverse reactions or problems including drug allergies.

• Case-notes must not be removed from the hospital or send original case-
notes to other Hospitals

• Laboratory reportsf

13. Write a Note on major types of computer?


aNsWER Types of Computers are
1. Mainframes Computers
2. Server
3. Microcomputers
4. Supercomputers
1. MaiNfRaMEs COMPUTERs
A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron, is a
computer used primarily by large organizations for critical applications

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like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and
consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale
transaction processing.
sERvER
A server is a computer or system that provides resources, data,
services, or programs to other computers, known as clients, over a
network
2. MiCROCOMPUTERs
A microcomputer is a complete computer on a small scale, designed for
use by one person at a time.
………………………..

Annual Exams of pharmacy technician2020


Pharmacology
1. Write a short note on drug Absorption& distribution?
aNsWER : Distribution: Describes the journey of the drug through the
bloodstream to various tissues of the body.
Absorption: Drug absorption is a pharmacokinetic parameter that
refers to the way a drug is absorbed from a pharmaceutical
formulation into the bloodstream.
2. Explain the factors modifying the Action and dosage of drug?
aNsWER: Many factors influence the dosage and action of drug. If the
drug is too small, the drug will Not produce the desired action. If it is
too large it will produce toxic effects, which are not Desirable.
Following are important factors, which influence the action and
dosage of drug.
Age
Body weight
Sex
Routes of administration
Time of administration
Dosage form
Absorption, Distribution and excretion of drug

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Pathological condition
Tolerance
Combination of drugs (synergism, antagonism)
Age
Adult dose is for a person between the ages of 18-60years. Children
are given small dose. We use young’s formula and Clark’s formula to
calculate dose for children and infant. Above 60years of age the dose
should be decreased 3/4th of adult dose.
Body Weight
For abnormal body weight the dose of the drug should be suitably
adjusted according to the Weight of the patient
Sex
Doses for the women should be less than man because women are
usually having more Effect than men. Pregnancy, menstruation and
lactation periods should keep in mind while Adjusting dosage.
Routes Of Administration
When drug is given intravenously onset of action is rapid orally given
drug have slow onset Action. Oral dose of drug always greater than
when it is given parenterally and dose for Subcutaneous or
intramuscular injection is greater than intravenous.
Time Of Administration
Presence of food in stomach delays the absorption of drug onset
action is slow some drugs Can cause irritant, nausea and vomiting
while given in empty stomach. Hypnotics are more Effective when
given at bedtime.
Dosage Form Of Drug (Preparation)

Onset action is rapid when the drug is given in liquid or as a powder


as compared to drug Given inform of a tablet of pill.
Absorption, Distribution And Excretion Of Drug
Drugs, which are rapidly absorbed and excreted quickly, cannot
maintain effective Concentration for therapeutic effect. Drugs, which
are quickly absorbed but excreted slowly, May produce toxic effect.

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Pathological Condition
When liver or kidneys are not functioning properly the dose should be
decreased to avoid Toxic effects.
Tolerance
It is unusual resistance to ordinary dose of the drug-increased dose
is often required to Obtain desired therapeutic effects
Combination Of Drugs
When two or more than two drugs are given together action may be
increased or Decreased.

3. Write a note on Acetylcholine ( Direct Action)?

aNsWER : Acetylcholine is a quaternary ammonium compound that


cannot penetrate membrane. It is Neurotransmitter of parasympathetic
and somatic nerves as well as autonomic ganglia. It is Rapidly
inactivated by acetylcholinesterase. Duration of action of acetylcholine
is small (a Few milliseconds) hence it is not used in therapeutics.
Acetylcholine has both muscarinic and Nicotinic activities.

Action of Acetylcholine
It has following major actions

Decrease in heart rate and cardiac output

Decrease in blood pressure

Other actions

4. Explain the short note on allergic Rhinitis ?


aNsWER : Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an atopic disease presenting with
symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion, clear rhinorrhea, and nasal
pruritis. It is an IgE-mediated immune response that is against
inhaled antigens in the immediate phase, with a subsequent
leukotriene-mediated late phase.
Social Behavior, Law, Ethics
5. Write a note on principles of Social Behavior?
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Answer: Principles Of Social Behavior are:
Social behavior is goal oriented
Social behavior represents a continual interaction between the
person and the Situation.
The goals of our social behaviors function at different levels e.g.
day-to-day, current, Long-term
Persons and situations influence one another in a number of ways
Community and different organization level
6. Write a short note on psychotherapy?
Answer: A common form of treatment for many mental health
problems Is psychotherapy also called talk therapy. Psychotherapy is
the Practice of spending time with a psychological professional
Trained to help diagnose and treat mental and emotional Problems or
other mental health problems.Psychotherapy aims to increase the
individual’s sense of his/her Own well being. Usually it is provided by
a mental health Professional such as a clinical psychologist.
7. Define the communication & explain Verbal & non- verbal
communication?
Answer: dEfiNiTiON Of COMMUNiCaTiON
The word communication means the act or process of giving or
exchanging of information, Signals, or messages as by talk, gestures
(movement of part of the body), or writing.
Verbal Communication
These are vital skills for the doctors and can be mastered Through
practice. Verbal communication is a technique Used by the doctor to
give all the information and advices In the language of the patient
that can be easily
Understand by the patient.

Non-Verbal Communication
The communication other than verbal language is non –Verbal
communication. It involves the body movements, Face expressions,

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postural moves to express and Communicate with the people. It is
called non-verbal Communication.
8. Explain the power of inspector?
Answer: POWERs Of iNsPECTORs
(1) Subject to the provisions of section 19 and of any rules made in
this behalf, an Inspector May, within the local limits for which
he is appointed, and in any other area within the Permission of
the licensing authority,-
(a) Inspect any premises-wherein any drug is manufactured, the
plant and process of Manufacture, the means employed for
standardising and testing the drugs and all relevant Records
and registers;
(b) Inspect any premises wherein any drug is sold or is stocked
or exhibited for sale or is Distributed, the storage
arrangements and all relevant records and registers;
(c) Take samples of any drug which is being manufactured, or
being sold or is stocked or Exhibited for sale or is being
distributed;
(d) Enter and search, with such assistance, if any, as he considers
necessary, any building, Vessel or place, in which he has
reason to believe that an offence under this Act or any rules
Has been or is being committed or may continue to be
committed;
(e) Call any person to be present as witness in the course of
search or seizure or in connection With any other matter
where the presence of witnesses is necessary;
(f) Seize such drug and all materials used in the manufacture
thereof and any other articles, Including registers, cash
memos, invoices and bills, which he has reason to believe may
Furnish evidence of the commission of an offence punishable
under this Act or any rules;
(g) Require any person to appear before him at any reasonable
time and place to give Statement, assistance or information
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relating to or connection with the investigation of an Offence
under this Act or the rules:
Provided that the exemptions under Sections 132 and 133 of the Code
of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act V of 1908), shall be applicable to
requisitions for attendance under this Clause;
(h) Lock and seal any factory, laboratory, shop, building, store-
house or godown, or a part Thereof, where any drug is or is
being manufactured, stored, sold or exhibited for sale in
Contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or the rules;
(i) Forbid for a reasonable period, not exceeding four weeks or
such further period, which Shall not be more than three
months, as the Inspector may, with. The approval of the
Provincial Quality Control Board, the Central Licensing Board,
the Registration Board, or the Licensing authority, as the case
may be, specify, any person in charge of any premisesFrom
removing or dispensing of any drug, article or other thing likely
to be used in evidence Of the commission of an offence under
this Act or the rules; and
(j) Exercise such other powers as may be necessary for carrying
out the purposes of this Act Or any rules:
Provided that the powers under causes (f) to (j) shall be exercisable
only by an Inspector Specifically authorised in this behalf, by an order
in writing, by the Government appointing Him, subject to such
conditions as may be specified in such order:
Provided further that the power under clause (h) may be exercised by
an Inspector not Authorised as aforesaid where the contravention is
of a provision which requires a licence to Be obtained for the
manufacture, storage or sale of a drug.
(2) The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V
of 1898), in so far as they Are not inconsistent with the
provisions of this Act, shall apply to searches and seizures
made Under this Act.

fUNdaMENTal COMPUTER
9.
10. Write a note on Types of Computer?
Answer: Types of Computers are
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1. Mainframes Computers

2. Server

3. Microcomputers

4. Supercomputers

1. Mainframes Computers

A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron, is


a computer used primarily by large organizations for critical
applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses,
industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and
large-scale transaction processing.

Server

A server is a computer or system that provides resources, data,


services, or programs to other computers, known as clients, over a
network

2. Microcomputers

A microcomputer is a complete computer on a small scale, designed


for use by one person at a time.

11. Explain the application of computer?


Answer: Applications of Computer
In the last few decades, computer technology has revolutionized the
businesses and other aspects Of human life all over the world.
Practically, every company, large or small, is now directly or
Indirectly dependent on computers. Computer systems help hospital
records, accounts, electronic Banking and so on. Computers not only

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save time, but also save paper work. Some of the areas Where
computers are being used are as follows:
• Science
• Education
• Medicine and Health Care
• Engineering/Architecture/Manufacturing
• Entertainment
• Communication
• Business Application
• Publishing
• Banking
12. Write a note on modem application?
Answer: Modems were originally used for connecting users to the
Internet or for sending faxes, but a

Majority of the modems are used by businesses in a variety of


different applications.
Some of these applications include.
• Point of Sale (PoS)
• Remote Management, Maintenance
• Broadband Internet
• Data transfers
• Machine to Machine (M2M)
13. Explain the Norton utilities?
Answer: Norton Utilities help to boost your computer’s Performance
by offering comprehensive System management and registry tools.
We can use following three main tools to Manage and boost the
performance and keep Our computer running optimally.
• Performance
• Privacy
• Recovery
…………………………..….………
aNNUal ExaMs 2018
PhaRMaCOlOgy
1. Define Pharmacology and explain Branches of pharmacology?
Answer: PHARMACOLOGY

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It is defined as the study of substances, that interact with living systems through
chemical Processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating
or inhibiting the Normal body processes.
Branches of Pharmacology
1. Pharmacokinetics
Study of effects the body has on drugs, includes absorption, distribution,
metabolism and Excretion is called Pharmacokinetics.
2.Pharmacodynamics
Study of effects of drugs on the body is called Pharmacodynamics.
2. Write a short note on:-
1) Posology 2) Drug 3) Pro-Drug 4)Placebo
Answer:
Posology: It is the branch of pharmacology, which deals with dosage of drugs.
Drug: It refers to any substance that brings about a change in biological
function through its Chemical action.
Pro-Drug: It refers to compounds that, on administration, must undergo
chemical conversion by Metabolic processes before becoming an active
pharmacological agent. (Levodopa into Dopamine).
Placebo: It refers to an inactive substance or preparation given to satisfy
the patients symbolic need (psyche need) for drug therapy, and used in
controlled studies to determine the efficiency of Medicinal substance.
3. Define Neuron and explain the types Of nerve cell?
Answer: Neuron: Neuron is defined as the basic structural and functional unit
of the nervous system.
Classification Of Nerve Cells
On the basis of functions the nerve cells are classified into two types
1. Motor Neuron (Efferent)

2. Sensory Neuron (Afferent)


1. Motor Neuron (Efferent)
Neurons, which carry the motor impulses from central nervous system to the
peripheral Effectors organ like muscles, gland, and blood vessels. Motor
neurons are also known as Efferent nerve cells; generally these neurons have
long axons and short dendrites.
2. Sensory Neuron (Afferent)
These neurons carry the sensory impulses from periphery to the CNS
generally these have Short axons and long dendrites.
3.
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4. Write a note on Drug Metabolism.?
Answer: Drugs are most eliminated by biotransformation and/or excretion
into the urine or bile. The Process of metabolism transforms lipophilic
drugs into more polar readily excretable Products. The liver is the major
site for drug metabolism, but specific drug may undergo Biotransformation
in other tissues, such as the kidney and the intestine.

sOCial BEhaviOR, laW aNd EThiCs:


5. Define Social Behavior and explain the Principal of social Behavior.
Answer: It deals with the study of human behavior using principles of
psychology, sociology and Anthropology in conditions of health and
disease.
Principles Of Social Behavior

Social behavior is goal oriented

Social behavior represents a continual interaction between the person


and the Situation.

The goals of our social behaviors function at different levels e.g. day-to-
day, current, Long-term

Persons and situations influence one another in a number of ways

Community and different organization level


6. Write a note on development stages Of life with Start to end age?
Answer: Developmental Stages Of Life are:-
• Infant (Birth Till 8 Months)
• Early Childhood (8 Months To 3 Years)
• Play Age (3 Years To 5 Years)
• School Age (6 Years To 12 Years)
• Adolescence (12 Years To 18 Years)
• Young Adulthood (18 Years To 35 Years)
• Middle Adulthood (35 Years To 55/65 Years)
• Late Adulthood (55/65 Years To Rip)
7. Explain the difference between the Verbal & Non Verbal communication?

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Answer:
Verbal Communication

These are vital skills for the doctors and can be mastered Through practice. Verbal
communication is a technique Used by the doctor to give all the information and
advices In the language of the patient that can be easily

Understand by the patient.

Non-Verbal Communication

The communication other than verbal language is non –Verbal communication. It


involves the body movements, Face expressions, postural moves to express and
Communicate with the people. It is called non-verbal Communication.
8. Write some codes of ethics for Pharmacists?
Answer:
Pharmacists are health professionals who assist individuals in making the
best use of Medications. This Code, prepared and supported by
pharmacists, is intended to state publicly The principles that form the
fundamental basis of the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists.

• A pharmacist respects the covenantal relationship between the patient


and pharmacist.

• A pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in a caring,


compassionate, and Confidential manner.

• A pharmacist respects the autonomy and dignity of each patient.

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• A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in professional
relationships.

• A pharmacist maintains professional competence.

• A pharmacist respects the values and abilities of colleagues and other


health Professionals.

Pharmacist serves individual, community, and societal needs.

• A pharmacist seeks justice in the distribution of health resources.

COMPUTER
9. 9. Define Computer and explain the Basics four functions of computer?
aNsWER: COMPUTER:An electronic device for the storage and
processing of information.
Four Basic Functions Of Computer
The functions are
• Process
• Output
• Storage
• Input
10. Write a note on Application of Computer?
aNsWER: Applications of Computer

In the last few decades, computer technology has revolutionized the


businesses and other aspects Of human life all over the world. Practically,

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every company, large or small, is now directly or Indirectly dependent on
computers. Computer systems help hospital records, accounts, electronic
Banking and so on. Computers not only save time, but also save paper
work. Some of the areas Where computers are being used are as follows:

• Science

• Education

• Medicine and Health Care

• Engineering/Architecture/Manufacturing
11. Explain the difference between Hardware and software.?
aNsWER: HARDWARE
Hardware is physical parts of the computer e.g. keyboard, monitor, mouse
etc.
SOFTWARE
Software is the program that is on the computer that allows you to work
with the computer, e.g. M.S Office, Corel Draw etc.
12. Define Computer network and explainThe advantage and disadvantage
of Computer networking?
aNsWER : Computer Network
A computer network is a set of two or more computers Connected together
in order to share information and other Resources. The computers in a
network are connected with One another through cables, satellite or
telephone lines.
Advantages Of Networking
• Computers can communicate with each other Easily
• Computers can share data and files.
• Computing power and/or storage facilities can be shared.
• Hardware such as printers can be shared.
• There is control over which programs, data and hardware a user has access
to.

Disadvantages Of Networking
• A virus can spread more easily.
• As data is shared there is a greater need for security.

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• If the server fails, all the workstations are affected.
. The cost of installing the equipments is greater
i

ii
aNNUal ExaMs Of PhaRMaCy TEChNiCiaN 2019
PhaRMaCOlOgy
1. Write a note on drug metabolism?
aNsWER: Drugs are most eliminated by biotransformation and/or excretion
into the urine or bile. TheProcess of metabolism transforms lipophilic drugs
into more polar readily excretable Products. The liver is the major site for
drug metabolism, but specific drug may undergo Biotransformation in other
tissues, such as the kidney and the intestine.
2. Write the Factor Modifying Action & Dosage of drugs?
aNsWER:Many factors influence the dosage and action of drug. If the drug is
too small, the drug will Not produce the desired action. If it is too large it will
produce toxic effects, which are not Desirable. Following are important
factors, which influence the action and dosage of drug.

• Age

• Body weight

• Sex

• Routes of administration

• Time of administration

• Dosage form

• Absorption, Distribution and excretion of drug e.t.c


Dosage Form Of Drug (Preparation)

Onset action is rapid when the drug is given in liquid or as a powder as


compared to drug Given inform of a tablet of pill.
3. Write the details of three factors Modifying the action of dosage of drug?

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aNsWER: Age
Adult dose is for a person between the ages of 18-60years. Children are given
small dose. We use young’s formula and Clark’s formula to calculate dose for
children and infant. Above 60years of age the dose should be decreased 3/4th
of adult dose.
Body Weight
For abnormal body weight the dose of the drug should be suitably adjusted
according to the Weight of the patient
Sex
Doses for the women should be less than man because women are usually
having more Effect than men. Pregnancy, menstruation and lactation periods
should keep in mind while Adjusting dosage.
4. Write the note on succinycholine ( depolarize agent) ?
Answer
Mechanism Of Action
The depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug succinylcholine attaches to
the nicotinic Receptor and act like acetylcholine. This drug remains attached
to the receptor for longer Time and providing a constant stimulation of the
receptor.
Action

Succinylcholine initially produces short lasting twitching of the muscle


(fasciculation) Followed within a few minutes by paralysis. The drug does not
produce a ganglionic block Except at high doses.

Therapeutic Uses

Because of its rapid onset and short duration of action, succinylcholine is


useful when rapid Endotracheal intubation is required during the anesthesia.
For example, if aspiration of Gastric contents is to be avoided during
intubations.

Pharmacokinetics

Succinylcholine is injected intravenously its duration of action is short


therefore usually Given by continuous infusion.

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Adverse Effects

Hyperthermia, Hyperkalemia
sOCial BEhaviOR, laW EThiCs
5. Explain behavior science & their Principles of behavior science?
Answer: It deals with the study of human behavior using principles of
psychology, sociology and Anthropology in conditions of health and disease.

Principles Of Social Behavior


• Social behavior is goal oriented
• Social behavior represents a continual interaction between the person and
the Situation.
• The goals of our social behaviors function at different levels e.g. day-to-day,
current, Long-term
• Persons and situations influence one another in a number of ways
• Community and different organization level
6. Write the development of stages of Life end age?
Answer: Developmental Stages Of Life are:-

• Infant (Birth Till 8 Months)

• Early Childhood (8 Months To 3 Years)

• Play Age (3 Years To 5 Years)

• School Age (6 Years To 12 Years)

• Adolescence (12 Years To 18 Years)

• Young Adulthood (18 Years To 35 Years)

• Middle Adulthood (35 Years To 55/65 Years)

• Late Adulthood (55/65 Years To Rip)

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7. Write the note on Rick management Plan?

aNsWER: Risk management involves an assessment of the risks a pharmacy


faces, followed by the Development of ways to eliminate or control those risks
to prevent setbacks from happening.

Following steps are involve in risk Management

1. Risk analysis/ Risk Assessment


2. Risk evaluation
3. Risk acceptance
4. Risk control
5. On-going evaluation
6. Risk Communication

7.
8. . Write the some codes of ethicsofPharmacist?
aNsWER: Pharmacists are health professionals who assist individuals in
making the best use of Medications. This Code, prepared and supported by
pharmacists, is intended to state publicly The principles that form the
fundamental basis of the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists.
• A pharmacist respects the covenantal relationship between the patient and
pharmacist.
• A pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in a caring,
compassionate, and Confidential manner.
• A pharmacist respects the autonomy and dignity of each patient.
• A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in professional relationships.
• A pharmacist maintains professional competence.
• A pharmacist respects the values and abilities of colleagues and other
health Professionals.
• A pharmacist serves individual, community, and societal needs.
• A pharmacist seeks justice in the distribution of health resources.
COMPUTER
9. Write a note on basic functions of Computer?
Answer:
Four Basic Functions Of Computer The functions are

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• Process
• Output
• Storage
• Input
10. Write a note on Software & Hardware?
Answer:HARDWARE

Hardware is physical parts of the computer e.g. keyboard, monitor, mouse


etc.

SOFTWARE

Software is the program that is on the computer that allows you to work
with the computer, e.g. M.S Office, Corel Draw etc.
11. Write a note on Application of Computer?
Answer: Applications of Computer

In the last few decades, computer technology has revolutionized the


businesses and other aspects Of human life all over the world. Practically,
every company, large or small, is now directly or Indirectly dependent on
computers. Computer systems help hospital records, accounts, electronic
Banking and so on. Computers not only
• Science
• Education
• Medicine and Health Care
• Engineering/Architecture/Manufacturing
12. Write the note on different types of Network?
Answer: Different types of networks based on their size (in terms of the
number of computers) are listed Below

1. LAN (local area network)

2. MAN (metropolitan area network)

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3. WAN (wide area network)

LAN

LAN stands for Local Area Network. It’s a group of computers which belong
to the same Organization, and which are linked within a small geographic
area using a network, and often the Same technology. Data transfer speeds
over a local area network can from 10 Mbps to1 GBps (Gigabit Ethernet).

MANs

MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks) connect multiple LANs to one another


(over an area of up To a few dozen kilometers) at high speeds. A MAN is
made from switches or routers connected to one another with high-speed
links (usually fiber optic cables).

WANs

A WAN (Wide Area Network or extended network) connects multiple LANs


to one another over Great geographic distances. The most well known
WAN is the Internet.

PhaRMaCy TEChNiCiaN aNNUal ExaM 2021


PhaRMaCOlOgy
1. Briefly explain the concept of toxicity?
Answer: Toxicity is defined as the inherent capacity of a chemical to cause
injury. All the chemicals, Drugs have some degree of toxicity. All substances
are poison there is none, which is not a Poison. The right dose differentiates
a poison from a remedy.
2. Explain the difference between Histamine and Anthistamine?
Answer:

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3. What is the difference between Anthelmintics and Antifungal Drugs?


Answer:
Antifungal Drugs
Antifungal drugs are used treat fungal infections. Fungal infections are
common. They may Affect mucous membranes, skin hair and nails.
Sometimes internal organs may be involved e.g lungs, intestine, liver, brain
etc. Some antifungal drugs are for local application only. Other drugs are
given orally or may be injected.
Anthelmintics Drugs

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Anthelmintics are drugs used for eradication of worms from the body. An
anthelmintic, Which kills the worm, is called vermicide. If the drug is merely
noxious to the worms and Causes them to be expelled from the body, it is
called a vermifuge.
4. Explain the prototype drugs used to treat diarrhea?
Answer: Increased motility of the gastrointestinal tract and decreased
absorption of fluid are majorFactors in diarrhea.Most common antidiarrheal
drugs used to treat acute diarrhea include antimotility agents, And
adsorbents.

Antimotility Agents

Loperamide

Adsorbents

Aluminum Hydroxide

sOCial BEhaviOUR, laW & EThiCs


5. What are the development stages of life, just name them.?
Answer: Developmental Stages Of Life are:-

• Infant (Birth Till 8 Months)

• Early Childhood (8 Months To 3 Years)


• Play Age (3 Years To 5 Years)
• School Age (6 Years To 12 Years)
• Adolescence (12 Years To 18 Years)
• Young Adulthood (18 Years To 35 Years)
• Middle Adulthood (35 Years To 55/65 Years)
• Late Adulthood (55/65 Years To Rip)
6. Shortly explain the applied psychology concept?

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Answer: Applied psychology is the use of psychological principles and
theories to overcome problems In real life situations. Many areas of our lives
and society have been influenced and changed By the often-unnoticed
application of psychological principles.
7. What are the legal guidelines for a Pharmacist/ Pharmacy Technician/
Assistant Pharmacist regarding the pharmacy?
Answer: Here are legal guidelines for a Pharmacist/ Pharmacy Technician/
Assistant Pharmacist Regarding the pharmacy

Any pharmacist exercising their professional Role must be registered, safe


and competent to Practice.

Pharmacist must be aware that the patient is the Primary focus.

Pharmacist must be trained in respect of their Area of operation.

Pharmacist must ensure that dispensing is Carried out accurately.

Each prescription must be critically reviewed Before dispensing to ensure


that the medicines Are safe and in the best interest of the patient.

The pharmacist must contact the prescriber Regarding medicines and


patient issues if Needed.

Patients must be given complete details regarding their medicines at the


time of Dispensing, so that they fully understand what the medicine is and
what it is for.

Proper information must be given to the patient regarding the safe storage
of their Medicine.

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The medicine dispensed must be of suitable quality, fit for use suitably
packaged and Labeled manner.

Pharmacists should ensure that the necessary facilities, equipment and


materials are Present.

Pharmacy should be clean and weighing must be accurate.


8. Briefly explain the concept of risk management plan?
Answer: : Risk management involves an assessment of the risks a pharmacy
faces, followed by the Development of ways to eliminate or control those risks
to prevent setbacks from happening.
Following steps are involve in risk Management

Risk analysis/ Risk Assessment

• Risk evaluation

• Risk acceptance

• Risk control

• On-going evaluation

• Risk Communication

fUNdaMENTals Of COMPUTER
9. .Write a short note on data analysis?
Answer: Improving efficiency of care processes is currently a must
Criterion for all healthcare providers, given the cost containment Measures
in healthcare budgets. Improving both processes and Patient care outcomes,

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by decreasing length of stays in ICU While improving quality is a healthcare
industry conundrum that Demands clear and factual analysis of all the
aspects of patient Care.
With the wide range of solutions for patient Data Collection and Connectivity,
GE Healthcare is at a strong Position to provide the next frontier in data
management: analysis and reporting for care and cost Management.
10. What are the PC tools, name few tools and define any two?
Answer:
The Control Panel is full of tools to change the way Windows looks and
behaves. Here we will Discuss the most important tools.
• Add hardware
• Add or remove programs
• Automatic updates
• Date and time
• Display
• Internet options
• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Network connections
• Regional and language setting
• Sounds and audio devices
• User accounts
• Windows firewall
Add Hardware
The “Add Hardware” Wizard enables you to add new hardware or troubleshoot
any hardware-Related problems.
Add Or Remove Programs
“Add or Remove Programs” helps you manage programs and components on
your computer. You can use it to add or remove programs (such as Microsoft
Excel or Word) from a CD-ROM,
11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of networking?

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Answer:
Advantages Of Networking
• Computers can communicate with each other Easily
• Computers can share data and files.
• Computing power and/or storage facilities can be shared.
• Hardware such as printers can be shared.
• There is control over which programs, data and hardware a user has access
to.
Disadvantages Of Networking
• A virus can spread more easily.
• As data is shared there is a greater need for security.
• If the server fails, all the workstations are affected.
. The cost of installing the equipments is greater
12. What are the simple word processing features?
Answer

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