Paper 2 Solved Past Paper
Paper 2 Solved Past Paper
Paper 2 Solved Past Paper
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Solved past paper
Pharmacy Technician 2nd Year Supplementary 2023
PAPER – B
PHARMACOLOGY
1. Draw a diagram of pharmacokinetics?
Answer: Absorption
Absorption is transfer of a drug from its site of administration to the
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oral medication). This allows the drug to bypass the digestive system and be
absorbed more quickly and efficiently.
Common parenteral routes include:
- Intravenous (IV): into a vein
- Intramuscular (IM): into a muscle
- Subcutaneous (SC): under the skin
- Intradermal (ID): into the skin
- Intrathecal (IT): into the spinal canal
- Epidural (ED): into the epidural space outside the spinal sac
Parenteral routes are used when:
- Rapid absorption is necessary
- Oral administration is not effective
- Patients have difficulty swallowing or absorbing oral medication
- High concentrations of the drug are needed
- Localized treatment is required (e.g., pain relief in a specific area)
3. Explain Transport of drugs from GIT?
Answer:
The transport of drugs from the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) involves several
processes that facilitate the absorption of drugs into the bloodstream. Here’s
a step-by-step explanation:
1. Ingestion: The drug is taken orally and enters the stomach.
2. Dissolution: The drug dissolves in the stomach and intestinal fluids.
3. Ionization: The drug may ionize, depending on its pH sensitivity, which
affects its absorption.
4. Diffusion: The drug diffuses through the gastrointestinal membrane into
the intestinal epithelial cells.
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
3. Define communication and what are importance of communication?
Answer:
Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, or
messages between individuals, groups, or organizations through a common
system of symbols, signs, or behavior. It involves the transmission, reception,
and interpretation of information, and can take many forms, such as verbal
(spoken or written), nonverbal (body language, facial expressions), or visual
(images, videos).
The importance of communication lies in its ability to:
1. Convey meaning and understanding
2. Build relationships and trust
3. Facilitate collaboration and teamwork
4. Resolve conflicts and issues
5. Share knowledge and ideas
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6. Provide feedback and guidance
7. Enhance productivity and efficiency
8. Promote learning and growth
9. Foster a positive work culture
10. Facilitate effective decision-making.
Answer
Culture make us different from animals in a way that our dressing,Eating and way
of living is different and much better then animals Which increases the complexity
of human behavior due to the
Environmental Influences
These are the factors or influencing stimuli that affect the human and surround
them.
Physical Environment
Physical environment is used those environmental factors that can be seen and
visualized.
Malnutrition
Noise
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Creates anxiety and anger leading to quarreling.
Drugs (Narcotics)
TV
Television and commercials can change the basic thoughts and views of any
person.
Answer
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Each prescription must be critically reviewed Before dispensing to
ensure that the medicines Are safe and in the best interest of the patient.
The pharmacist must contact the prescriber Regarding medicines and
patient issues if Needed.
Patients must be given complete details regarding their medicines at the
time of Dispensing, so that they fully understand what the medicine is and
what it is for.
Proper information must be given to the patient regarding the safe
storage of their Medicine.
The medicine dispensed must be of suitable quality, fit for use suitably
packaged and Labeled manner.
Pharmacists should ensure that the necessary facilities, equipment and
materials are Present.
Pharmacy should be clean and weighing must be accurate.
9. Explain provincial quality control board?
Answer: Book page 26 and 27
10. What are sales management? Explain it
Answer: Sales management is attainment of an organization’s sales
goals in an effective & efficient Manner through
1. Planning
2. Staffing
3. Training
4. Leading
5. Controlling
Planning
Planning includes decisions about goals and activities That an individual
or group will perform and the use Of resources needed to achieve the
organization’s Sales goals.
Staffing
It includes hiring the right people to sell and to lead the salespersons.
Training
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Educating the sales personnel to satisfy the customers.Pharmaceutical
company customers Are usually physicians or other health-care
professionals. They required more detail as Compare to the general public.
So the salesman should be well trained.
Leading
Providing guideline or leading the individual or team in The best way so
that they can influence other people Toward achieving the organization’s
sales goals.
Controlling
Monitoring sales personnel’s activities, determining Whether the
organization is on target toward its goals, And making corrections if
necessary.
COMPUTER
11.WRiTE a NOTE ON iNPUT dEviCE aNd OUTPUT dEviCE?
aNsWER: iNPUT dEviCE helps the computer to receive instructions from
users.Input device helps the computer to receive instructions from users.
For example There are various input devices available like Microphone,
Joystick, Keyboard, Pointing device, Image Scanner, Graphics tablet, and
more.
OUTPUT dEviCE The output device helps the computer to produce or display
the information to the users.The output device helps the computer to
produce or display the information to the users.There are several output
devices available such as Speakers, Printers, Plotters, Projector, Monitor
and more.
12. Write a Note on Record keeping?
• Use precise language and terminology that the patient/ doctor will be able
to Understand.
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• Avoid opinions regarding the patient and abbreviations that may not be
understood by A non-professional.
• Each entry must be dated and signed with staffs name and professional
designation.
• Record the actions agreed with the patient at the time of discharge
• Case-notes must not be removed from the hospital or send original case-
notes to other Hospitals
• Laboratory reportsf
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like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and
consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale
transaction processing.
sERvER
A server is a computer or system that provides resources, data,
services, or programs to other computers, known as clients, over a
network
2. MiCROCOMPUTERs
A microcomputer is a complete computer on a small scale, designed for
use by one person at a time.
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Pathological condition
Tolerance
Combination of drugs (synergism, antagonism)
Age
Adult dose is for a person between the ages of 18-60years. Children
are given small dose. We use young’s formula and Clark’s formula to
calculate dose for children and infant. Above 60years of age the dose
should be decreased 3/4th of adult dose.
Body Weight
For abnormal body weight the dose of the drug should be suitably
adjusted according to the Weight of the patient
Sex
Doses for the women should be less than man because women are
usually having more Effect than men. Pregnancy, menstruation and
lactation periods should keep in mind while Adjusting dosage.
Routes Of Administration
When drug is given intravenously onset of action is rapid orally given
drug have slow onset Action. Oral dose of drug always greater than
when it is given parenterally and dose for Subcutaneous or
intramuscular injection is greater than intravenous.
Time Of Administration
Presence of food in stomach delays the absorption of drug onset
action is slow some drugs Can cause irritant, nausea and vomiting
while given in empty stomach. Hypnotics are more Effective when
given at bedtime.
Dosage Form Of Drug (Preparation)
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Pathological Condition
When liver or kidneys are not functioning properly the dose should be
decreased to avoid Toxic effects.
Tolerance
It is unusual resistance to ordinary dose of the drug-increased dose
is often required to Obtain desired therapeutic effects
Combination Of Drugs
When two or more than two drugs are given together action may be
increased or Decreased.
Action of Acetylcholine
It has following major actions
Other actions
Non-Verbal Communication
The communication other than verbal language is non –Verbal
communication. It involves the body movements, Face expressions,
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postural moves to express and Communicate with the people. It is
called non-verbal Communication.
8. Explain the power of inspector?
Answer: POWERs Of iNsPECTORs
(1) Subject to the provisions of section 19 and of any rules made in
this behalf, an Inspector May, within the local limits for which
he is appointed, and in any other area within the Permission of
the licensing authority,-
(a) Inspect any premises-wherein any drug is manufactured, the
plant and process of Manufacture, the means employed for
standardising and testing the drugs and all relevant Records
and registers;
(b) Inspect any premises wherein any drug is sold or is stocked
or exhibited for sale or is Distributed, the storage
arrangements and all relevant records and registers;
(c) Take samples of any drug which is being manufactured, or
being sold or is stocked or Exhibited for sale or is being
distributed;
(d) Enter and search, with such assistance, if any, as he considers
necessary, any building, Vessel or place, in which he has
reason to believe that an offence under this Act or any rules
Has been or is being committed or may continue to be
committed;
(e) Call any person to be present as witness in the course of
search or seizure or in connection With any other matter
where the presence of witnesses is necessary;
(f) Seize such drug and all materials used in the manufacture
thereof and any other articles, Including registers, cash
memos, invoices and bills, which he has reason to believe may
Furnish evidence of the commission of an offence punishable
under this Act or any rules;
(g) Require any person to appear before him at any reasonable
time and place to give Statement, assistance or information
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relating to or connection with the investigation of an Offence
under this Act or the rules:
Provided that the exemptions under Sections 132 and 133 of the Code
of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act V of 1908), shall be applicable to
requisitions for attendance under this Clause;
(h) Lock and seal any factory, laboratory, shop, building, store-
house or godown, or a part Thereof, where any drug is or is
being manufactured, stored, sold or exhibited for sale in
Contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or the rules;
(i) Forbid for a reasonable period, not exceeding four weeks or
such further period, which Shall not be more than three
months, as the Inspector may, with. The approval of the
Provincial Quality Control Board, the Central Licensing Board,
the Registration Board, or the Licensing authority, as the case
may be, specify, any person in charge of any premisesFrom
removing or dispensing of any drug, article or other thing likely
to be used in evidence Of the commission of an offence under
this Act or the rules; and
(j) Exercise such other powers as may be necessary for carrying
out the purposes of this Act Or any rules:
Provided that the powers under causes (f) to (j) shall be exercisable
only by an Inspector Specifically authorised in this behalf, by an order
in writing, by the Government appointing Him, subject to such
conditions as may be specified in such order:
Provided further that the power under clause (h) may be exercised by
an Inspector not Authorised as aforesaid where the contravention is
of a provision which requires a licence to Be obtained for the
manufacture, storage or sale of a drug.
(2) The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V
of 1898), in so far as they Are not inconsistent with the
provisions of this Act, shall apply to searches and seizures
made Under this Act.
fUNdaMENTal COMPUTER
9.
10. Write a note on Types of Computer?
Answer: Types of Computers are
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1. Mainframes Computers
2. Server
3. Microcomputers
4. Supercomputers
1. Mainframes Computers
Server
2. Microcomputers
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save time, but also save paper work. Some of the areas Where
computers are being used are as follows:
• Science
• Education
• Medicine and Health Care
• Engineering/Architecture/Manufacturing
• Entertainment
• Communication
• Business Application
• Publishing
• Banking
12. Write a note on modem application?
Answer: Modems were originally used for connecting users to the
Internet or for sending faxes, but a
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It is defined as the study of substances, that interact with living systems through
chemical Processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating
or inhibiting the Normal body processes.
Branches of Pharmacology
1. Pharmacokinetics
Study of effects the body has on drugs, includes absorption, distribution,
metabolism and Excretion is called Pharmacokinetics.
2.Pharmacodynamics
Study of effects of drugs on the body is called Pharmacodynamics.
2. Write a short note on:-
1) Posology 2) Drug 3) Pro-Drug 4)Placebo
Answer:
Posology: It is the branch of pharmacology, which deals with dosage of drugs.
Drug: It refers to any substance that brings about a change in biological
function through its Chemical action.
Pro-Drug: It refers to compounds that, on administration, must undergo
chemical conversion by Metabolic processes before becoming an active
pharmacological agent. (Levodopa into Dopamine).
Placebo: It refers to an inactive substance or preparation given to satisfy
the patients symbolic need (psyche need) for drug therapy, and used in
controlled studies to determine the efficiency of Medicinal substance.
3. Define Neuron and explain the types Of nerve cell?
Answer: Neuron: Neuron is defined as the basic structural and functional unit
of the nervous system.
Classification Of Nerve Cells
On the basis of functions the nerve cells are classified into two types
1. Motor Neuron (Efferent)
The goals of our social behaviors function at different levels e.g. day-to-
day, current, Long-term
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Answer:
Verbal Communication
These are vital skills for the doctors and can be mastered Through practice. Verbal
communication is a technique Used by the doctor to give all the information and
advices In the language of the patient that can be easily
Non-Verbal Communication
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• A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in professional
relationships.
COMPUTER
9. 9. Define Computer and explain the Basics four functions of computer?
aNsWER: COMPUTER:An electronic device for the storage and
processing of information.
Four Basic Functions Of Computer
The functions are
• Process
• Output
• Storage
• Input
10. Write a note on Application of Computer?
aNsWER: Applications of Computer
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every company, large or small, is now directly or Indirectly dependent on
computers. Computer systems help hospital records, accounts, electronic
Banking and so on. Computers not only save time, but also save paper
work. Some of the areas Where computers are being used are as follows:
• Science
• Education
• Engineering/Architecture/Manufacturing
11. Explain the difference between Hardware and software.?
aNsWER: HARDWARE
Hardware is physical parts of the computer e.g. keyboard, monitor, mouse
etc.
SOFTWARE
Software is the program that is on the computer that allows you to work
with the computer, e.g. M.S Office, Corel Draw etc.
12. Define Computer network and explainThe advantage and disadvantage
of Computer networking?
aNsWER : Computer Network
A computer network is a set of two or more computers Connected together
in order to share information and other Resources. The computers in a
network are connected with One another through cables, satellite or
telephone lines.
Advantages Of Networking
• Computers can communicate with each other Easily
• Computers can share data and files.
• Computing power and/or storage facilities can be shared.
• Hardware such as printers can be shared.
• There is control over which programs, data and hardware a user has access
to.
Disadvantages Of Networking
• A virus can spread more easily.
• As data is shared there is a greater need for security.
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• If the server fails, all the workstations are affected.
. The cost of installing the equipments is greater
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aNNUal ExaMs Of PhaRMaCy TEChNiCiaN 2019
PhaRMaCOlOgy
1. Write a note on drug metabolism?
aNsWER: Drugs are most eliminated by biotransformation and/or excretion
into the urine or bile. TheProcess of metabolism transforms lipophilic drugs
into more polar readily excretable Products. The liver is the major site for
drug metabolism, but specific drug may undergo Biotransformation in other
tissues, such as the kidney and the intestine.
2. Write the Factor Modifying Action & Dosage of drugs?
aNsWER:Many factors influence the dosage and action of drug. If the drug is
too small, the drug will Not produce the desired action. If it is too large it will
produce toxic effects, which are not Desirable. Following are important
factors, which influence the action and dosage of drug.
• Age
• Body weight
• Sex
• Routes of administration
• Time of administration
• Dosage form
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aNsWER: Age
Adult dose is for a person between the ages of 18-60years. Children are given
small dose. We use young’s formula and Clark’s formula to calculate dose for
children and infant. Above 60years of age the dose should be decreased 3/4th
of adult dose.
Body Weight
For abnormal body weight the dose of the drug should be suitably adjusted
according to the Weight of the patient
Sex
Doses for the women should be less than man because women are usually
having more Effect than men. Pregnancy, menstruation and lactation periods
should keep in mind while Adjusting dosage.
4. Write the note on succinycholine ( depolarize agent) ?
Answer
Mechanism Of Action
The depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug succinylcholine attaches to
the nicotinic Receptor and act like acetylcholine. This drug remains attached
to the receptor for longer Time and providing a constant stimulation of the
receptor.
Action
Therapeutic Uses
Pharmacokinetics
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Adverse Effects
Hyperthermia, Hyperkalemia
sOCial BEhaviOR, laW EThiCs
5. Explain behavior science & their Principles of behavior science?
Answer: It deals with the study of human behavior using principles of
psychology, sociology and Anthropology in conditions of health and disease.
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7. Write the note on Rick management Plan?
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• Process
• Output
• Storage
• Input
10. Write a note on Software & Hardware?
Answer:HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
Software is the program that is on the computer that allows you to work
with the computer, e.g. M.S Office, Corel Draw etc.
11. Write a note on Application of Computer?
Answer: Applications of Computer
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3. WAN (wide area network)
LAN
LAN stands for Local Area Network. It’s a group of computers which belong
to the same Organization, and which are linked within a small geographic
area using a network, and often the Same technology. Data transfer speeds
over a local area network can from 10 Mbps to1 GBps (Gigabit Ethernet).
MANs
WANs
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Anthelmintics are drugs used for eradication of worms from the body. An
anthelmintic, Which kills the worm, is called vermicide. If the drug is merely
noxious to the worms and Causes them to be expelled from the body, it is
called a vermifuge.
4. Explain the prototype drugs used to treat diarrhea?
Answer: Increased motility of the gastrointestinal tract and decreased
absorption of fluid are majorFactors in diarrhea.Most common antidiarrheal
drugs used to treat acute diarrhea include antimotility agents, And
adsorbents.
Antimotility Agents
Loperamide
Adsorbents
Aluminum Hydroxide
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Answer: Applied psychology is the use of psychological principles and
theories to overcome problems In real life situations. Many areas of our lives
and society have been influenced and changed By the often-unnoticed
application of psychological principles.
7. What are the legal guidelines for a Pharmacist/ Pharmacy Technician/
Assistant Pharmacist regarding the pharmacy?
Answer: Here are legal guidelines for a Pharmacist/ Pharmacy Technician/
Assistant Pharmacist Regarding the pharmacy
Proper information must be given to the patient regarding the safe storage
of their Medicine.
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The medicine dispensed must be of suitable quality, fit for use suitably
packaged and Labeled manner.
• Risk evaluation
• Risk acceptance
• Risk control
• On-going evaluation
• Risk Communication
fUNdaMENTals Of COMPUTER
9. .Write a short note on data analysis?
Answer: Improving efficiency of care processes is currently a must
Criterion for all healthcare providers, given the cost containment Measures
in healthcare budgets. Improving both processes and Patient care outcomes,
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by decreasing length of stays in ICU While improving quality is a healthcare
industry conundrum that Demands clear and factual analysis of all the
aspects of patient Care.
With the wide range of solutions for patient Data Collection and Connectivity,
GE Healthcare is at a strong Position to provide the next frontier in data
management: analysis and reporting for care and cost Management.
10. What are the PC tools, name few tools and define any two?
Answer:
The Control Panel is full of tools to change the way Windows looks and
behaves. Here we will Discuss the most important tools.
• Add hardware
• Add or remove programs
• Automatic updates
• Date and time
• Display
• Internet options
• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Network connections
• Regional and language setting
• Sounds and audio devices
• User accounts
• Windows firewall
Add Hardware
The “Add Hardware” Wizard enables you to add new hardware or troubleshoot
any hardware-Related problems.
Add Or Remove Programs
“Add or Remove Programs” helps you manage programs and components on
your computer. You can use it to add or remove programs (such as Microsoft
Excel or Word) from a CD-ROM,
11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of networking?
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Answer:
Advantages Of Networking
• Computers can communicate with each other Easily
• Computers can share data and files.
• Computing power and/or storage facilities can be shared.
• Hardware such as printers can be shared.
• There is control over which programs, data and hardware a user has access
to.
Disadvantages Of Networking
• A virus can spread more easily.
• As data is shared there is a greater need for security.
• If the server fails, all the workstations are affected.
. The cost of installing the equipments is greater
12. What are the simple word processing features?
Answer
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