Design Of Reinforced Concrete

Structures

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 1

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Shear And Diagonal
Tension In Beams

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 2

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Shear and Diagonal Tension
in Beams

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 3

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Shear and Diagonal Tension
in Beams

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 4

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Diagonal Tension
fmax
(compression)

Vmax Vmax

Mc
fbending 
I fmax (tension)
VQ
v
Ib

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 5

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Diagonal Tension

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 6

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Diagonal Tension
No Web Reinforcement
• At a location of large V and small M, there will be
little flexural cracking, prior to the development
of a diagonal tension crack. Thus, the average
shear stress prior to crack formation is
𝑉
𝑣=
𝑏𝑑
• It was found that in regions with large shear and
small moment, diagonal tension cracks form at an
average or nominal shear stress
𝑉𝑐𝑟
𝑣𝑐𝑟 = < 0.29 𝑓𝑐′
𝑏𝑑
CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 7
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Diagonal Tension
No Web Reinforcement
• It was found that in regions with small shear
and large moment, diagonal tension cracks
form at an average or nominal shear stress
𝑉𝑐𝑟
𝑣𝑐𝑟 = < 0.16 𝑓𝑐′
𝑏𝑑

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 8

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Diagonal Tension
No Web Reinforcement
• At a location of large V and large M.
– Flexural tension cracks form first.
– When the diagonal tension stress at the upper end of
one or more of these cracks exceeds the tensile
strength of the concrete, the crack bends in a diagonal
direction and continues to grow in length and width

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Diagonal Tension
No Web Reinforcement
• Two types of behavior have been observed in the
many tests on which present knowledge is based:
– Shallow beams (L/h<8): The diagonal crack, once formed,
spreads either immediately or at only slightly higher load,
traversing the entire beam from the tension reinforcement to
the compression face, splitting it in two and failing the beam.
This process is sudden and without warning. Complete absence
of shear reinforcement would make them very vulnerable to
accidental large overloads, which would result in catastrophic
failures without warning.

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 10

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Diagonal Tension
No Web Reinforcement
• Two types of behavior have been observed in the
many tests on which present knowledge is based:
– Deep beams: the diagonal crack, once formed, spreads toward
and partially into the compression zone but stops short of
penetrating to the compression face. In this case no sudden
collapse occurs, and the failure load may be significantly higher
than that at which the diagonal crack first formed.

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 11

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Diagonal Tension
With Web Reinforcement
• Web reinforcement has no noticeable effect prior
to the formation of diagonal cracks.
• After diagonal cracks have developed, web
reinforcement enhances the shear resistance of a
beam in four separate ways:
1. Part of the shear force is resisted by the bars that
traverse a particular crack.
2. The presence of these same bars restricts the
growth of diagonal cracks and reduces their
penetration into the compression zone
CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 12
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Diagonal Tension
With Web Reinforcement
• After diagonal cracks have developed, web
reinforcement enhances the shear resistance of a
beam in four separate ways:
3. The stirrups also counteract the widening of the
cracks, so that the two crack faces stay in close
contact.
4. provides some measure of restraint against the
splitting of concrete along the longitudinal
reinforcement. Also increases the share of the shear
force resisted by dowel action.

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 13

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 ACI Code Provisions
for Shear

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 14

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 ACI Code Provisions
for Shear
22.5.1.1- Nominal one-way shear strength at a section, Vn,
shall be calculated by:
Vn = Vc + Vs (22.5.1.1)
22.5.1.2-Cross-sectional dimensions shall be selected to
satisfy Eq. (22.5.1.2).

Vu ≤ ϕ(Vc + 0.66 fc′ bw d) (22.5.1.2)

22.5.1.3- For nonprestressed members, Vc shall be

calculated in accordance with 22.5.5

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 15

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 ACI Code Provisions
for Shear
22.5.5.1-For nonprestressed members, Vc shall be calculated in
accordance with Table 22.5.5.1 and 22.5.5.1.1 through
22.5.5.1.3.
Table 22.5.5.1—Vc for nonprestressed members

Criteria 𝑉𝑐
𝑁𝑢 (a)
0.17𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ + 𝑏 𝑑
6𝐴𝑔 𝑤
𝐴𝑣 ≥ 𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 Either of 1
( ) 𝑁𝑢
0.66𝜆𝜌𝑤3 𝑓𝑐′ + 𝑏 𝑑 (b)
6𝐴𝑔 𝑤
1
( ) 𝑁𝑢
𝐴𝑣 < 𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.66𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝜌𝑤3 𝑓𝑐′ + 𝑏 𝑑 (c)
6𝐴𝑔 𝑤

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 16

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 ACI Code Provisions
for Shear
Notes:
1. Axial load, Nu, is positive for compression and
negative for tension.
2. Vc shall not be taken less than zero.

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 17

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 ACI Code Provisions
for Shear
22.5.5.1.1- Vc shall not be taken greater than 0.42𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

22.5.5.1.2- In Table 22.5.5.1, the value of Nu/6Ag shall not

be taken greater than 0.05 f’c

22.5.5.1.3- The size modification factor, λs, shall be determined

by

2
s   1.0
1  0.004d

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 18

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 ACI Code Provisions
for Shear
22.5.8 One-way shear reinforcement
22.5.8.1 At each section where Vu > φVc, transverse
reinforcement shall be provided such that Eq. (22.5.8.1) is
satisfied. V
Vs  u  Vc
 (22.5.8.1)
22.5.8.2 For one-way members reinforced with transverse
reinforcement, Vs shall be calculated in accordance with 22.5.8.5.

22.5.8.3 For one-way members reinforced with bent-up

longitudinal bars, Vs shall be calculated in accordance with
22.5.8.6
CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 19
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Types of Web Reinforcement

Welded wire

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 20

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 ACI Code Provisions
for Shear

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 21

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 ACI Code Provisions
for Shear
Minimum Shear Reinforcement
9.6.3.1-For nonprestressed beams, minimum area of shear
reinforcement, Av,min, shall be provided in all regions where
𝑉𝑢 > ϕ0.083𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 except for the cases in Table 9.6.3.1. For
these cases, at least Av,min shall be provided where 𝑉𝑢 > ϕ𝑉𝑐

To be
revisited
during the
slab class
CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 22
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Summary
No axial forces and vertical stirrups
eqn.22.5.5.1.a

  0.17 fc' bwd

Shear Reinforcement is required (a must)
Vu  Vc or
Vu  Vc Av f yt d
eqn.22.5.5.1.b Vs  s
 Vs
  0.66  f b d
3 '
c w

Vc  Vu   0.083 fc' bwd Shear Reinforcement is minimum

Av min f yt A f
s1,max  s2,max  v min yt
0.062 fc' bw 0.35bw
 0.083 fc' bwd
Vu  and
Shear Reinforcement is not required
eqn.22.5.5.1.c

Vc   0.66s 3 w fc' bwd

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 23
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Summary
If Shear Reinforcement is used regardless of whether
its minimum or required, then the below must be
satisfied.

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 24

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Example S1
• A rectangular beam is to be designed to carry a shear
force Vu of 120 kN. No web reinforcement is to be
used, what is the minimum cross section if controlled
by shear and fc’=22 MPa, (d=2 b)

Vu   0.083 fc' bwd

120 1000
 bwd   410989.3 mm2
.75  0.083 1 22
d  906.63 mm bw  453.31 mm

• If minimum reinforcement is used, then d=633.5 mm

and bw=316.75 mm
CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 25
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Example S2
A simply supported rectangular beam 40 cm wide having
an effective depth of d=63.4 cm (h=70 cm) carries a total
factored load of 140 kN/m on a 6 m clear span. It is
reinforced with 4φ32 of tensile steel which continues
uninterrupted into the supports. If fc’=22 MPa throughout
what part of the beam is web reinforcement required?
Use vertical φ10 U stirrups with fy=420 MPa where
reinforcement is needed.

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 26

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Example S2
Calculate Vu at d
140  6
Vu   140  0.634  331.24 kN
2
Calculating Vc. Assuming reinforcement is required then,

 
Vc   0.17 fc' bwd  0.75  .17 1 22  400  634  151.7 kN
or
 1
 3 
Vc    0.66w fc bwd   0.75  .66  3 0.012685 1 22  400  634  137.3 kN
  '
 
 
 Vc  137.3 kN

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 27

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Required Reinforcement
Example S2 At 2.02 m
420

378 At 2.46 m
336

294

252

Vu
210
74.05
φVc
168

126

84

Vc   0.083 fc' bwd

42

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 28

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Example S2
Vu  Vc 331.24  137.32  0.66 fc' bwd
Vs    258.56 kN
 0.75  0.33 fc' bwd
Spacing
1) 600 mm
d
2)  317 mm
2
 102
3) Given 1φ10 Av  2( )  157.08 mm2
4
Av f yt d 157.08  420  634
s   161.77 mm
Vs 258.56 1000
CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 29
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Example S2
Maximum spacing to provide minimum Av
157.08  420
Av min f yt
4) s1,max    567.16 mm
0.062 fc bw 0.062  22  400
'

Av min f yt
s2,max   471.24 mm
0.35bw
Use 1φ10 @ 15 cm for the first 1.0 m
Use 1φ10 @ 20 cm for the second 1.0 m
Use 1φ10 @ 30 cm for the third 1.0 m

Since Av,min is provided no need to check equation c of table

22.5.5.1. Also since d>bw no need for transverse reinf.
CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 30
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Example S3
• Beam loaded as shown fc’=21 MPa, fyt=280
MPa. Use vertical φ8 U stirrups. Select the
stirrups spacing
DL=24 kN/m, LL=30
40 cm
kN/m

63.6
cm
4φ32

8m Col. 40 x 40 cm
CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 31
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Example S3
wu  1.2  24  1.6  30  76.8 kN / m
76.8  8
Vu   76.8  (0.2  0.636)  243 kN
2
 
Vc   0.17 fc' bwd  0.75  .17 1 21  400  636  148.64 kN
or
 1
 3 
Vc    0.66w fc bwd   0.75  .66  3 0.012685 1 21  400  636  134.58 kN
  '
 
 
 Vc  134.58 kN
243  134.58  0.66 fc' bwd
Vs   144.56 kN
0.75  0.33 fc' bwd

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 32

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Example S3
Spacing
1) 600 mm
d
2)  318 mm
2
 82
3) φ8 Av  2( )  100.53 mm2
4
Av f yt d 100.53  280  636
s   123.84 mm
Vs 144.56 1000
Av min f yt 100.53  280
4) s1,max    247.68 mm
0.062 fc bw 0.062  21  400
'

Av min f yt
s2,max   201.06 mm
0.35bw
CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 33
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
 Example S3

Required up to 2.25 m from column centerline

Use 1φ8 @ 12 cm for the first 1.5 m
Use 1φ8 @ 20 cm from 1.5 m to 3.1
and none for the last 90 cm up to the mid-span.
2 2
s    0.75
1  .004d 1  .004  636
 1
 3 
Vc    0.66s w fc bwd   0.75  .66  0.75  3 0.012685 1 21  400  636  100.93 kN
  '
 
 
72.3kN

Vu @3.1 m  69.12 kN  0.083 f c' bwd  100.93 kN

CIV 320 Fall Semester 24/25 34

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb