Axial Skeleton System

There are 22 bones of skull. They lie on the superior end of vertebral column. These bones
are divided in 2 groups: Cranial bones- which forms the cranial cavity are eight in number;
Facial bones- these are 14 and forms the face.
CRANIAL BONES

1. FRONTAL BONE

Frontal bone forms the forehead, the anterior part of cranium, roofs of the orbits. It also forms
prominent ridges above the eyes known as supraorbital margins. Just above these margins,
inside the bone, are the two air-filled cavities. These cavities are also known as sinuses and
opens into nasal cavity.

The coronal suture joins the frontal and parietal bone. Other sutures are formed with
sphenoid, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal and ethmoid bone.

2. PARIETAL BONE

These are present in pairs and forms the side and roof of the skull. They articulate with each
other and forms sagittal suture, parietal bone and frontal bone forms coronal suture, occipital
bone and parietal bone forms lambdoidal suture and with temporal bone the parietal bone
forms squamous suture. The inner surface is concave and is used to accommodate the brain
and blood vessels.

3. TEMPORAL BONE

There are two temporal bones and lies one on each side of the head and forms sutures with
parietal, sphenoid, occipital and zygomatic bone. The squamous part of temporal bone is a
thin fan-shaped area that articulates with the parietal bone. The mastoid part contains the
mastoid process:- a thickened region present behind the ears. these processes contains large
number of air sinuses that communicate with the middle ear.

The petrous portion forms part of the base of skull and also contains organs having receptors
for hearing and balance(organ of corti , vestibule and semicircular canals). The temporal bone
articulate with the mandible and forms temporomandibular joint; It is the only movable joint
of skull. The styloid process of temporal bone supports hyoid bone and muscles of tongue
and pharynx.

4. OCCIPITAL BONE

this bone forms the back of head and also the part of base of the skull. It articulates with
parietal, sphenoid and temporal bone. The inner surface is concave in shape and contains
occipital lobes of cerebrum and cerebellum. this bone have 2 condyles which forms
condyloid joint with atlas(1st bone of vertebral column); this joint allows the nodding
movement of head. Between the condyles is the foramen magnum through which the spinal
cords passes into the cranial cavity.

5. SPHENOID BONE
This bone forms the Middle part of base of the skull. This bone links the cranial and facial
bones. In the middle of the bone, on the superior surface is a depression known as
hypophyseal fossa, where the pituitary gland lies. It also contains large number of small air
sinuses which opens into the nasal cavity. The optic foramina of sphenoid bone forms a
passage for the optic nerve to reach the brain.

6. ETHMOID BONE

This bone forms the anterior part of base of skull. It helps to form orbital cavity., the nasal
septum and lateral walls of nasal cavity. On each side of the bone are the projections known
as middle or superior conchae. It is a very delicate bone and contains small air sinuses with
opening into nasal cavity. The cribriform plate forms the roof of nasal cavity nd contains
large no. of small foramens through which the nerve fibers of olfactory nerve passes and
leads to brain.
FACIAL BONES

Our face is formed by a group of 14 bones. some of these bones are present in pairs and
others are single.

Zygomatic Bones

there are two zygomatic bones. Each bone earlier originate as 2 bones and later fuse after
birth. The bones form prominences of the cheek and the part of floor and lateral walls of
orbital cavities.

Maxilla

this is the upper jaw bone and forms the anterior part of the roof of the mouth, the upper jaw,
part of orbital cavities and walls of nasal cavity. the alveolar process carries the upper teeth.
On each side of the bone is the sinus known as maxillary sinus which opens into nasal cavity.

Nasal Bones

The two nasal bones meet at the midline and form the bridge of the nose. The rest of the
supporting tissue of the nose consist of cartilage.

Lacrimal Bones

The two lacrimal bones are thin and are like fingernail in size as well as in shape. These are
the smallest bones of face and forms a part of medial wall of each orbit. It contains lacrimal
fossa that stores lacrimal sacs; the structures that gathers tears and passes into nasal cavity.

Palatine Bones

These are two L-shaped bones form the posterior portion of hard palate, floor of nasal cavity
and some portion of floor of orbits. The horizontal plates form the posterior portion of hard
palate.

Inferior Nasal conchae

There are two inferior nasal conchae, which are inferior to the middle nasal conchae of the
ethmoid bone. These are separate bones. All the three nasal conchae(superior, inferior and
middle) increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, to filter the air as it passes into the lungs.
Only the superior nasal conchae are involved in sense of smell.

Vomer

Vomer is a triangular bone on the floor of nasal cavity that articulates superiorly with the
ethmoid bone and inferiorly with maxillae and palatine bone. It also forms inferior portion of
nasal septum.

Mandible

It is the lower jaw bone; It is the largest and strongest facial bone. It is the only skull bone
which is movable. It consist of a curved horizontal portion, the body and two perpendicular
portions known as rami. Each ramus has a posterior condylar process that articulates with the
mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone; and forms temporomandibular
joint. The depression between coronoid process and condylar process is known as mandibular
notch. The alveolar process contains the alveoli for lower teeth. The mental foramen is the
one near which the dentist reach the mental nerve before injecting anesthetics.

Appendicular skeleton

1. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Prepared by, Abhay Shripad Joshi Assistant Professor

Yash Institute of Pharmacy, Aurangabad abhay.joshirss@gmail.com
2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON • The appendicular skeleton consists of : • 126 bones •
Allows us to move and manipulate objects • Includes all bones besides axial skeleton • The
limbs • The supportive girdles • The Pectoral girdle with the upper limbs and the Pelvic girdle
with the lower limb.
3. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
4. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Pectoral Girdle • The human body has two pectoral
girdles that attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. • The pectoral girdle
consists of : 1. 2 Clavicle ( Collar bone) 2. 2 Scapula (Shoulder blade)
5. PECTORAL GIRDLE • Also called the shoulder girdle • Connects the arms to the body
• Positions the shoulders • Provides a base for arm movement • Consists of • Two clavicles •
Two scapulae • Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium
6. PECTORAL GIRDLE • The Clavicles • Also called collarbones • Long, S-shaped bones
• Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) • Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)
7. PECTORAL GIRDLE
8. PECTORAL GIRDLE • The Scapulae • Also called shoulder blades • Broad, flat
triangles • Articulate with arm and collarbone • Anterior surface: the subscapular fossa
9. PECTORAL GIRDLE • The Scapulae • Structures of the scapula • Body has three sides:
• superior border • medial border (vertebral border) • lateral border (axillary border) • Body
has three corners: • superior angle • inferior angle • lateral angle
10. PECTORAL GIRDLE • The Scapulae • The scapular head • Holds glenoid cavity •
Which articulates with humerus • To form shoulder joint • Processes of the glenoid cavity •
Coracoid process: • anterior, smaller • Acromion: • posterior, larger • articulates with clavicle
• at the acromioclavicular joint
11. PECTORAL GIRDLE
 12. THE UPPER LIMB • The upper limbs consist of the arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus
13. THE UPPER LIMB • The Humerus • The Shaft • Deltoid tuberosity: • a bulge in the
shaft • attaches deltoid muscle • Radial groove: • for radial nerve • posterior to deltoid
tuberosity
14. THE UPPER LIMB
15. THE UPPER LIMB • The Forearm (also called the antebrachium) • Consists of two
long bones • Ulna (medial) • Radius (lateral)
16. THE UPPER LIMB • The Ulna • The olecranon • Superior end of ulna • Point of elbow
• Superior lip of trochlear notch • Articulates with trochlea of humerus • The coronoid
process • Inferior lip of trochlear notch
17. THE UPPER LIMB • Eight carpal bones • Four proximal carpal bones • Four distal
carpal bones • Allow wrist to bend and twist
18. THE UPPER LIMB • Metacarpal Bones • The five long bones of the hand • Numbered
I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial • Articulate with proximal phalanges • Phalanges of the
Hands (14 total finger bones) • Pollex (thumb) • Two phalanges (proximal, distal) • Fingers •
Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
19. THE UPPER LIMB
20. THE PELVIC GIRDLE • Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones) • Strong to bear
body weight, stress of movement • Part of the pelvis • Coxal bones • Made up of three fused
bones • Ilium (articulates with sacrum) • Ischium • Pubis
21. THE PELVIC GIRDLE
22. THE PELVIC GIRDLE • Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis • Female
pelvis • Smoother and lighter • Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments • Pelvis
modifications for Childbearing • enlarged pelvic outlet • broad pubic angle (>100°) • less
curvature of sacrum and coccyx • wide, circular pelvic inlet • broad, low pelvis • ilia project
laterally, not upwards
23. THE PELVIC GIRDLE
24. THE LOWER LIMB • Functions of the lower limbs • Weight bearing • Motion Note:
leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg
25. THE LOWER LIMB • Bones of the Lower Limbs • Femur (thigh) • Patella (kneecap) •
Tibia and fibula (leg) • Tarsals (ankle) • Metatarsals (foot) • Phalanges (toes)
26. THE LOWER LIMB
27. THE LOWER LIMB • The Patella • Also called the kneecap • A sesamoid bone •
Formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris • Base attaches quadriceps femoris • Apex
attaches patellar ligament
28. THE LOWER LIMB • The Tibia • Also called the shinbone • Supports body weight •
Larger than fibula • Medial to fibula
29. THE LOWER LIMB • The Fibula • Attaches muscles of feet and toes • Smaller than
tibia • Lateral to tibia
30. THE LOWER LIMB • The Ankle • Also called the tarsus • Consists of seven tarsal
bones • Bones of the ankle • Talus: • carries weight from tibia across trochlea • Calcaneus
(heel bone): • transfers weight from talus to ground • attaches calcaneal (Achilles) tendon •
Cuboid: • articulates with calcaneus
31. THE LOWER LIMB
32. THE LOWER LIMB • Metatarsal Bones of the Foot • Five long bones of foot •
Numbered I–V, medial to lateral • Articulate with toes
33. THE LOWER LIMB • Phalanges of the foot • Phalanges • 14 bones of the toes •
Hallux • Big toe or great toe, two phalanges (distal, proximal) • Other four toes • Three
phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)
34. THE LOWER LIMB