Building Electrical installation

Level II
Based on Aug, 2022, Curriculum Version I,

Module Title: Terminating signal and data cables

Code: EIS BEI2 M07 0822

Aug, 2022

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Unit one: Difference of conductor and cable

1) Identifying Cables and conductors

1.1. Signal cable
Signal cable is used in data transmission applications that demand superior signal protection.
These applications require some of the smallest, most flexible and highly-screened cables on the
market. Signal cables are used in a multitude of industries and can be found in everything from
computers, medical equipment, and appliances.
Allied Wire and Cable carries a full line of signal cables designed for flexibility and durability
in data communications cable applications. For added flexibility, our cables are stranded in
layers – a low-cost solution compared to other types of stranding. To minimize signal
interference and allow for the best performance possible, many of our flexible signal cables also
feature overall copper screens. The signal cables in this category may be used in dry, damp, or
wet locations, making them even more versatile.

1.2. What is Network Cabling?

Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to
another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used with LANs. In some cases, a
network will utilize only one type of cable, other networks will use a variety of cable types. The
type of cable chosen for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol, and size.
Understanding the characteristics of different types of cable and how they relate to other aspects
of a network is necessary for the development of a successful network.

Fig.1.1 Transmission medium

 Message. The message is the information (data) to be communicated. Popular forms of
information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
 Sender. The sender is the device that sends the data message. It can be a computer,
workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on.
 Receiver. The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a computer,
workstation, telephone handset, television, and so on.

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  Transmission medium. The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message
travels from sender to receiver. Cable or Air
 Protocol. A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It represents an
agreement between the communicating devices.

 Network Cables – Types

 Transmission media carry signals between computers
 Can be divided into two broad categories:

2) Labelling Cables and conductors

2.1 Cable-based/Guided media
2.1.1 the signal are guided along a solid medium
A. Twisted-pair cable
Consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its own plastic insulation, twisted
together.
 Two types twisted-Pair cable
I. Unshielded Twisted-Pair cable (UTP)
II. Shielded Twisted-Pair cable (STP)
 Use metallic (copper) conductors that accept and transport signals in the form of electric
current. Almost all modern LAN computer networks use this cable.
– This cable is also known as Ethernet cable.
 Consists of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires each about 1 mm thick
– Every two wires are twisted around each other
– Each pair is twisted with a different number of twists per inch to eliminate interferences
which will create noise.
 Crosstalk from adjacent pairs
 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) from other electrical devices
 One potential problem with twisted-pair cable is Crosstalk
 Crosstalk is defined as signals from one line interfering with signals from another line.

Fig.1.2 Unshielded twisted pair

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Usually there are four pairs.
– Each pair has one solid color and one stripped color wire.
 Wire pair #1: White-blue, Blue
 Wire pair #2: White-orange, Orange
 Wire pair #3: White-green, Green
 Wire pair #4: White-brown, Brown
I. Unshielded Twisted-Pair cable (UTP),all pairs are wrapped in a single plastic sheath. –
The most common twisted-pair cable for LANs.
The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely high-speed cable. The
cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a different number of
twists per inch to help eliminate interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices.
The tighter twisting, the higher supported transmission rate and the greater the cost per foot. The
EIA/TIA (Electronic Industry Association/Telecommunication Industry Association) has
established standards of UTP and rated six categories of wire (additional categories are
emerging).
Unshielded Twisted Pair Connector
The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector. This is a
plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style connector (See fig. 2). A slot allows the
RJ-45 to be inserted only one way. RJ stands for Registered Jack, implying that the connector
follows a standard borrowed from the telephone industry. This standard designates which wire
goes with each pin inside the connector.
The standard connector for twisted-pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector
 RJ stands for Registered Jack
 An 8-pin connection used for Ethernet network
 A plastic connecter that looks like ordinary phone jacks (RJ-11)
 The RJ-45 is a keyed connector, meaning the connector can be inserted in only one way.

Fig.1.3 RJ-45 connector

II. Shielded Twisted-Pair cable (STP)each pair is wrapped with an additional metal
shield,and then all pairs are wrapped in a single outer plastic sheath.

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Although UTP cable is the least expensive cable, it may be susceptible to radio and electrical
frequency interference (it should not be too close to electric motors, fluorescent lights, etc.). If
you must place cable in environments with lots of potential interference, or if you must place
cable in extremely sensitive environments that may be susceptible to the electrical current in the
UTP, shielded twisted pair may be the solution. Shielded cables can also help to extend the
maximum distance of the cables.
Shielded twisted pair cable is available in three different configurations:
1. Each pair of wires is individually shielded with foil.
2. There is a foil or braid shield inside the jacket covering all wires (as a group).
There is a shield around each individual pair, as well as around the entire group of wires
(referred to as double shield twisted pair).

Fig.1.4 UTP and STP cables

STP vs. UTP cables
 Both STP and UTP can transmit data at 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, and 10Gbps.
 Since STP cable contains more materials, it is more expensive than the UTP cable.
– However, the extra shielding can make the cables quite bulky.
 UTP is susceptible to crosstalk, radio and electrical frequency interference.
– STP is more cross-talk, EMI, and attenuation resistant than the UTPcable.
– STP is suitable for environments with electrical interference
 STP is often used on networks using Token Ring topology.
 Both cables use the same RJ-45 connectors.
 The maximum segment length for both cables is 100 meters
 The EIA (Electronic Industry Association) has established standards of twisted-pair
cable.
– Cat 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are outdated and not used in any modern LAN network.
– Cat 7 is still a new technology and not commonly used.
– Cat 5e, 6, 6a are the commonly used twisted-pair cables.

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 Table 2.1.Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair

2.2 Crimping Twisted-Pair Cable

 Two types of Ethernet network cable are straight through and crossover cable.
 Straight through and Crossover cable have different wire arrangement for serving
different purposes.
Cat 5, Cat 5e or Cat 6 UTP cable
Made of 4 pair high performance cable that twisted pair conductors that used for data
transmission.
Both end of cable is called RJ-45 connector
1) Straight Through Cable
 Used to connect different type of devices and used most of the time
1) Connect a computer to a switch/hub's normal port.
2) Connect a computer to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.
3) Connect a router's WAN port to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.
4) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's uplink port.
(Normally used for expanding network)
5) Connect 2 switches/hubs with one of the switch/hub using an uplink port and the other
one using normal port.
 Uplink port special port that eliminates the need of crossover cable
Straight Through Cabling Standard
 Both side (side A and side B) of cable have wire arrangement with same color.
 Clip is pointed away from you

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 Fig.1.5 RJ-45 connector
2) Crossover cable
 Used to connect same type of devices without a switch or hub.
Connect 2 computers directly
Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's normal port
(Normally used for expanding network)
Connect 2 switches/hubs by using normal port in both switches/hubs
Crossover Cabling Standard
 Crossover cables have different ends
 Both side (side A and side B) of cable have wire arrangement with following different
color
Table2.2.Crossover Cabling Standard

 Straight through cables have identical ends and are used for connecting computers
through a hub/switch
 Crossover cables have different ends and are used for connecting devices directly with
each other (e.g. PC to PC)

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 Fig.1.6Straight Through vs. Crossover Cable

B. Coaxial cable:- uses copper wire to conduct the signals electronically

 Coaxial cable has a single copper conductor at its center.
 Coaxial cable can support greater cable lengths between network devices than
twisted pair cable.
 Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal
interference.
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation
between the center conductor and a braided metal shield (See fig. 3). The metal shield helps to
block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers.

Fig.1.7 Coaxial cable

Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal interference. In
addition, it can support greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable.
The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial and thin coaxial.
Thin coaxial cable is also referred to as thinnet. 10Base2 refers to the specifications for thin
coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 2 refers to the approximate maximum segment

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length being 200 meters. In actual fact the maximum segment length is 185 meters. Thin coaxial
cable has been popular in school networks, especially linear bus networks.
Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thicknet. 10Base5 refers to the specifications for thick
coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 5 refers to the maximum segment length being 500
meters. Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture away
from the center conductor. This makes thick coaxial a great choice when running longer lengths
in a linear bus network. One disadvantage o*1f thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and is
difficult to install.
 The two types of coaxial cables
1. Thin coaxial cable is also referred to as thinnet
 10Base2 refers to the specifications for thin coaxial cable carrying Ethernet
signals.
 The 2 refers to the approximate maximum segment length being 200 meters. In
actual fact the maximum segment length is 185 meters
 Thin coaxial cable is popular in school networks, especially linear bus networks
2. Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thicknet
 Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that helps keep
moisture away from the center conductor
 This makes thick coaxial a great choice when running longer lengths in a linear
bus network
 One disadvantage of thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and is difficult
to install
 10Base5 refers to the specifications for thick coaxial cable carrying
Ethernet signals.
 The 5 refers to the maximum segment length being 500 meters.
Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that helpskeep moisture away
from the center conductor.
Coaxial Cable Connectors
 The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayonet
Neill–Concelman (BNC) connector.
 Different types are available for BNC connectors, including a T-connector, barrel
connector, etc.

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 Fig.1.8Coaxial Cable Connectors
C. Fiber-optic cable:- uses glass or plastic conductor and transmits the signals as light
 Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of
protective materials.
 Outer insulating jacket is made of Teflon or PVC.
 Kevlar fiber helps to strengthen the cable and prevent breakage.
 A plastic coating is used to cushion the fiber center.
 Center (core) is made of glass or plastic fibers.

Fig.1.9 Part ofFiber-optic cable

 Transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the problem of electrical
interference.
 Used to connect networks between buildings, due to its immunity to the effects of
moisture and lighting.
 Has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances than coaxial and
twisted-pair.
 Has the capability to carry information at vastly greater speeds.

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  This capacity broadens communication possibilities to include services such as video
conferencing and interactive services.
 The cost of fiber optic cabling is a little bit higher; and, it is more difficult to install
and modify.
Fiber Optic Connector
 There are many connectors used with fiber optic cable such as an ST and SC
connector.
– The ST is barrel shaped, similar to a BNC connector.
– The SC has a squared face and is easier to connect in a confined space.

Fig.1.10Fiber Optic Connector

There are two common types of fiber cables -- single mode and multimode. Multimode cable
has a larger diameter; however, both cables provide high bandwidth at high speeds. Single
mode can provide more distance, but it is more expensive.
Table 2.3.Specification cable types

Installing Cable - Some Guidelines

When running cable, it is best to follow a few simple rules:
 Always use more cable than you need. Leave plenty of slack.
 Test every part of a network as you install it. Even if it is brand new, it may have
problems that will be difficult to isolate later.

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  Stay at least 3 feet away from fluorescent light boxes and other sources of electrical
interference.
 If it is necessary to run cable across the floor, cover the cable with cable protectors.
 Label both ends of each cable.
 Use cable ties (not tape) to keep cables in the same location together.

2.1.2 Wireless/Unguided media the signal propagates in the atmosphere and in

outer space

More and more networks are operating without cables, in the wireless mode. Wireless LANs use
high frequency radio signals, infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate between the
workstations, servers, or hubs. Each workstation and file server on a wireless network has some
sort of transceiver/antenna to send and receive the data. Information is relayed between
transceivers as if they were physically connected. For longer distance, wireless communications
can also take place through cellular telephone technology, microwave transmission, or by
satellite.
Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop computers, portable devices, or remote
computers to connect to the LAN. Wireless networks are also beneficial in older buildings where
it may be difficult or impossible to install cables.
The two most common types of infrared communications used in schools are line-of-sight and
scattered broadcast. Line-of-sight communication means that there must be an unblocked direct
line between the workstation and the transceiver. If a person walks within the line-of-sight while
there is a transmission, the information would need to be sent again. This kind of obstruction can
slow down the wireless network. Scattered infrared communication is a broadcast of infrared
transmissions sent out in multiple directions that bounces off walls and ceilings until it
eventually hits the receiver. Networking communications with laser are virtually the same as
line-of-sight infrared networks.
Wireless standards and speeds
The Wi-Fi Alliance is a global, non-profit organization that helps to ensure standards and
interoperability for wireless networks, and wireless networks are often referred to as WiFi
(Wireless Fidelity). The original Wi-Fi standard (IEEE 802.11) was adopted in 1997. Since then
many variations have emerged (and will continue to emerge). Wi-Fi networks use the Ethernet
protocol.

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 Table1.4.Wireless standards and speeds

2.3 Wireless Security

Wireless networks are much more susceptible to unauthorized use than cabled networks.
Wireless network devices use radio waves to communicate with each other. The greatest
vulnerability to the network is that rogue machines can "eves-drop" on the radio wave
communications. Unencrypted information transmitted can be monitored by a third-party, which,
with the right tools (free to download), could quickly gain access to your entire network, steal
valuable passwords to local servers and online services, alter or destroy data, and/or access
personal and confidential information stored in your network servers. To minimize the
possibility of this, all modern access points and devices have configuration options to encrypt
transmissions. These encryption methodologies are still evolving, as are the tools used by
malicious hackers, so always use the strongest encryption available in your access point and
connecting devices.
A NOTE ON ENCRYPTION: As of this writing WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encryption
can be easily hacked with readily-available free tools which circulate the internet. WPA and
WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access versions 1 and 2) are much better at protecting information, but
using weak passwords or passphrases when enabling these encryptions may allow them to be
easily hacked. If your network is running WEP, you must be very careful about your use of
sensitive passwords or other data.
Three basic techniques are used to protect networks from unauthorized wireless use. Use any and
all of these techniques when setting up your wireless access points:
Encryption.
Enable the strongest encryption supported by the devices you will be connecting to the
network. Use strong passwords (strong passwords are generally defined as passwords
containing symbols, numbers, and mixed case letters, at least 14 characters long).

Isolation.
Use a wireless router that places all wireless connections on a subnet independent of the
primary private network. This protects your private network data from pass-through
internet traffic.

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Hidden SSID.
Every access point has a Service Set Identifier (SSID) that by default is broadcast to
client devices so that the access point can be found. By disabling this feature, standard
client connection software won't be able to "see" the access point. However, the eves-
dropping programs discussed previously can easily find these access points, so this alone
does little more than keep the access point name out of sight for casual wireless users.
Advantages of wireless networks:
 Mobility - With a laptop computer or mobile device, access can be available throughout a
school, at the mall, on an airplane, etc. More and more businesses are also offering free
Wi-Fi access ("Hot spots").
 Fast setup - If your computer has a wireless adapter, locating a wireless network can be
as simple as clicking "Connect to a Network" -- in some cases, you will connect
automatically to networks within range.
 Cost - Setting up a wireless network can be much more cost effective than buying and
installing cables.
 Expandability - Adding new computers to a wireless network is as easy as turning the
computer on (as long as you do not exceed the maximum number of devices).
Disadvantages of wireless networks:
 Security - Be careful. Be vigilant. Protect your sensitive data with backups, isolated
private networks, strong encryption and passwords, and monitor network access traffic to
and from your wireless network.
 Interference - Because wireless networks use radio signals and similar techniques for
transmission, they are susceptible to interference from lights and electronic devices.
 Inconsistent connections - How many times have you hears "Wait a minute, I just lost my
connection?" Because of the interference caused by electrical devices and/or items
blocking the path of transmission, wireless connections are not nearly as stable as those
through a dedicated cable.
 Speed - The transmission speed of wireless networks is improving; however, faster
options (such as gigabit Ethernet) are available via cables. If you are only using wireless
for internet access, the actual internet connection for your home or school is generally
slower than the wireless network devices, so that connection is the bottleneck. If you are
also moving large amounts of data around a private network, a cabled connection will
enable that work to proceed much faster.

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 Unit Two: Cable preparation

1. Terminalrequirement and specification

1.1 Network Cable Types and Specifications
This experiment explains the types of network cables used in computer networks in detail. Learn
the specifications, standards, and features of the coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, and the fiber-
optical cable. To connect two or more computers or networking devices in a network, network
cables are used. There are three types of network cables; coaxial, twisted-pair, and fiber-optic.
Coaxial cable
This cable contains a conductor, insulator, braiding, and sheath. The sheath covers the braiding,
braiding covers the insulation, and the insulation covers the conductor.

Fig 1.1.paret of coaxial cable

2.1 Components of Coaxial cable
Sheath
This is the outer layer of the coaxial cable. It protects the cable from physical damage.
Braided-shield
This shield protects signals from external interference and noise. This shield is built from the
same metal that is used to build the core.
Insulation
Insulation protects the core. It also keeps the core separate from the braided-shield. Since both
the core and the braided-shield use the same metal, without this layer, they will touch each other
and create a short- circuit in the wire.
Conductor
The conductor carries electromagnetic signals. Based on conductor a coaxial cable can be
categorized into two types; single-core coaxial cable and multi-core coaxial cable.
A single-core coaxial cable uses a single central metal (usually copper) conductor, while a
multi-core coaxial cable uses multiple thin strands of metal wires. The following image shows
both types of cable.

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 Fig 1.2.core coaxial cable
2.2 Coaxial cables in computer networks
The coaxial cables were not primarily developed for the computer network. These cables were
developed for general purposes. They were in use even before computer networks came into
existence. They are still used even their use in computer networks has been completely
discontinued. At the beginning of computer networking, when there were no dedicated media
cables available for computer networks, network administrators began using coaxial cables to
build computer networks. Because of low-cost and long durability, coaxial cables were used in
computer networking for nearly two decades (80s and 90s). Coaxial cables are no longer used to
build any type of computer network.
2.3 Specifications of coaxial cables
Coaxial cables have been in use for the last four decades. During these years, based on several
factors such as the thickness of the sheath, the metal of the conductor, and the material used in
insulation, hundreds of specifications have been created to specify the characteristics of coaxial
cables.
Coaxial cable uses RG rating to measure the materials used in shielding and conducting cores.
RG stands for the Radio Guide. Coaxial cable mainly uses radio frequencies in transmission.
Impedance is the resistance that controls the signals. It is expressed in the ohms. AWG stands for
American Wire Gauge. It is used to measure the size of the core. The larger the AWG size, the
smaller the diameter of the core wire.
From these specifications, only a few were used in computer networks. The following table lists
them.

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1. Preparing Cable ends
2.1 Difference of Straight through and Crossover Cable
Ethernet cables can be wired as straight through or crossover. The straight through is the most
common type and is used to connect computers to hubs or switches. They are most likely what
you will find when you go to your local computer store and buy a patch cable. Crossover
Ethernet cable is more commonly used to connect a computer to a computer and may be a little
harder to find since they aren’t used nearly as much as straight through Ethernet cable. Then,
what’s the difference between straight through vs crossover cable? Read through this post to find
the answer
T568A and T568B Wiring Standard Basis
A RJ45 connector is a modular 8 position, 8 pin connector used for terminating Cat5e patch
cable or Cat6 cable. A pin out is a specific arrangement of wires that dictate how the connector is
terminated. There are two standards recognized by ANSI, TIA and EIA for wiring Ethernet
cables. The first is the T568A wiring standard and the second is T568B. T568B has surpassed
568A and is seen as the default wiring scheme for twisted pair structured cabling. If you are
unsure of which to use, choose 568B.

Fig 2.1.Straight throughvs. Crossover Cable

2.2 What Is Straight Through Cable?

A straight through cable is a type of twisted pair cable that is used in local area networks to
connect a computer to a network hub such as a router. This type of cable is also sometimes called
a patch cable and is an alternative to wireless connections where one or more computers access a
router through wireless signal. On a straight through cable, the wired pins match. Straight
through cable use one wiring standard: both ends use T568A wiring standard or both ends use
T568B wiring standard. The following figure shows a straight through cable of which both ends
are wired as the T568B standard.

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 Fig 2.2.A straight through cable of which both ends
2.3 What Is Crossover Cable?
A crossover Ethernet cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices
together directly. Unlike straight through cable, the RJ45 crossover cable uses two different
wiring standards: one end uses the T568A wiring standard and the other end uses the T568B
wiring standard. The internal wiring of Ethernet crossover cables reverses transmit and receive
signals. It is most often used to connect two devices of the same type: e.g. two computers (via
network interface controller) or two switches to each other.

Fig 2.3.A Crossover cable of which both ends

Straight throughvs.Crossover Cable, which to choose?

Straight through vs. crossover cable, which one should I choose? Usually, straight through
cables are primarily used for connecting unlike devices. And crossover cables are used for
connecting alike devices.
Use straight through Ethernet cable for the following cabling:
Switch to router
Switch to PC or server
Hub to PC or server
Use crossover cables for the following cabling:
 Switch to switch
 Switch to hub
 Hub to hub

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  Router to router
 Router Ethernet port to PC NIC
 PC to PC

Fig 2.4.Straight through and Crossover Cable

2.4 Handling cables/wires

The primary cable handling equipment of a typical cable-layer is designed to load cable from
ashore into cable tanks and discharge it from the tanks onto the seabed. Central to effective cable
handling is the wheel pair – two tires on wheel rims mounted on hydraulically operated arms
opposed to each other.
 The electric power line enters our house through three wires- namely the live wire,
the neutral wire and the earth wire.
 To avoid confusion we follow a colour code for insulating these wires.
 The red wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral.
 The earth wire is given green plastic insulation
The most common type of wiring in modern homes is in the form of nonmetallic (NM) cable,
which consists of two or more individual wires wrapped inside a protective plastic sheathing.
NM cable usually contains one or more “hot” (current-carrying) wires, a neutral wire, and
a ground wire

Fig 2.5.RG6 coaxial cable

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Unit three : Network cable termination

1. Data cable tools

1.1 Network cable Crimping and Testing Tools

In This part of experiment explains the most common twisted-pair network cable testing and
crimping tools in detail. Learn the tools that you can use to crimp and test twisted-pair network
cables. Cables are the backbone of a wired network. The stability, reliability, and performance of
a wired network depend on cables. Installing and maintaining cables in a wired network is a
difficult task. To make this task easier, a variety of network cable crimping and testing tools are
available. In this tutorial, we will not only discuss some of the most common network cable
crimping and testing tools but also understand their features and functions.
1.1.1 Twisted-pair (STP and UTP) network cable crimping tools
Crimping tools are used for the following purposes.
1. To cut the network cable of the required length from the bundle.
2. To remove the outer and inner jackets of the network cable.
3. To attach the connectors on both ends of the cable.
Some crimping tools provide all the functionality while others provide one or two functionalities.
The most common twisted-pair network cable crimping tools are described below.
Wire Cutter: - To cut the network cable of the required length from the bundle, you can use any
standard wire cutter tool or can use a wire cutter tool that is specially designed for the twisted-
pair cable. A twisted-pair wire cutter usually includes additional blades for stripping the wire.
Wire Stripper: - This tool is used to remove the outer and inner jackets of the network cable.
Typically, you do not need to purchase this tool separately as all standard twisted-pair wire
cutters are equipped with wire-strippers.
Crimp tool: - This tool is used to attach the connectors to the cable. Typically, this tool also
includes a wire-cutter and wire-stripper. So if you buy a crimp tool, you don't have to buy a wire-
cutter and wire-striper separately.

Fig.1.1.network cable crimping tools

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Which tool you should buy depends on your requirements and budget. For example, if you want
to install a dozen network cables, you can buy less expensive tools such as a low-cost wire
stripper and a cheap crimp device. But if you are in a network cable setting up business or have a
medium or large-sized network, you should buy a crimping tool that has a built-in a wire stripper
and wire cutter. A high-quality twisted-pair cable crimping tool will cost you around $100 but
will save you many headaches in the long run.
2. Testing Terminations for compliance with specifications and procedures
2.1 Network cable testing and troubleshooting tools
A network cable testing and troubleshooting tool is used for the following purposes.
To measure the length of a segment or network cable
To detect loose connectors
To identify an un-labeled network cable from all network cables.
To find a break in the network cable
To certify the cable installation
The following section describes the most common network cable testing and troubleshooting
tools.
2.2 Cable certifier
This device thoroughly tests a network cable and certifies that the cable installation meets a
special wiring standard such as Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6a, and so forth. This device can check and test
total segment length, crosstalk, noise, wiremap, resistance, impedance, and the capability to
transfer data at the maximum frequency rated for the cable.

Fig.2.1.Cable certifier

2.3 Time domain reflectometer

This device is used to measure the length of a network cable as well as the breaks in the cable.
This device transmits a signal on one end and measures the time the signal takes to reach the end
of the cable. You can also use this device to find breaks in the cable. For example, this device
can tell you approximately how far the break is located in the cable.

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 Fig.2.2.Time domain reflectometer

2.4 Basic cable tester

If you can't afford a network cable certifier, you can buy and use this device to manage your
network cables. Besides certifying the cable installation, this device provides all remaining
functionalities of a network cable certifier. It can test cable length, cross talk, and breaks in the
cable. It can also check whether the connectors on both ends of a network cable are properly
attached or not.

Fig.2.3.cable tester

2.5 Tone generator and the probe

Besides certifying the cable installation, this device provides all remaining functionalities of a
network cable certifier. It can test cable length, cross talk, and breaks in the cable. It can also
check whether the connectors on both ends of a network cable are properly attached or not.For
example, if you are working on a patch-panel or switch and trying to figure out which network
cable connects back to an end-device (such as a PC), then you can use this device. Place a tone
generator at one end of the connection (end device), and use the probe on another side (switch or
patch-panel) to determine which network cable the tone generator is connected to.

Fig.2.4.network cable crimping tools

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Unit four : Termination and fix/secure cables

1. Fixing/Securing Cables with standard operating

1.1. Placing and securing cable

The simplest way to bond your coaxial cable to the rest of the house is to run the cables through
a grounding block, and then run a wire from the block to the grounding electrode (ground rod) or
other qualifying grounding connection point
Securing Cables

1. Use the proper size of fastener for the size and number of cables being secured.
2. Use insulated staples and fasteners. ...
3. Position cables flat against framing before securing them; do not fasten cables on-edge.
4. Secure cables snugly but not so tightly that the cable is damaged or indented from the
fastener.
Cable management refers to management of electrical or optical cable in a cabinet or an
installation. The term is used for products, workmanship or planning. Cables can easily become
tangled, making them difficult to work with, sometimes resulting in devices accidentally
becoming unplugged as one attempts to move a cable. Such cases are known as "cable
spaghetti", any kind of problem diagnosis and future updates to such enclosures could be very
difficult.
Cable management both supports and contains cables during installation, and makes subsequent
maintenance or changes to the cable system easier. Products such as cable trays, cable ladders,
and cable baskets are used to support a cable through cabling routes
Measure: Measure the wall to determine the length of the cords you want to cover.
 Cut: Cut the base and cord cover to match the length you just measured.
 Mark anchor points: Use a pencil to mark the anchor points on the wall. ...
 Mount base: ...
 Lay the cables: ...
 Paint:
Color-coding of cables is sometimes used to keep track of which is which. For instance, the
wires coming out of ATX power supplies are color-coded by voltage. Documenting and labeling
cable runs, tying related cables together by cable ties, cable lacing, rubber bands or other means,
running them through cable guides, and clipping or stapling them to walls are other common
methods of keeping them organized. Above drop ceilings, hooks or trays are used to organize
cables and protect them from electrical interference

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 Fig1.1. Placing and securing cable
To do that, you need to use waterproof cable cap to make sure you cover the jack and the port
with protective cover. As for the cable exposing outside, use protective tape to make sure the
cable is not easily exposed to the element but not too much to cause heat.
1.2. Installing cables as catenaries
In our world, a catenary is a system of overhead wires used to supply electricity to a locomotive,
streetcar, or light rail vehicle which is equipped with a pantograph. The pantograph presses
against the underside of the lowest overhead wire, the contact wire.
Current collectors are electrically conductive and allow current to flow through to the train and
back to the feeder station through the steel wheels on one or both running rails. Unlike simple
overhead wires, in which the uninsulated wire is attached by clamps to closely spaced cross
wires supported by poles, catenary systems use at least two wires. The catenary or messenger
wire is hung at a specific tension between line structures, and a second wire is held in tension by
the messenger wire, attached to it at frequent intervals by clamps and connecting wires known
as droppers. The second wire is straight and level, parallel to the rail track, suspended over it as
the roadway of a suspension bridge is over water.
Simple wire installations are common in light rail, especially on city streets, while more
expensive catenary systems are suited to high-speed operations.
The Northeast Corridor in the United States has catenary over the 600 miles (1000 km) between
Boston, Massachusetts and Washington, D.C. for Amtrak's high-speed Acela Express and other
trains. Commuter rail agencies including MARC, SEPTA, NJ Transit, and Metro-North Railroad
utilize the catenary to provide local service.
Overhead line equipment can be adversely affected by strong winds causing swinging wires.
Power storms can knock the power out with lightning strikes on systems with overhead wires,
stopping trains if there is a power surge. During cold or frosty weather, there is a risk of ice
build-up on overhead lines. This can result in poor electrical contact between the collector and
the overhead line, resulting in electrical arcing and power surges

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2. Fixing and securing appropriate techniques
2.1 Cable-Connector
2.1.1 Twisted-Pair Cable-Connector Installation
The main method to put connectors on twisted-pair cables (both UTP and STP) is crimping. You
use a tool called a crimper to push the metal contacts inside the connector onto the individual
conductors in the cable, thus making the connection
 Types of Connectors
Two main types of connectors (often called plugs) are used for connectorzing twisted-pair cable
in data-communications installations: the RJ-11 and RJ-45 connectors. These are more
accurately referred to as sixposition and eight-position modular plugs, but the industry is
comfortable with the RJ labels. Figure 2.1 shows an example of both an RJ-11 and RJ-45
connector for twisted-pair cables. Notice that these connectors are basically the same, except the
RJ-45 accommodates more conductors and thus is slightly larger.

Fig2.1.RJ-11 and RJ-45 connectors

RJ-11 connectors, because of their small form factor and simplicity, are primarily used in
telephone applications. RJ-45 connectors, on the other hand, because of the number of
conductors they support (eight total), are used primarily in LAN applications. It should be noted,
however, that many cable workers will install RJ-45 jacks for telephone applications because
those jacks support both RJ-11 and RJ-45 connectors.

2.1.2 Conductor Arrangement

When making solid-conductor UTP patch cords with crimped ends, you can make many different
types, determined by the order in which their color-coded wires are arranged. Inside a normal
UTP cable with RJ-45 ends are four pairs of conductors (eight total). Each pair is color coded
blue, orange, green, and brown. Each wire will either be the solid color or a white wire with a
stripe of its pair’s solid color (e.g., the orange and the white/orange pair). Table 2.1 illustrates
some of the many ways the wires can be organized.
TABLE 2.1: Color-Coding Order for Various Standards

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 2.2 Connector Crimping Procedures
 Prerequisites
As with any project, you must first gather all the items you will need. These items include the
following:
 Cable
 Connectors
 Stripping and crimping tools
By now, you know about the cable and connectors, so we’ll discuss the tools you’ll need for RJ-
connector installation. The first tool you’re going to need is a cable-jacket stripper, as shown in
Figure 2.2. It will only cut through the outer jacket of the cable, not through the conductors
inside. Many different kinds of cable strippers exist, but the most common are the small, plastic
ones (as in Figure 2.2) that easily fit into a shirt pocket. They are cheap to produce and purchase.

Fig2.2.A common twisted-paircable stripper and A crimper for RJ-11 and RJ45 connectors
Installing the Connector Now we’ll go over the steps for installing the connectors. Pay particular
attention to the order of these steps and make sure to follow them exactly.

2.3 Installing the Connector

Now we’ll go over the steps for installing the connectors. Pay particular attention to the order of
these steps and make sure to follow them exactly.
1) Measure the cable you want to put ends on and trim it to the proper length using your cable
cutters (as shown here). Cut the cable about 3 inches longer than the final patch-cable length.
If you want a 10-foot patch cable, cut the cable to 10 feet, 3 inches.

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2) Using your cable stripper, strip about 1.5 inches of the jacket from the end of the cable. To
do this, insert the cable into the stripper so that the cutter bar in the stripper is 1.5 inches from
the end of the cable (as shown in the graphic). Then, rotate the stripper around the cable
twice. This will cut through the jacket. Remove the stripper from the cable and pull the
trimmed jacket from the cable, exposing the inner conductors (as shown in the second
graphic).

3) Untwist all the inner conductor pairs and spread them apart so that you can see each
individual conductor, as shown here.

4) Line up the individual conductors so that the color code matches the colorcoding standard
you are using (see Table 2.1, shown previously). The alignment in the graphic shown here is
for 568B, with number 1 at the top

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5) Trim the conductors so that the ends are even with each other, making sure that the jacket of
the cable will be inside the connector (as shown here). The total length of exposed connectors
after trimming should be no longer than 1 ⁄2 " to 5 ⁄8" (as shown in the second graphic)

6) Insert the conductors in the connector, ensuring that all conductors line up properly with the
pins as they were aligned in the last step. If they don’t line up, pull them out and line them
up. Do this carefully, as it’s the last step before crimping on the connector.

7) Carefully insert the connector and cable into the crimping tool (as shown in the following
graphic). Squeeze the handle firmly as far as it will go and hold it with pressure for three
seconds. As you will see in the second graphic, the crimping tool has two dies that will press
into the connector and push the pins in the connector into the conductors inside the
connector. A die in the crimping tool will also push a plastic divider into the cable jacket of
the cable to hold it securely inside the connector

8) Now that you’ve crimped the connector, remove it from the crimping tool and examine it (as
shown in the next graphic). Check to ensure all conductors are making contact and that all
pins have been crimped into their respective conductors. If some of the pins did not crimp all
the way into their respective conductors, reinsert the connector into the crimping tool and
recrimp it. If the connector didn’t crimp properly, cut off the connector and redo it.
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9) To finish the patch cable, put a connector on the other end of the cable and follow these steps
again, starting with step 2.
 Testing
You should ensure that the connectorization was done correctly by testing the cable with a cable
tester. Put the injector on one end of the cable and put the tester on the other end. Once you have
the tester hooked up, you can test the cable for continuity (no breaks in the conductors), near-end
crosstalk (NEXT), and Category rating (all quality-of-transmission issues). The specific
procedures for testing a cable vary depending on the cable tester.

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