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    Dynamical Systems UDGRP2k24

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    Dynamical Systems UDGRP2k24

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    3 views10 pages

    Dynamical Systems UDGRP2k24

    Uploaded by

    majisubhojit301

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 10

    Introduction to Dynamical Systems

    UDGRP 2024

    Subhojit Maji

    Indian Statistical Institute

    November 29, 2024

    1 / 10
    Table of Contents

    1 Some Tools

    2 Main Problem

    3 Conclusion

    2 / 10
    Some Tools

    Similiar Matrices

    Definition
    Two operators R and T on a vector space V are similiar if there exists an
    invertible operator S on V such that R = S−1 TS.

    Properties of Similiar Matrices


    Rank(R) = Rank(T)
    Eigen-Values of R and T are same.

    3 / 10
    Some Tools

    What is an Eigen-Vector !?

    y Eigen Vectors :
    2⃗v Define a Linear Transformation.
    When fixed a basis we know that it is
    T (⃗v ) = A⃗v essentially a Matrix Multiplication.
    ⃗v T : Rn → Rn , T (v) = Av
    x
    There are some vectors that have preserved
    their directional nature and these are called
    as eigen vectors !!

    4 / 10
    Main Problem

    Question Discussion

    Main Problem
    An n×n-matrix A is diagonalizable if and only if A has n linearly
    independent eigen vectors.

    Moreover, in this case, let P be the invertible matrix whose columns are n
    linearly independent eigen vectors of A, and let D be the diagonal matrix
    whose diagonal entries are the corresponding eigen values.Then
    P−1 AP = D.

    5 / 10
    Main Problem

    Claim 1...

    Claim
    Distinct Eigen-Values correspond to linearly independent Eigen-Vectors.

    6 / 10
    Main Problem

    Proof to Claim :-
    Proof: Apply induction on k. It is clear for k = 1. Suppose k ≥ 2 and
    c1 v1 + · · · + ck vk = 0 for some scalars c1 , c2 , . . . , ck . Hence

    c1 Av1 + c2 Av2 + · · · + ck Avk = 0.

    Hence
    c1 λ1 v1 + c2 λ2 v2 + · · · + ck λk vk = 0.
    Hence

    λ1 (c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + ck vk ) − (λ1 c1 v1 + λ2 c2 v2 + · · · + λk ck vk )

    = (λ1 − λ2 )c2 v2 + (λ1 − λ3 )c3 v3 + · · · + (λ1 − λk )ck vk = 0.


    By induction, v2 , v3 , . . . , vk are linearly independent. Hence
    (λ1 − λj )cj = 0 for j = 2, 3, . . . , k. Since λ1 ̸= λj for j = 2, 3, . . . , k,
    cj = 0 for j = 2, 3, . . . , k. Hence c1 is also zero. Thus v1 , v2 , . . . , vk are
    linearly independent.
    7 / 10
    Main Problem

    Proof to the Main Problem :-

    Proof. Assume that A has n linearly independent eigenvectors v1 , . . . , vn .


    Let λ1 , . . . , λn be the corresponding eigenvalues, so that

    Avi = λi vi

    for all i = 1, . . . , n. Let P be the matrix that has v1 , . . . , vn as its columns.


    Then P is invertible because v1 , . . . , vn are linearly independent. Let D be
    the diagonal matrix that has λ1 , . . . , λn as its diagonal entries. By the
    column method of matrix multiplication, the ith column of AP is Avi .
    Also by the column method of matrix multiplication, the ith column of PD
    is λi vi . Therefore, the matrices AP and PD have the same columns, i.e.,

    AP = PD.

    It follows that P −1 AP = D, as desired.

    8 / 10
    Conclusion

    Summary

    What We Learned:
    Similar Matrices and some of its Properties.
    Geometric Definition to EigenVectors.
    Diagonalizable Matrices
    Distinct Eigen Value correspond to Distinct EigenVectors

    9 / 10
    Conclusion

    Thank You!
    Questions?

    10 / 10

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