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Week 7 Lecture 3

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16 views

Week 7 Lecture 3

Uploaded by

zunimano2
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Course code: BMIS-LHR A

 The objectives of this lecture are as


follows:

 Ultrasound transducers
 Piezoelectric effect
 Natural and synthetic crystals
A transducer is a device that
converts one form of energy into
another.
A loudspeaker converts electrical
energy to sound energy.
Amicrophone converts sound
energy to electrical energy.
A light bulb converts electrical
energy into light and heat.
 An ultrasound transducer uses
the piezoelectric effect to convert
electrical energy into ultrasound,
and convert ultrasound back into
electrical energy.
 Modern transducers are all multi-element
transducers. Element is a synonym for
crystal (these two words can be
interchanged). Multi-element transducers
are known as arrays.
 Historically,
stand-alone A-mode and M-
mode machines, as well as all static B-
scanners, used a transducer that
contained a single, disk-shaped
piezoelectric crystal. As well, old
mechanical real-time systems used a
single piezoelectric crystal transducer.
 Today,all modern transducers are
electronic arrays that contain an
arrangement of multiple small
piezoelectric crystal elements
 The piezoelectric effect is the cornerstone
of the diagnostic ultrasound process. All
ultrasound transducers possess
piezoelectric properties which permit
them to generate and detect ultrasound
waves.
 Thedirect piezoelectric effect is the
formation of an electrical charge on
the surfaces of the crystal when
pressure is applied.
 Inpulse-echo imaging, this effect
occurs on reception when echoes
return to the transducer and are
converted into electrical signals.
 Theindirect (reverse) piezoelectric effect
occurs on transmission. In response to
an electric voltage applied to the crystal,
the crystal undergoes mechanical
deformation, rapidly contracting and
expanding.
 When coupled to the body with gel,
this causes a high frequency
mechanical pressure wave to
propagate through the tissue in the
form of an ultrasound pulse.
 Piezoelectriccrystals contain dipolar
molecules (dipoles) that are
geometrically aligned within the crystal.
Dipoles are molecules that have a
positive charge at one end and a negative
charge at the other end.
 The positive and negative ends are
organized in a lattice fashion (A) so that
an applied electric signal (B) will cause
them to geometrically realign, resulting
in a small physical change in the
thickness of the crystal. This is the basis
of the reverse piezoelectric effect.
 (The diagram demonstrates what
appears to be a considerable change in
the crystal thickness, but this is for visual
effect only. The actual change in the
thickness of the transducer element is
very, very tiny)
 On reception, echoes hitting the crystal
surface result in the physical deformation
of the crystal.
 Thisdeformation forces the tiny
dipoles to change their resting
orientation which, in turn, induces
an electric signal between the
electrodes.
 Thissmall electrical signal is then
amplified, processed, and displayed
as a dot of light on the screen to
represent that echo.
 Stronger echoes produce stronger
electrical signals, weaker echoes
produce weaker electrical signals.
Thus the amplitude of each electrical
voltage is proportional to the
strength of the echo that generated
it.
 The first ultrasound crystals discovered to
possess piezoelectricity were natural crystals
such as quartz. Today, our modern, efficient
transducer crystals are "grown" in a
manufacturing process and are known as
synthetic crystals.
 There are many different types of
synthetic crystals in use today. Many are
made from a mixture of lead, barium,
titanate, and zirconate. These types of
synthetic crystals are also known as
ceramic crystals.
 One of the more popular synthetic crystals is
made from a combination of lead, zirconate
and titanate, and is abbreviated PZT. Several
types of PZT are available, with minor
variations in chemical additions and thermal
treatment producing slightly different crystal
properties.
 Ingeneral, ceramic crystals are much
more sensitive than natural crystals. This
means that they respond more easily to
small electric signals and to weak echoes
(small pressure waves.
 Another type of transducer material is a type
of hard plastic known as polymer.

 Note: it is quite difficult to obtain detailed


information about new transducer crystals
because the transducer manufacturers
consider the information proprietary.
 After the completion of this lecture, students
will be able to:
 Know about the ultrasound transducers.
 Explain energy conversion in different devices
like light bulb, microphone and loud speaker.
 Describe the piezoelectric effect and its types
including direct and indirect piezoelectric
effect .
 KimLT. Principles of ultrasound and
applied ultrasound physics relevant
for advanced sonographers. In
Advanced Ultrasound 2017 (pp. 37-
47). Springer, Cham.

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