Java 8,9,11 Interview Questions

20, July 2024 Created By: Radhakrishna Rawat

Java-8

 What are the changes done to Java 8 interface?

◆ Introduction of Static and default methods
 What is the need or what is the advantage of having the default
methods in interface in Java 8?
◆ Backward compatibility.
 Can we override default method of interface ?
class can override a default interface method and call the original
method by using super
 What is the advantage of static methods in Java 8 interface ?
◆ Utility method or null check.
 How to call default method present in interface ?
◆ InterfaceName.super.methodName()
 How to call static method present in interface ?
◆ InterfaceName.methodName()
 What is functional interface ?
◆ It's an interface which has 1 abstract method and it can have any
number of static and default methods also it should be annotated
with @functional Interface
 What is lamda and what are the advantages of Lamda ?
◆ Lamda enables functional programming
◆ Anonymous inner class can be replaced by lamda
◆ Reduced code
 What is functional programming ?
◆ Passing the functionality as method argument
 What happens when we write more than 1 abstract in interface for
which already lamda expression is present (If the interface is
annotated with @functional interface)?
◆ Compilation error during writing the second abstract method
◆ If there is no @functional interface annotation then it allows to write
more than 1 abstract method but compilation at the place lamda
expression
 What is the difference between interface and functional interface ?
◆ Difference is only in number of abstract methods. Functional
interface will have only 1 abstract method, where as interface can
have any number of abstract methods.
◆ Both can have any number of default and static methods
 What are the different functionals interfaces introduced in Java 8.
◆ Predicate, Supplier, Consumer, Function
 What is Stream ?

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 ◆ Java.util.Stream -> it's an interface.
 What is the advantage of Stream ?
◆ It can be used to perform operation on the collection.
 How to create the stream ?
◆ Stream.of(array)
◆ CollectionObject.stream()
◆ Stream.of(directly providing the array values)
 What are the changes introduced in collection in Java 8 ?
◆ forEach, removeIf
 Write a stream code to delete the duplicates from array List.
◆ Here List object is h-> h.stream().distinct().collect(Collectors.toList())
 Write a stream code to delete the duplicates from array list which
has Department object.
◆ Here List object is h-> h.stream().distinct().collect(Collectors.toList())
and override hash code and equals method
 Write a program to sort the Array List which has user defined
data (Department Object)?
h.stream.sorted((d,d1)->d.getDepId()
<d1.getDepId()).collect(Collectors.toList())
 Write a Stream program to convert the array into List.
◆ Array is int[] x={10,11,2,4,5,6,7};
◆ Stream.of(x).collect(Collectors.toList());
 Write a Stream program to convert the Employee Array into Map
(Map should have key as Emp id and value as Emp Object).
Employee[] e={new Employee("Radhakrishna",10),new
Employee("Shivam",13)}
Stream.of.collect(Collectors.toMap(p->p.getId(),p->p))
 What is the difference between map and flat Map ?
◆ Map provides one to one mapping
◆ flatMap provides one to many mapping
◆ If you want to convert List<List<Employee>> to List<employee> - then
u go for flat map
◆ List<Employee> -> EmpId as key and value as emp Object then go for
Map
 Write a stream program to get minimum, maximum, average salary of
an employee (given employee array).
◆ l.stream().min(comparator).get() -> Min salary
◆ l.stream().max(comparator).get() -> Max salary Or
◆ l.stream().collect(Collectors.summerizingInt())
◆ DoubleSummaryStatistics d
=empList.stream().collect(Collectors.summarizingDouble((e)->e.getEmpSalary()));
 What is difference between intermediate operation and
terminal operation?
◆ Intermediate operation doesn't provide output until terminal
operation is called
 What is short circuit operation ?
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 ◆ It comes under terminal operation and based on the value it stops
the execution immediately
 What is the difference forEach and forEachOrdered ?
◆ forEach is not ordered in case of parallel stream
◆ forEachOrdered is ordered in case of parallel Stream
◆ For the foreachOrdered method if the input is ordered object output
is ordered else it can follow any order
 What are the examples of intermediate operation ?
◆ Filter, map, sorted, distinct
 What are the examples of terminal operation ?
◆ forEach, collect, min, count, max
 What is the difference between limit and skip methods of Stream ?
◆ Limit will limit the elemnts
◆ Skip will skip elements and do the operation afterwards
 What is optional ?
◆ Optional is a class in Java 8 which is introduced to over come null
pointer exception
 How to create the optional object ?
◆ Optional.ofNullable(null or not null value):
◆ Optional.ofNullable(null)
◆ Optional.ofNullable(10)
◆ Optional.ofNullable(new Employee("karthgik"))
 What is Local Date Time or Local Date or Local Date ?
◆ New Date and time objects in java 8
 How to get current date and time using the LocalDateTime class ?
◆ LocalDateTime.now()
 Array List consists of 5 employees and Write a lamda to sort the
employee by last name.
◆ Collections.sort(l,(e1,e2)->e1.getLastName().compareTo(e2.getLastName()));
 Print all the employees whose name starts with c ?
◆ l.stream().filter(p->p.startswith("c")).forEach(p->sysout(p))
 Print all the employees using the enhanced collections in Java 8.
◆ forEach
 What is MetaSpace? How does it differ from PermGen? 


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 PremGen: MetaData information of classes was stored in PremGen (Permanent-
Generation) memory type before Java 8. PremGen is fixed in size and cannot be
dynamically resized. It was a contiguous Java Heap Memory.
MetaSpace: Java 8 stores the MetaData of classes in native memory called
'MetaSpace'. It is not a contiguous Heap Memory and hence can be grown dynamically
which helps to overcome the size constraints. This improves the garbage collection,
auto-tuning, and de-allocation of metadata

 What are functional or SAM interfaces?

◆ Functional Interfaces are an interface with only one abstract method.

Due to which it is also known as the Single Abstract Method (SAM)
interface. It is known as a functional interface

 Can a functional interface extend/inherit another interface?

◆ A functional interface cannot extend another interface with abstract

methods as it will violate the rule of one abstract method
◆ It can extend only marker interface (or) if it extends any other
functional interface which has 1 abstract method then in child we
should not write any abstract method
◆ Out of n interfaces if we are performing inheritance then only 1
abstract method should be present

 It can extend other interfaces which do not have any abstract method and
only have the default, static, another class is overridden

 Given a list of integers, find out all the even numbers exist in the
list using Stream functions?

◆ List<Integer>myList=Arrays.asList(10,15,8,49,25,98,32);myList.stream().
filter(n ->n%2==0).forEach(System.out::println);
 Given a list of integers, find out all the numbers starting with 1 using
Stream functions?

◆ List<Integer>myList=Arrays.asList(10,15,8,49,25,98,32);myList.stream(
)
.map(s ->s +"")// Convert integer to String
.filter(s -> s.startsWith("1")).forEach(System.out::println);

 Given a list of integers, find the total number of elements present in the
list using Stream functions?

◆ List<Integer>myList
=Arrays.asList(10,15,8,49,25,98,98,32,15);longcount
=myList.stream().count();System.out.println(count);

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 Given a list of integers, find the maximum value element present in it
using Stream functions?

◆ List<Integer>myList =Arrays.asList(10,15,8,49,25,98,98,32,15);intmax
=myList.stream().max(Integer::compare).get();System.out.println(ma
x);

 Write a Lamda to Sort the given numbers ?

◆ List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(57, 38, 37, 54, 2);

list.stream().sorted() .forEach(System.out::println);

 Write a Program to sort the elements in decending order ?

◆ List<String>strings=
Arrays.asList("Radhakrishna","Shivam","on","Rohit");
strings.stream()
.sorted( (s1, s2) -> s2.length() - s1.length() )
.forEach(System.out::println);
◆ Strings.stream().sorted(collections.reverseOrder()).forEach()
 How to write the method reference for a Static method
? ClassName::MethodName
 How to write method reference for instance method ?
◆ ObjectName::MethodName
 How to write method reference for constructor ?
◆ ClassName::New
 How to create local date with values ?
◆ Of() method of LocalDate
 Is the Local date class immutable ?
◆ yes
 What is the advantage of orElse() or OrELseGet() method of
Optional class ?
◆ If we want to replace the Null with a specific String value then we go
for OrElse()
◆ You can get the default value using OrElseGet(supplier)
 What is the difference between findAny() and findfirst() ?
◆ If it is ordered then first element will be returned by findfirst or
findANy
◆ If it is not ordered output can be anything.
 Write a Program to sort hashmap by keys using Stream ?
◆ Refer to the code mentioned in telegram group
 Write a program to Sort hashmap by values using Stream ?
◆ Refer to the code mentioned in telegram group

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 Java-9

 What is Jshell ?
◆ Jshell is Repl tool
 Why Java 9 doesn't have rt.jar ?
◆ Because from Java 9 onwards java follows modular approach
 What is the difference between module and Jar ?
◆ Module contains extra file called module-info.java
 What principle does Jshell follow ?
◆ REPL: Read, Evaulate, Print, Loop
 What are the advantages of Jshell ?
◆ Developer firendly
 What is snippet in Jshell ?
◆ Any valid java statement, variable declarion or method, or interface
or class
 What is the command to know all the snippets in Jshell?
◆ /list -all
 What is scratch variable ?
◆ It is something which is create by Jshell
 What is the command to see all the methods in Jshell ?
◆ /methods
 How to delete the method or variable in Jshell ?
◆ /drop snippetId
 What is inactive snippet ?
◆ /list - Active snippets
◆ /list -all - inactive
 What is the command to see all the interfaces and classes present
in Jshell ?
◆ /types
 How to edit the content in Jshell ?
◆ /edit
 How Many modules present in Jdk 9 ?
◆ 98
 What is the base module in Jdk 9 ?
◆ Java.base
 What does module-info.java contains ?
◆ Module description, exports, requires etc
 Explain the project architecture with multiple module ?
◆ Look at the example code
 How to access one module code in another module ?
◆ Exports packageName in 1 module and which ever module is using
then it should requires PackageName
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 What is the difference between requires and requires transitive ?
◆ Requires transistive-> compile time
◆ Requires both compile and run time
 What is the difference between Qualified export and exports ?
◆ Export PackageName -> will be visible for all the mdoules
◆ Export packageName to module1, module2 -> this package will be
visible for only module 1 and module 2 packages
◆ To reduce the visibility of a module we go for Qualified exports.
 What is try with resource ?
◆ Generally we close the resource in finally block, but with the help of
try with Resource JVM will close the resource automatically without
mention finally block
 What is the change performed in try with resource in Java 1.9 ?
◆ Local variable reference can be accepted in Java 1.9 try() block
◆ Bufferread r1, bufferReader r2
◆ Try(r1,r2) -> This is possible in java 1.9
 What is the change performed for diamond operator in java 1.9 ?
◆ We can use diamond operator for Anonymous innerclass
 What is takeWhile() ?
◆ Same as Limit method but the difference is limit will take number and
takewhile will accept predicate -> if performs the operation till the
condition is satisfied. Once the condition is failed it will stop
 What is dropWhile()?
◆ Same as Skip() but the difference is skip() will take number and
dopwhile will take predicate -> it ignores the data till the predicate is
satisfied once fails then does the operation
 Write a Stream program to display the employees whose salary is
<10000 using takeWhile().
◆ empList.Stream.takeWhile(p->p.getSalary>10000).forEach() ->
 What is the difference between takeWhile and filter?
◆ Filter will execute through out the stream.
◆ Takewhile will execute till the predicate is true. Once the predicate
fails then it will stop the execution and doesn't apply that condition to
the rest of the stream.
 Write a program to create the immutable collection object without
Java 9?
◆ List<Integer> c= new ArrayList<Integer>();
◆ c.add(10);c.add(20);
◆ I want make C as immutable object ->Collections.unmodifiableList();
 Write a program to create the immutable collection object with Java 9?
◆ List.of(arguements);
◆ Set.of(arguements)
 What happens if you perform add or remove on immutable collection ?
◆ Runtime Exception-> Unsupported Exception
 Is it possible to declare same package in different modules ?
◆ No.
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  What is the advantage of modularity or module-info.java in Java 9 ?
◆ Security,
◆ Jar size will be reduced.
◆ JVM will check for dependencies before start of the program so there
is no way we get no class def error from Java 9
 Write a program to close the specific task ?
◆ Process API->
◆ ProcessHandler pr=ProcessHandler.of(taskId)
◆ Pr.destory();
 Write a program to display all the running processes ?
◆ ProcessHandler pr=ProcessHandler.allProcesses()
 Write a program to open eclipse using java program or start the
process using java 9 Process API?
◆ ProcessBuilder("exepath").start()
 What is the advantage of having the private methods in interface ?
◆ Reusability of code present in interface
 Can you access interface private method outside of interface ?
◆ No

Java-11

 Can you execute a program without compilation ?

◆ Yes from java 11, we can execute the program using the below
command and it does the compilation internally
◆ Java className.java (Example: java Test.java)
 What is the difference between trim() and strip() method in Java 11.
◆ strip() method uses Character.isWhitespace() method to check if the
character is a whitespace. This method uses Unicode code points
whereas trim() method identifies any character having codepoint
value less than or equal to ‘U+0020’ as a whitespace character.

 What are the changes to predicate in Java 11 ?

◆ A static not method has been added to the Predicate interface.
 What are the file changes ?
◆ readString and Write String
 What are the String API changes ?
◆ isBlank(), isEmpty(), Strip(), leadingString(), tralingStrip(), lines()
 What are the collection API changes ?
◆ toArray()
 What is local variable var and how can we use it in lamda ?
var allows type inference for local variables, including within lambda
expressions, simplifying code by letting the compiler infer the type.
List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Radhe", "Rohit", "Shivam");
names.forEach((var name) -> System.out.println(name)); // Using var in lambda
expression
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