RESUME

ACID-BASE TITRATION

Name : Raisya Ina Ramadhani

NIM : 12401081030029

Class : Chemistry Education 1B

Course : Basic Chemistry Practicum 1

A. TITLE
Acid-Base Titration

B. PURPOSE
As the objective this Acid-Base Titration practicum are :
1. Identify neutralizing reactions between acids and bases
2. Analyzing NaOH solution in acid-base titration
3. Analyze the equivalence point and end point of acid-base titration 3.

C. THETEORITICAL STUDIES
Titration is a method to determine the level of a substance using another substance
that has a known concentration. Titration is usually differentiated based on the type of
reaction involved in the titration process, for example if it involves an acid-base reaction
it is referred to as acid-base titration, redox titration for titration involving oxidation-
reduction reactions, complexometry titration for titration involving the formation of
complex reactions and so on. The substance to be determined is referred to as “titrant”
and is usually placed in an Erlenmeyer, while the substance whose concentration is
known is referred to as “titer” and is usually placed in a “burette”. Both titer and titrant
are usually solutions. (Siti Marwati, 2012).

Titration is usually distinguished based on the type of reaction involved in the

titration process, for example if it involves an acid-base reaction it is referred to as acid-
base titration or alkalimetric aside, redox titration for titration involving oxidation-
reduction reactions, complexometric titration for titration involving the formation of
complex reactions and so on. (Basic Chemistry Lecturer Team, 2014).
 Acid-base titration is also called alkalimetric acid-base titration. The level or
concentration of acid-base solution can be determined by volumetric method with acid-
base titration technique. Volumetry is a quantitative chemical analysis technique to
determine sample levels by measuring the volume of solution involved in the reaction
based on chemical equivalence. Chemical equivalence is determined through the end
point of the titration known from the color change of the indicator and the sample content
to be determined through calculations based on the reaction equation. Acid-base
neutralization reactions can be used to determine the levels of acidic solutions or basic
solutions. In this case a certain amount of acid solution is dripped with a base solution, or
vice versa until it reaches the equivalence point (acid and base are exactly finished
reacting). If the molarity of one solution (acid or base) is known, then the molarity of the
other solution can be determined. (Maryani, 2012).

Acid-base titration involves acids and bases as titers or titrants. Acid-base titration is
based on neutralization reactions. The level of the acid solution is determined using a
base solution and vice versa. Titrant is added titer little by little until it reaches an
equivalent state. The equivalence point is the point in the titration process when the acid
and base are exactly finished reacting. To determine the equivalence point, an indicator is
used. When a color change occurs, it is called the end point of the titration. At this
equivalence point, the titration process is stopped, then we record the volume of titer
needed to reach this state. Using titrant volume data, the ideal volume is if the titration
end point is the same as the theoretical equivalence point. In reality there is always a
small difference. This difference is called the titration error expressed in milliliters of
standard solution. Therefore, the selection of indicators must be done in such a way that
this error is as small as possible. In solution, the level of dissolved material (solute) is
expressed by concentration. This term means that the amount of mass dissolved is
calculated as weight (grams) per unit volume (milliliter) or per unit of solution, so that
the unit of content like this is grams / milliliter. (Syarif, 2011)

The following are the requirements that need to be done so that the titration process
is successful: The concentration of the titrant (NaOH) must be known. Solutions like this
are called standard solutions. The equivalence point must be known. Indicators that
provide color changes, or absorbance can be precisely equivalent are often used. One of
them is by observing the color change of the solution during the titration process. The
point at which the indicator changes color is called the end point. The volume of titrant
required to reach the equivalent point must be recorded as a measurement. The acid-base
titration process is often monitored by using the pH of the solution which is denoted as a
function of the amount of titrant added (Sastrohamidjojo, 2005).
 The basis of titration uses chemical reactions including reactions involving strong
acids and strong bases, reactions involving weak acids and strong bases, and reactions
involving strong acids and weak bases (Rayendra, 2005). In titration, both acid-base
titration and other titrations, there are equivalents and titration endpoints. The
equivalence point is a theoretical point, it cannot be determined based on experiments or
changes but is determined through observations of color changes, changes in particle size
(formation of precipitates) and changes in potential difference (John, 2003). The titration
endpoint is the point at which the titration process ends or is stopped. In titration, a
certain amount of aliquot is usually taken, which is part of the overall titrated size and
then the dilution process continues (Haryadi, 1990). The situation where the titration is
stopped by looking at the color change of the indicator is called the “titration end point”
(Adi Gunawan, 2004).

The equivalence point in acid-base titration is at the time when a certain amount of
acid is determined by a certain amount of base. During the titration, there is a change in
pH. The equivalence point is determined by the amount of salt produced by neutralization
of the acid base. The indicator used in acid-base titration is one that has a pH range where
the equivalent is located. Generally, the equivalence point is difficult to observe, what is
easily observed is the end point which can occur before or after the equivalence point is
reached.

The titration should be stopped when the titration endpoint is reached, which is
indicated by a change in the color of the indicator. The titration end point does not always
coincide with the equivalence point. Choosing the right indicator color can minimize
titration errors (Arzaq, 2016). Most acid-base reactions do not have a sharp color change
at the end point. In this case, it is necessary to add a little indicator, which is a dye that
changes color when the reaction is complete (Maftuha, 2014).

Sodium hydroxide is one of the commonly used bases in the laboratory. However,
because sodium hydroxide solids are difficult to obtain in a pure state, sodium hydroxide
solutions must be standardized first before being used in analytical work that requires
accuracy. Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution can be done by titrating it using
an acid solution whose concentration is known precisely (Chang, 2005).

Phenolphthalein is a synthetic indicator (artificial) that can be made in the laboratory

using phenol and phthalic anhydride through a condensation reaction. Phenolphthalein
includes compounds of the phthalein group that are weakly acidic. Penolftalein is
generally used as an indicator in determining the end point of titration of strong acids
with strong bases. Phenolphthalein has a pH trajectory of 8.3-10.0. (Mulyono, 2012).

D. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS

 Apparatus:
- 250 ml volumetric flask
- 200 ml beaker glass
- 100 ml beaker glass
- 50 ml buret
- Glass funnel
- 25 ml volumetric pipet
- Drop pipet
- 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask
- Stirrer bar
- Analytical balance
- Wash bottle
- Stative and clamps
- Spatula

Materials:
- Oxalic acid 0,05M
- NaOH 0,1M
- White vinegar
- Limo orange
- Aquadest
- Phenolphthalein

E. PROCEDURE
Part 1: Preparation of a primary standard acid
1. Before coming to the laboratory, calculate the mass of Oxalic acid, H₂C₂O₄·2H₂O,
that you will need to make up 250 ml of a 0,0500 M solution.
2. Put on your lab apron and safety goggles.
3. Top load the amount of Oxalic acid that you have calculated into a 100 ml beaker.
4. and accurately record the mass ot the Oxalic acid in the table. Do not spend too much
time trying to get exactly the same mass as you calculated. The important things is to
record accurately the mass you do have and to calculate the molarity of Oxalic acid from
this mass. For example, the mass you use may give the solution a molarity of 0,0496 M.
This is perfectly acceptable, provided that you use this figure in your calculations.
4. Dissolve the Oxalic acid in water, and pour the solution through a funnel into a 250 ml
volumetric flask. Wash the beaker with water twice, and add these washngs to the flask.
Now add water to the flask until the level is up to the mark.
Use a wash bottles you get closer to the mark. Stopper the flask, and shake to ensure the
solution is homogeneous. You now have your standard solution of Oxalic acid.

Part II : standardization of an unknown NaOH solution

1. Obtain a 100 ml beaker and fill it with NaOH solution of unknown molarity. Label it
NaOH.
2. Add about 15 ml of the NaOH solution solutien to the buret through a funnel, rinse it
back and forth, and then discard it through the tip into the sink. Repeat.
3. Fili up the buret with more NaOH solution and allow some to drain in order to remove
any air bubbles in the tip. Remove the funnel.
4. Using the suction bulb on the end of your pipet, withdraw about 5 ml of Oxalic acid,
rinse it around pipet, and discard it. Repeat. Withdraw 25 ml of the standard Oxalic acid
solution and transfer it to a 250 ml erlenmeyer flask. The correct volume is delivered
when you have touched the tip of the pipet to the side of the flask. Do not blow through
the pipet. (Note : NEVER pipet from the volumetric flask, you will have to transfer the
Oxalic acid first to clean, dry 100 ml beaker and then pipet out of the beaker).
5. Add 3 drops of Phenolphtalein solution to the acid in the erienmeyer flask.
6. Read the initial volume of NaOH in the buret accur: tely and record it in the table.Then
open the valve on the buret. Allow the NaOH solution to run into the flask and swirl
constantly to ensure thorough mixing.
7. After a time, you will notice a pink color that appears where the NaOH solution enters
the liquid in the flask. When this color takes a longer time to disperse and disappear, slow
down the rate of addition of NaOH until eventually you are adding it a drop at a time.
Stop the titration when the faintest possible pink color stays in the flask for about 20 s.
Read the final volume of the NaOH in the buret and record it in the table the difference
between the initial reading and the final reading represents the volume of NaOH required
to neutralize the Oxalic acid).
8. If you are at all in doubt as to whether you have a pale pink color, take the reading
anyway, then add one more drop. If the color immediately becomes darker, the reading
you took is probably the most accurate result. This is called the end point of the titration.
Discard the solution down the sink.
9. Pipet another 25 ml of Oxalic acid into the flask and again add 3 drops of Phenolph
talein. Refill the buret (if necessary) and repeat the titration. Run in NaOH to within 1 ml
of the volume needed in the first titration, then add the solution a drop at a time, swirling
after each drop, until you get the faint pink endpoint. Repeat the titration until you have
two readings that agree to within 0,08 ml.

Part III: determination of the molar mass of an unknown solid acid

1. Obtain a vial containing an unknown solid acid from your teacher. Record the
identifying number or letter in the table.
 2. Weight out about 0,40 g of the solid acid into a clean, dry beaker, and record the mass
accurately into table. It does not have to be exactly 0,40 g as long as you know exactly
how much you have.
3. Dissolve the acid into approximately 40 ml of water and transfer the solution to an
erlenmeyer flask. Rinse the beaker twice to ensure that all the acid soiution is transferred
(the amount of water added does not alter the results). Add 3 drops of Phenolphtalein.
4. Run in NaOH from a buret as in part II, measuring the volume required to reach the
endpoint. Record this figure in table.
5. Repeat steps 2 and until you get two readings in close agreement. If you do not have
exactly the same mass each time, check whether the results agree by determining the ratio
of the volumes and comparirg it with the ratio of the masses used.

F. REFERANCES
Arzaq. 2016. Laporan Titrasi Asam Basa. Universitas Negri Gorontalo

Chang, Raymond. 2005. Kimia Dasar. Jakarta: Erlangga

Gunawan, Adi. 2004. Tangkas Kimia. Surabaya: Kartika

John. 2003. Analytical Chemistry For technical, Third edition. Wanghiston Lewis
Publisher

Marwati, Siti. 2012. Ekstrasi dan Prepasisi sisi zat warna alami sebagai indikator Titrasi
asam basa. jurnal mahasiswa jurusan pendidikan kimia FMIPA UNY. Yogyakarta
vol 2 no 3

Maryani. 2012. modul menerapkan dasar dasar kerja laboratorium resep dan kimia.
Jakarta: Erlangga

Maftuha. 2014. Titrasi Asam Basa. Laporan Titrasi Asam Basa 2.

Mulyono. 2012. Membuat reagen Kimia Dalam Laboratorium. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara

Syarif. 2011. Syarat syarat titrasi. Bandung: Themegaller

Sastrohadmijojo. 2005. Kimia dasar. Yogyakarta : UGM-PRESS

Tim dosen kimia dasar. 2014. penuntun praktikum kimia dasar. jurusan kimia FMIPA.
Makassar

W. Haryadi. 1990. Ilmu kimia analitik dasar. Jakarta: Gramedia