International Journal of Thermal Sciences 75 (2014) 249e256

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International Journal of Thermal Sciences

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Experimental comparison of performances of three different plates for

gasketed plate heat exchangers
Cagin Gulenoglu*, Fatih Akturk, Selin Aradag, Nilay Sezer Uzol, Sadik Kakac
Department of Mechanical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this study, an experimental set-up for testing chevron type gasketed plate heat exchangers is utilized
Received 20 July 2012 to investigate the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of three different plate geometries. The exper-
Received in revised form iments are performed using various number of plates, several flow rate and inlet and outlet temperature
21 June 2013
values so that the Reynolds numbers (300e5000) and Prandtl numbers vary for all the plates that have
Accepted 26 June 2013
30 of chevron angle. Plate-specific correlations are derived for Nusselt number and friction factor by
Available online 25 July 2013
using the experimental results.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Gasketed plate heat exchanger
Experiment
Correlation
Heat transfer

1. Introduction channel height on the enhanced heat transfer characteristics in a

corrugated heat exchanger channel and performed experiments
Heat exchangers are widely used devices for mainly heating, with air as the working fluid to determine forced convection heat
cooling and heat recovery processes in industrial applications from transfer coefficients and friction factor. Measurements were per-
micro channel cooling to nuclear power plants. In recent years, formed for channel height values of 5 and 10 mm with a Reynolds
there is an increase in the usage of gasketed plate heat exchangers number range of 400  Re  1200. They observed that with
especially in chemical industries such as brewery and food pro- increasing channel height, there is a substantial increase in the fully
cessing due to their flexibility, compactness, ease of cleaning and developed Nusselt number and friction factor. Gut et al. [6] pre-
assembly/disassembly [1e3]. In order to enhance heat transfer and sented a parameter estimation method for plate heat exchangers
maintain the thermal and hydraulic characteristics, the channel that handled experimental data from multiple configurations. The
geometries, plate pack arrangements and the flow distributions test was carried out with a heat exchanger with flat plates and the
have to be investigated and determined in detail. parameter estimation results were compared to those obtained
Pinto and Gut [4] defined the configuration of a plate heat from the usual method of single pass arrangements. They observed
exchanger by six parameters; the number of channels, the number that the obtained heat transfer correlations are associated with the
of passes on each side, the fluid distribution locations, feed posi- configurations experimentally tested and the corresponding flow
tions and type of flow in channels to develop an optimization distribution patterns.
method for the best configuration(s) of gasketed plate heat ex- Rao et al. [7,8] studied the effect of flow maldistribution from
changers. They show that approximately 5% of the pressure drop port to channel on the thermal performance and pressure drop of
and channel velocity calculations and 1% of the thermal simulations single and multipass plate heat exchangers, experimentally. The
are required for the solution for determining a successful and results showed that maldistribution was more severe in Z-type
optimal configuration with a minimum number of exchanger compared to U-type plate heat exchangers and multipass
evaluations. Islamoglu and Parmaksizoglu [5] studied the effect of arrangement was found to reduce the maldistribution effect
significantly and predictions were made to limit the addition of
plates beyond a certain value. Bobilli et al. [9] experimentally
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ90 3122924267; fax: þ90 3122924091x5676.
investigated the flow maldistribution in small and large plate
E-mail addresses: cgulenoglu@etu.edu.tr, cagingulenoglu@gmail.com package heat exchangers with a Reynolds number range of 1000e
(C. Gulenoglu). 17,000, with a corrugation angle of 20e80 , water as the working

1290-0729/$ e see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2013.06.012
250 C. Gulenoglu et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 75 (2014) 249e256

fluid. They showed that the flow maldistribution increased by and 0.075% accurate pressure transmitter [19]. Discharge water
increasing the overall pressure drop in a plate heat exchanger. from the heat exchanger is collected at a waste water tank during
Muley and Manglik [10] studied the heat transfer and isothermal experiments. There is a closed cycle option for hot water which is
pressure drop data for single phase water flow in three different used to stabilize the temperature distribution in the tank before
plate arrangements with chevron angles of 30 , 60 and one mixed starting experiments.
30 /60 of plate heat exchanger with single pass U-type counter- To observe different characteristics for plate packs, the experi-
flow chevron plates, a Reynolds number range of 600 to 104 ments are carried out for various temperatures and flow rates for
experimentally. Data for Nusselt number and friction factor was U-type flow arrangement shown in Fig. 2. After waiting the system
presented. They found that at constant pumping power, depending to be stabilized, temperature values are recorded by digital data
on the Reynolds number, chevron angle and the ratio of effective to taker and pressure differences and volumetric flow rates are
projected surface area of plate corrugations, the heat transfer was recorded every 20 s.
enhanced by up to 2.8 times that of an equivalent flat plate channel.
For developing a new correlation method, Fernández-Seara et al.
[11] practiced the Wilson plot method and reported characteristic 2.2. Geometrical properties of plates
experimental results for a smooth tube and a spirally corrugated
tube. In another study of Fernández-Seara et al. [12] modifications The three different chevron plates that are experimentally
on Wilson plot method to determine the convection coefficients in tested have different geometrical properties as shown in Table 2.
heat exchanger devices were investigated and they showed how Fig. 3 shows the dimensional parameters that define the geomet-
Wilson plot method could deal with the determination of convec- rical properties. Plate 1 and Plate 2 both have the same geometrical
tion coefficients based on the measured experimental data and the properties except for the plate length between ports. Plate 3 has
subsequent construction of appropriate correlations. larger dimensions.
Some correlations developed from previously reported studies
for obtaining thermal and hydraulic characteristics of various plate 3. Correlation development methodology
heat exchangers with their application ranges are tabulated in
Table 1. Calculations are performed with the experimental data by using
the basic heat transfer equations from the literature [2].

2. Experimental methodology


Tc;b ¼ Tc;in þ Tc;out 2 (1)

2.1. Experimental setup


Th;b ¼ Th;in þ Th;out 2 (2)
The experimental set-up which uses tap water as working fluid

is designed [13e16] to permit various sizes of plate heat exchangers Tw ¼ Tc;b þ Th;b 2 (3)
to be tested with different number of plates so that the experiments
can be performed with wide range of capacities with flexible joints The thermophysical properties (r, m, Cp, Pr, k) of the fluid can be
and high capacity tanks. The set-up is composed of two discrete found by bulk temperatures at the cold side, hot side and the wall
cycles with hot and cold fluids as shown in Fig. 1. The detailed [21]:
description of the experimental setup is explained by Akturk et al. For density, r [kg/m3]: 271  T  373 K
[16]. h
3 2
The water goes to 3 kW pumps from the hot water tank, where r ¼ 999:83592 þ 16:94517T 7:98704$10 T 4:6170461
the water is heated up by 38 kW resistance heatings, and from the
i
5 3 7 4
$10 T þ 1:0556302$10 T 2:8054253$10 10 T 5
cold water tank. Then the pumped water passes through the 0.4%
accurate electromagnetic flow meter [17] where the volumetric 1
½1 þ 0:01687985Š
flow rate of the fluid is measured and goes to the plate heat
(4)
exchanger. The temperature and pressure drops are read by J type
(FeeCu, %45Ni) thermocouples, 0.45% accurate Datalogger [18] For thermal conductivity, k [W/m K]: 273  T  400 K

Table 1
Correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor from literature and their ranges of application.

Reference Ø b ( ) Correlation

Nusselt number Friction factor

0.54 0.5
Focke et al. [22] 1.464 30 Nu ¼ 0.77Re Pr (120  Re  1000) f ¼ 57.5Re 1 þ 0.093 (260  Re  3000)
Nu ¼ 0.44Re0.64Pr0.5 (1000  Re  42,000) f ¼ 0.8975Re 0.263 (3000  Re  50,000)
0.59 0.4
Chisholm and Wanniarachchi [23] 1.17 30  b  80 Nu ¼ 0.768Re Pr (1000  Re  40,000) f ¼ 0.973Re 0.25 (1000  Re  40,000)
1.288 Nu ¼ 0.799Re0.59Pr0.4 (1000  Re  40,000) f ¼ 1.098Re 0.25 (1000  Re  40,000)
0.529 0.33
Bond [24] 1.17 30 Nu ¼ 0.329Re Pr (m/mw)0.17 (23  Re  468) f ¼ 3.01Re 0.457 (47  Re  468)
Nu ¼ 0.113Re0.719Pr0.33(m/mw)0.17 (Re > 468) f ¼ 0.735Re 0.213 (Re > 468)
1.288 Nu ¼ 0.345Re0.529Pr0.33(m/mw)0.17 (52  Re  515) f ¼ 2.886Re 0.457 (52  Re  515)
Nu ¼ 0.116Re0.713Pr0.33(m/mw)0.17 (Re > 515) f ¼ 0.72Re 0.213 (Re > 515)
Maslov and Kovalenko [25] 60 Nu ¼ 0.78Re0.5Pr1/3 (50  Re  20,000) f ¼ 95.6Re 0.25 (50  Re  20,000)
Tovazhnyanski et al. [26] 1.16 30 Nu ¼ 0.074Re0.73Pr0.33(m/mw)0.25 (2000  Re  25,000) f ¼ 0.204Re 0.215 (2000  Re  25,000)
Talik et al. [27] 1.22 60 Nu ¼ 0.248Re0.7Pr0.4 (1450  Re  11,460) f ¼ 0.3323Re 0.042 (1450  Re  11,460)
Present study 300  Re  5000 1.17 30 Nu ¼ 0.32867Re0.68Pr0.1/3(m/mw)0.14 f ¼ 259.9Re 0.9227 þ 1.246
Nu ¼ 0.3277Re0.675Pr0.1/3(m/mw)0.14 f ¼ 1371Re 1.146 þ 1.139
1.288 Nu ¼ 0.17422Re0.7Pr0.1/3(m/mw)0.14 f ¼ 0.003743Re0.5981 þ 0.9132
 C. Gulenoglu et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 75 (2014) 249e256 251

Fig. 1. The schematic of experimental setup [13].

Fig. 2. Flow arrangement of heat exchanger [18].

Table 2
Dimensional specifications of plates.

Dimensional Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 Parameter definitions Fig. 3. Plate geometry.

parameters

b ( ) 30 30 30 Chevron angle
Dp (m) 0.035 0.035 0.1 Port diameter
Lw (m) 0.109 0.109 0.343 Port to port plate width
Lv (m) 0.37 0.665 0.732 Chevron area length
Lp (m) 0.335 0.63 0.632 Port to port length Table 3
b (m) 2.76 2.76 2.64 Corrugation depth Uncertainties in experimental measurements.
t (m) 0.45 0.45 0.45 Thickness of the plate
Variable Max uncertainty %
Al (m2) 0.035 0.073 0.266 Effective corrugated area
Alp (m2) 0.03 0.062 0.207 Projected surface area LMTD, DTlm [K] 7.8
4 1.17 1.17 1.288 Enlargement factor Pressure drop, DP [kPa] 9.2
De (m) 0.0055 0.0055 0.0053 Equivalent diameter Heat load, Q [kW] 9.4
Dh (m) 0.0047 0.0047 0.0041 Hydraulic diameter Reynolds number, Re 7.2
kl (W/mK) 16.2 16.2 16.2 Thermal conductivity of Nusselt number, Nu 12.4
the wall Fanning friction factor, f 11.8
252 C. Gulenoglu et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 75 (2014) 249e256


Table 4


Q ¼ mhot Cp;hot Thot;in eThot;out (9)
Coefficients a, C and deviation percentage of C.

Plate# a C Deviation % 

Q ¼ mcold Cp;cold Tcold;out eTcold;in (10)
1 0.68 0.32867 2.8508
2 0.675 0.32774 2.2997 For determining overall heat transfer coefficient, logarithmic
3 0.7 0.17422 3.3807
mean temperature difference must be known where it can be
calculated as:






Table 5 DTLM ¼ Th;in eTc;out e Th;out eTc;in ln Th;in eTc;out
Nusselt number correlations of plates.

 Th;out eTc;in
Plate# b ( ) 4 Correlation (300  Re  5000)
(11)
1 30 1.17 Nu ¼ 0.32867Re0.68Pr1/3(m/mw)0.14
2 30 1.17 Nu ¼ 0.32774Re0.675Pr1/3(m/mw)0.14 And the overall heat transfer coefficient is obtained from Eq.
3 30 1.288 Nu ¼ 0.17422Re0.7Pr1/3(m/mw)0.14 (12) and can be written as Eq. (13):

Q ¼ UADTLM (12)
3 5 2
k ¼ 0:61694 þ 7:1785$10 T þ 1:167$10 T
9 3 1=U ¼ 1=hh þ 1=hc þ t=kw (13)
þ 4:704$10 T (5)
Reynolds number, which is a non-dimensional number that
For specific heat, Cp [kJ/kg K]: 273  T  430 K
characterizes the flow regime is found by using channel mass ve-
h locity, equivalent diameter and dynamic viscosity as follows:
4 2 6 3
Cp ¼ 17:6611e0:147914Te6:08619$10 T 1:11867$10 T


i Gc ¼ mc = Ncp bLw (14)
þ 7:80297$10 10 T 4
(6) Re ¼ ðGc De Þ=m (15)
For dynamic viscosity, m [kg/m s]: if 273  T  350 K Nusselt number, can basically be found using Eq. (16) and in a
h  i correlation format to determine heat transfer coefficient where
1
m ¼ exp 0:030185e2191:6T þ 6:38605$105 T 2
$10 3 Nusselt number is a function of Reynolds number, Prandtl number
and ratio of viscosities at bulk temperatures and wall temperatures
(7) at Eq. (17) [21]:
For dynamic viscosity, m [kg/m s]: if 350  T  500 K
h  i Nu ¼ ðhDh Þ=kf (16)
1
m ¼ exp 3:2295e13:18574T þ 2:65531$105 T 2
$10 3

(8) Nu ¼ CRea Pr b ðm=mw Þ0:14 (17)

The required heat transfer for both hot and cold sides is If we write Eqs. (16) and (17) together we can present the heat
defined by: transfer coefficient to obtain Nusselt number:

Fig. 4. Thermal characteristics of three plates.

 C. Gulenoglu et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 75 (2014) 249e256 253

Table 6
Fanning friction factor correlations of plates.

Plate# b ( ) 4 Correlation (300  Re  5000)

1 30 1.17 f ¼ 259.9Re 0.9227 þ 1.246

2 30 1.17 f ¼ 1371Re 1.146 þ 1.139
3 30 1.288 f ¼ 0.003743Re0.5981 þ 0.9132

 
h ¼ kf =Dh CRec Pr b ðm=mw Þ0:14 (18)

In Eq. (18), the exponent b is taken to be 1/3 in order to simplify

the correlation and set values of exponential a, between 0 and 1 to
find C by using the equations above and the value with minimum
total percentage deviation is taken.
Pressure drop varying with Fanning friction factor can be found by:
  
0:17
DP ¼ 4f Leff Np =Dh G2c =2r ðmb =mw Þ (19)

A correlation for Fanning friction factor is derived by using the

above formula.

4. Results
Fig. 6. Comparison of present Nusselt number correlation with literature.
The objective of this study is to investigate thermal and hy-
draulic characteristics of three different plate heat exchangers and
compare their performances. A large set of experimental data was minimum total percentage deviations of plates are shown in
taken in order to obtain heat transfer and pressure drop values. Table 4. The correlations developed for the tested plates are shown
Measurements were performed for a wide range of Reynolds in Table 5.
numbers (300  Re  5000). The uncertainties in the measure- Heat transfer data which gives the thermal performances of the
ments are shown in Table 3. three chevron plates tested, in terms of a nondimensional perfor-
Correlations for Nusselt number are derived in the form of Eq. mance parameter [Nu/Pr1/3(m/mw)] versus Reynolds number (Re) are
(17) by writing Eq. (18) for both hot and cold sides and using these given in Fig. 4. Turbulent flow regime with increasing Reynolds
equations in Eq. (13). Varying the “a” value in Eq. (17) from 0 to 1 number also enhances the thermal characteristics. Enhanced heat
gives C value with minimum percentage deviation. a, C, and transfer characteristics of the plates with similar corrugation

Fig. 5. Hydraulic characteristics of three plates.

254 C. Gulenoglu et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 75 (2014) 249e256

friction factor effectiveness on pressure drop is expected to be less

than that of the lower flow rates.
By using the experimental data gathered for both Nusselt
number and friction factor from present investigation, a compari-
son has been made with previously published studies that can be
seen in Fig. 6 for Nusselt number correlation and Fig. 7 for friction
factor correlation. Focke et al. [22] used plates having an enlarge-
ment factor of 1.464, varying chevron angles (0, 30 , 45 , 60 , 80
and 90 ) and a wide range of Reynolds number (120e1000 and
1000e42,000). Chisholm and Wanniarachchi [23] conducted their
study based on the experimental data of Focke et al. [22] for Rey-
nolds number range 1000e40,000 and 30 e80 chevron angle.
Both studies use the same geometrical properties; but the corre-
lations they developed are different for a given range because
Chisholm and Wanniarachchi [23] generalized the correlation of
Focke et al. [22] by means of chevron angle and surface enlarge-
ment factor. Their correlation has a similar trend with the other but
overpredicts the present study even they have same chevron angle
for Nusselt number correlation. Bond [24] used same chevron angle
and surface enlargement factor and a similar Reynolds number
range; however the correlation he developed underpredicts the
Fig. 7. Comparison of present friction factor correlation with literature.
present data for Plate 1 and Plate 2. For Plate 3, they have a similar
trend but different enlargement factors, although the correlation
Bond [24] developed involves an enlargement factor in it.
pattern and plate size shows similar trends; however the thermal For more detailed example for both correlations Figs. 8 and 9
performance of Plate 3 which has the larger dimensions does not show that there are some correlations in literature that is similar
improve with increasing Reynolds number. to present study [20,28e34]. This doesn’t means that the di-
The correlations for Fanning friction factor are also derived for mensions of the plates used are similar. Both figures are plotted for
obtaining the hydraulic characteristics of the plate packs by using plates having same chevron angles, however their dimensions
the same data sets gathered from the experiments. Therefore, using including mean channel gap, corrugation depth or plate thickness
pressure drop measurements in Eq. (19) and fitting a curve for could be different. Therefore this comparison of Nusselt number
Fanning friction factor (f) versus Reynolds number (Re) gives the and friction factor correlations with previously presented studies
correlations in Table 6. As seen in Fig. 5, the Fanning friction factor shows that every plate is unique because of its geometrical prop-
reduces by increasing the Reynolds number. For high Reynolds erties; not only chevron angle or surface enlargement factor but
numbers with low flow rates, the friction factor becomes more also corrugation depth, port diameter, channel flow area, channel
effective on pressure drop rates as compared to the effects of hydraulic diameter. This emphasizes the fact that different corre-
channel mass flow rate. While working with higher flow rates, the lations are necessary for different plates.

Fig. 8. Comparison of present Nusselt number correlation with detailed literature.

 C. Gulenoglu et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 75 (2014) 249e256 255

Fig. 9. Comparison of present friction factor correlation with detailed literature.

5. Discussion and conclusions Nomenclature

Experiments are carried out and steady state heat transfer and A heat transfer area [m2]
pressure drop measurements are made for gasketed plate heat Al effective corrugated area [m2]
exchangers with three different plates with different plate sizes Alp projected surface area [m2]
having 30 of chevron angle. Reynolds number varies from 300 to a correlation coefficient
5000. The correlations in literature give a wide performance en- b corrugation depth [mm]
velope; however they are very limited to specific applications and C correlation coefficient
plates. The experimental results show that thermal and hydraulic Cp heat capacity [J/kg K]
characteristics enhance with decreasing plate size. Corrugation Dh hydraulic diameter [m]
patterns and geometrical properties of the plates support the flow De equivalent diameter [m]
regime to become turbulent even in low flow rates and it en- f fanning friction factor
hances heat transfer between hot and cold parts of plate heat G channel mass velocity [kg/m2 s]
exchangers. The strong influence of geometrical properties such as h heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
port diameter, enlargement factor and channel flow area on k thermal conductivity [W/m K]
thermal and hydraulic performance of a heat exchanger is clearly Lp port to port length [m]
seen from the experimental results. Difference between Plate 3 Lw port to port plate width [m]
from Plate 1 and 2 shows that with increasing port diameter and Lv chevron area length [m]
effective plate area, pressures of inlet and outlet ports decreases m mass [kg]
and pressure drop values between them increases, so that channel N number of inter plate channels for a fluid stream
velocity and channel uniformity at the end channels decreases. Nu Nusselt number
The correlations obtained from this study are only applicable for Pr Prandtl number
the gasketed plate heat exchangers using chevron angles pre- Q heat transfer rate [W]
scribed in Table 2. Therefore, it can be seen from the experimental Re Reynolds number
studies given in Table 1, a general correlation applicable to all T temperature [K or  C]
chevron angles even with the same chevron angle is not possible. t thickness of the plate [mm]
A gasketed plate heat exchanger design continues to be pro- U overall heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K]
prietary in nature; the correlations obtained are applicable to this
exchanger that is marketed.

Acknowledgments Superscripts and subscripts

b bulk
This study is financially supported by TEKTES Teknolojik Tesisat c cold stream
Sistemleri Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş., Turkish Ministry of Science, In- c channel
dustry and Technology and TOBB University of Economics and cp pertaining chevron plate
Technology as a Santez project under grant number: STZ 2009-1- f fluid
347 and by TUBA e GEBIP Distinguished Young Scientists Awards h hot stream
Programme of Turkish Academy of Sciences and Turkish Scientific LM logarithmic mean
and Research Council under grant 112M173. w wall
256 C. Gulenoglu et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 75 (2014) 249e256

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