ECE 322 Electronic Circuits 3

ECE 321 Electronic Circuits

ECE 301 Digital Electronic Circuits

(3rd Year – ECE & CSE)

1st Semester 2024/2025

Chapter 2:
Feedback

Dr. Nabila Elsawy Elsayed

Assistant Professor at Electronics and Communication Engineering
Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department
Faculty of Engineering
Zagazig University 1
 Introduction
 Feedback can be either negative (degenerative) or positive (regenerative).
 In amplifier design, negative feedback is applied to effect one or more of the following
properties:
1. Desensitize the gain: that is, make the value of the gain less sensitive to variations
in the values of circuit components, such as might be caused by changes in temperature.
2. Reduce nonlinear distortion: that is, make the output proportional to the input (in
other words, make the gain constant, independent of signal level).
3. Reduce the effect of noise: that is, minimize the contribution to the output of
unwanted electric signals generated, either by the circuit components themselves, or by
extraneous interference.
4. Control the input and output resistances: that is, raise or lower the input and output
resistances by the selection of an appropriate feedback topology.
5. Extend the bandwidth of the amplifier.
All of the desirable properties above are obtained at the expense of a
reduction in gain.
The basic idea of negative feedback is to trade off gain for other desirable
properties.
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 The General Feedback Structure
1. Negative feedback
It is used for amplifier circuits
2. Positive feedback
It is used for signal generators and waveform shaping circuits

𝑥𝑜
𝐴= : Open loop gain 𝑥𝑓 : Feedback signal
𝑥𝑖

𝑥𝑜 𝑥𝑖 : Error signal (𝑥𝑒 )

𝐴𝑓 = :Close loop gain
𝑥𝑠
𝑥𝑠 : Source signal
𝑥𝑓
𝛽= : Feedback factor
𝑥𝑜

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 The General Feedback Structure
To get 𝐴𝑓

 Here we note that it is this subtraction that makes the feedback negative.

𝑥𝑜 𝐴 For positive
=
𝑥𝑜
𝑥𝑠 1 − 𝐴𝛽 feedback
= 𝑥𝑠 − 𝛽𝑥𝑜
𝐴
𝑥𝑜 + 𝐴𝛽𝑥𝑜 = 𝐴 𝑥𝑠

𝑥𝑜 (1 + 𝐴𝛽) = 𝐴 𝑥𝑠

𝑥𝑜 𝐴 For negative
=
𝑥𝑠 1 + 𝐴𝛽 feedback
𝟏 + 𝑨𝜷 → 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒃𝒂𝒄𝒌 4
 The General Feedback Structure
 For the feedback to be negative, the loop gain 𝐴𝛽 must be positive.
 The feedback signal 𝑥𝑓 should have the same sign as 𝑥𝑠 , thus resulting in a
smaller difference signal 𝑥𝑖 .
 For positive 𝐴𝛽 the gain with feedback af will be smaller than the open-loop
gain A by a factor equal to 1 + 𝐴𝛽, which is called the amount of feedback.
 If the loop gain 𝐴𝛽 is large, 𝐴𝛽 ≫ 1, then

𝑥𝑜 𝐴 𝐴 1
= = =
𝑥𝑠 1 + 𝐴𝛽 𝐴𝛽 𝛽

 The advantage of negative feedback in obtaining accurate, predictable, and

stable gain.
 In other words, the overall gain will have very little dependence on the gain of
the basic amplifier A, a desirable property because the gain A is usually a
function of many manufacturing and application parameters.

5
 The General Feedback Structure
Example: The noninverting op-amp configuration shown in Fig. provides a direct
implementation of the feedback loop
a) Assume that the op amp has infinite input resistance and zero output
resistance. Find an expression for the feedback factor β.
b) Find the condition under which the closed-loop gain Af is almost entirely
determined by the feedback network.
𝑅
c) If the open-loop gain A=104 V/V, find 2 to obtain a closed-loop gain Af of 10
𝑅1
V/V.
d) What is the amount of feedback in decibels?
e) If Vs=1V, find Vo, Vf, and Vi.
f) If A decreases by 20%, what is the corresponding decrease in Af ?

6
 The General Feedback Structure
Example: The noninverting op-amp configuration shown in Fig. provides a direct
implementation of the feedback loop
a) Assume that the op amp has infinite input resistance and zero output
resistance. Find an expression for the feedback factor β. Vf Vo
𝑉𝑓 𝑅1
𝛽= =
𝑉𝑜 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

b) Find the condition under which the closed-loop gain Af is almost entirely
determined by the feedback network.
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑜𝑙
𝑉𝑜 𝐴 𝐴 1
𝐴𝑓 = = = =
𝑉𝑠 1 + 𝐴𝛽 𝐴𝛽 𝛽
The condition is 𝐴𝛽 ≫ 1

1 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝐴𝑓 = = =1+
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
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 The General Feedback Structure
Example: The noninverting op-amp configuration shown in Fig. provides a direct
implementation of the feedback loop
𝑅2
c) If the open-loop gain A=104 V/V, find to obtain a closed-loop gain Af of 10
𝑅1
V/V.

𝑉𝑜 𝐴 104
𝐴𝑓 = = 10 =
𝑉𝑠 1 + 𝐴𝛽 1 + 104 ∗ 𝛽

𝛽 = 0.099
1
𝐴 ≫ 𝐴𝑓 𝐴𝑓 = 𝛽 = 0.1
𝛽

𝑅2
𝐴𝑓 = 1 +
𝑅1

𝑅2
=9
𝑅1
8
 The General Feedback Structure
Example: The noninverting op-amp configuration shown in Fig. provides a direct
implementation of the feedback loop
d) What is the amount of feedback in decibels?

𝐴 104
1 + 𝐴𝛽 = = = 1000 = 20 log 1000 = 60 𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑓 10

e) If Vs=1V, find Vo, Vf, and Vi.

𝑉𝑜
𝐴𝑓 = 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐴𝑓 𝑉𝑠 = 10 ∗ 1 = 10 𝑉
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑓
𝛽= 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑜 𝛽 = 0.1 ∗ 10 = 1 𝑉
𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜
𝐴= 𝑉𝑖 = = 10/104
𝑉𝑖 𝐴

𝑉𝑖 = 1 𝑚𝑉

9
 The General Feedback Structure
Example: The noninverting op-amp configuration shown in Fig. provides a direct
implementation of the feedback loop
f) If the If A decreases by 20%, what is the corresponding decrease in Af ?

𝐴1 = 80% 𝐴2 = 0.8 ∗ 104

0.8 ∗ 104
𝐴𝑓 = = 9.9975
1 + 0.8 ∗ 104 ∗ 0.099

10 − 9.9975
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑓 % = ∗ 100 = 0.025 %
10

which is lower than the percentage

change in A by approximately a factor

10
 Properties of Negative Feedback
1. Gain Desensitivity
The effect of negative feedback on desensitizing the closed-loop gain was demonstrated
in the previous example, where we saw that a 20% reduction in the gain of the basic
amplifier gave rise to only a 0.025% reduction in the gain of the closed-loop amplifier.
Assume that 𝛽 is constant. Taking differentials of both sides
𝐴 1 + 𝐴𝛽 ∗ 𝑑𝐴 − 𝐴 ∗ 𝛽 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
𝐴𝑓 = 𝑑𝐴𝑓 = =
1 + 𝐴𝛽 (1 + 𝐴𝛽)2 (1 + 𝐴𝛽)2
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝐴𝑓 =
(1 + 𝐴𝛽)2

Sensitivity for 𝐴𝑓 is 𝑑𝐴𝑓 /𝐴𝑓 so the previous equation is divided by 𝐴𝑓

𝑑𝐴𝑓 1 𝑑𝐴 1 + 𝐴𝛽 𝑑𝐴 1 𝑑𝐴
= ∗ 2
= ∗ 2
= ∗
𝐴𝑓 𝐴𝑓 1 + 𝐴𝛽 𝐴 1 + 𝐴𝛽 1 + 𝐴𝛽 𝐴

 The percentage change in 𝐴𝑓 (due to variations in some circuit parameter) is smaller

than the percentage change in 𝐴 by a factor equal to the amount of feedback.
 For this reason, the amount of feedback, 1 + 𝐴𝛽, is also known as the desensitivity
factor.
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 Properties of Negative Feedback
2. Bandwidth Extension
Consider an amplifier whose high-frequency response is characterized by a single pole.
Its gain at mid and high frequencies can be expressed as
Low Pass Filter
Without feedback 𝐴𝑀

With feedback

𝐴𝑀 𝑓𝐻
𝐴(𝑠) 1 + 𝑠/𝜔𝐻
𝐴𝑓 = =
1 + 𝐴(𝑠)𝛽 1 + 𝐴𝑀 𝐴𝑀 /(1 + 𝐴𝑀 𝛽)
𝛽
1 + 𝑠/𝜔𝐻

𝐴𝑀 𝐴𝑀 /(1 + 𝐴𝑀 𝛽)
𝐴𝑓 = 𝑠 = 𝑠
1 + 𝐴𝑀 𝛽 + 1+
𝜔𝐻 𝜔𝐻 (1 + 𝐴𝑀 𝛽)
𝑓𝐻 (1 + 𝐴𝑀 𝛽)

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 Properties of Negative Feedback
2. Bandwidth Extension
Consider an amplifier whose high-frequency response is characterized by a single pole.
Its gain at mid and high frequencies can be expressed as
High Pass Filter
Without feedback 𝐴𝑀

𝐴𝑀 𝑠
𝐴 𝑠 =
𝑠 + 𝜔𝐿
With feedback
𝐴𝑀 𝑠
𝐴(𝑠) 𝑠 + 𝜔𝐿 𝑓𝐿
𝐴𝑓 = =
1 + 𝐴(𝑠)𝛽 1 + 𝐴𝑀 𝑠 𝛽
𝑠 + 𝜔𝐿
𝐴𝑀 /(1 + 𝐴𝑀 𝛽)
𝐴𝑀 𝑠 𝐴𝑀 𝑠
𝐴𝑓 = =
𝑠 + 𝜔𝐿 + 𝐴𝑀 𝑠 𝛽 𝜔𝐿 + (1 + 𝐴𝑀 𝛽)𝑠

𝐴𝑀
𝑠
(1 + 𝐴𝑀 𝛽)
= 𝜔𝐿
𝑠+ 𝑓𝐿 /(1 + 𝐴𝑀 𝛽)
(1 + 𝐴𝑀 𝛽)
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 Properties of Negative Feedback
2. Bandwidth Extension

Application of negative feedback reduces the midband gain, increases fH, and
reduces fL, all by the same factor, (1+AMβ ), which is equal to the amount of
feedback. 14
 Properties of Negative Feedback
3. Interference Reduction
Without feedback
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐴1 𝑉𝑠 + 𝐴1 𝑉𝑛

𝑆 𝐴1 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠
= =
𝐼 𝐴1 𝑉𝑛 𝑉𝑛

With feedback
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉
1 + 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝛽 1 + 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝛽 𝑛

interference-free stage
𝑆 𝑉𝑠 𝐴2
=
𝐼 𝑉𝑛

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 Properties of Negative Feedback
4. Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion

Without feedback Input Range Without

feedback
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑐𝑐
𝐴 = = 1000
𝑉𝑖

Without feedback

𝛽 = 0.01
𝐴
𝐴𝑓 = = 90.9
1 + 𝐴𝛽
−𝑉𝑐𝑐
Input Range
With feedback

Using negative feedback, the input range is increased which minimize the
distortion at the input.

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 Basic Feedback Topologies
1. Series – Shunt Topology This for output stage
This for input stage
Input signal may be 2. Series – Series Topology The measured signal at
voltage source (Series) 3. Shunt – Shunt Topology output may be
or current source (Shunt) voltage signal (Shunt)
4. Shunt – Series Topology
or current signal (Series)

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 Basic Feedback Topologies
1. Series – Shunt Topology (Voltage amplifier)

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 Basic Feedback Topologies
2. Series – Series Topology (Transconductance Amplifiers)

19
 Basic Feedback Topologies
3. Shunt – Shunt Topology (Transresistance Amplifiers)

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 Basic Feedback Topologies
4. Shunt – Series Topology (Current amplifier)

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