‘onal Institute of Technology Bhopal of Mechanical Engineering or Mechanics of Materials Lab LAB MANUAL _ MECHANICS OF MATERIALS LABMaulana Azad National Institute of I chnology Bhopal Department of Mecha: I Engineering Lab Manual for Mechanics of taterials Lab BUTM — Study of impact testing and impact sirength Determination of impact strength through Izod impact test Determination of impact strength through Charpy impact test | Study of hardness tests Ee A Determination of Rockwell hardness for different materials | Determination of Brinell hardness for different materials Torsion testing of circular shafts 0. [Bending test on cantilever beamMaulana Avad National Institute of Technology Bhopal Department of Mechanical Engineering —Lab Manual for Mechanics of Materials Lab 1. STUDY OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE AIM: - | Stady of Universal Testing Machine (U.T.M,) | OBJECT: - = To Shndy the 9 Bonus compondct pars of the Univer Testing Machine (U7-M. )& test APPARATUS: | Universal Testing Procedures of various practical’s to be performed Machine with all attachment ie, shears test attachment, bending attachment, | tension grips, compression test attachment ete THEORY : - The Universal Testing Machine consists of two units, 1) Loading unit, 2) Control panel, LOADING UNIT:- © It consists of main hydraulic cylinder with robust base inside. The piston which moves up and down. The chain driven by electric motor which is fitted on left hand side. The screw column maintained in the base can be rotated using above arrangement of chain, Each column passes through the main nut which is fitted in the lower cross head. The lower table connected to main piston through a ball & the ball seat is joined to ensure axial loading. There is a connection between lower table and upper head assembly that moves up and down with main piston.Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal Department of Mechanical Engincering __Lab Manual for Mechanics of Materials Lab od * The measurement of this assembly is eartied out by number of bearings which slides over ly oy the columns, * The test Specimen each fixed in the job is known as ‘Jack Job’. To fix up the specimen tightly, the movement of jack job is achieved helically by the handle. CONTROL. PANEL:- It consists of an oil tank having a hydraulic oil level sight glass for checking the oil level. B a hy¢ ight gl The displacement-type piston pump has free plungers that ensure the continuation of high pressure, ‘The pump is fixed to the tank from bottom, The suction & delivery valve are fitted to the pump near tank Electric motor driven the pump is mounted on four studs which is fitted on the right side of the tank. ‘There is an arrangement for loosing or tightening of the valve The four valves on control panel control the oil stroke in the hydraulic system. The loading system works as described below. The return valve is close, oil delivered by the pump through the flow control valves to the cylinder & the piston goes up. Pressure starts developing & either the specimen breaks or the load having maximum value is controlled with the base dynameters consisting in a cylinder in which the piston reciprocates. The switches have upper and lower push at the control panel for the downward & upward movement of the movable head. The on & off switch provided on the control panel & the pilot lamp shows the transmission of main supply.Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal Department of Mechanical Engineer i Lab Manual for Mechanics of Materials Lab UTM © lstinent: Gefore tcating adjust the pend ith respect to capacity of the test ie. 8 ‘nes; 10 Tones; 20 Tones; 40 Tones ete, * For ex: A specimen of 6 tones capacity ‘gives more accurate result of 10 Tones capacity Tange instead of 20 Tones capacity range * These ranges of capacity are adjusted on the dial with the help of range selector knob. The control weights ofthe pendulum are adjusted correctly The ink should be inserted in pen holder of Tecording paper around the drum & the testing Process is started depending upon the types of tests as mentioned below.a = —¥ ‘Technology Bhop™! ngineering nal Institute of Is Lab Mechanical anics of Mater! a Azad Natio Department 01 “Lab Manual for Mech Maulan MACHINE UNIVERSAL TESTING upper eros Head space for Tens! spacemen Movable Cross Head space for Compressive spacemen Load Indicator Speed Control TENSION TEST:- # Select the pro per job job and complete upper and lower check adjust istment. Apply so me Greece to the ta spered surface of specimen or groove \ * Then operate th upper cross head i rip operat ecimen fully into the groove eration handle & grip the upper end of ) nd of test |a Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal Department of Mechan ering _Lab Manual for Mechanics of Materials Lab ‘Then lock the jobs in this position by operating job working handle. Then open the left control valve. ‘The printer on dial gauge at which the specimen breaks slightly return back & corresponding Toad is known as breaking load & maximum load is known as the ultimate load. IMPRESSION TEST: * Fix upper and lower pressure plates to the upper stationary head & lower table respectively. Place the specimen on the lower plate in order to grip. + Then adjust zero by lifting the lower table, Then perform the test in the same manner as described in tension. FLEXURAL OR BENDING TEST:- Keep the bending table on the lower table in such a way that the central position of the bending table is fixed in the central location value of the lower table. The bending supports are adjusted to required distance. Stuffers at the back of the bending table at different positions. Then place the specimen on bending table & apply the load by bending attachment at the upper stationary head. ‘Then perform the test in the same manner as described in tension test.— na A d National Institute of Technology Bhopal Department of Mechanical Engineering nual for Mechanics of Materials Lab | Lab M. b | SHEAR TEST:- out is i utter. * Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists of c en \De oO! * If the specimen breaks in two pieces then it will be in angle shear, & if it breaks in three | i 0 that ‘* The specimen is inserted in roles of shear test attachment & lift the lower table s« the | zero is adjusted, then apply the load such that the specimen breaks in two or three pieces. Pieces then it will be in double shear. | STUDY OF EXTENSOMETER:- | | This instrument is an attachment to Universal / Tensile Testing Machines. | | This measures the elongation of a test place on load for the set gauge length. The least count of Measurement being 0.01 mm and maximum elongation measurement up to3 mm. ‘This elongation measurement helps in finding out the proof stress at the required percentage elongation. 8‘ational Institute o ‘echnology Bhopal chanical Engineering, “chanics of Materials Lab > TENSILE TEST ON UTM Dstermine the Tensile Strength of OBJECTIVE: Azad N, Department of M ab Manual f; Limit of proportionality Elastic limit Gi) Yield strength (iv) Ultimate Strength ©) Young’s modulus of elasticity (vi) Percentage elongation (vii) Percentage reduction in area, APPARATUS: @ Universal Testing Machine (UTM) (ii) Mild steel specimens (ii) Graph paper (iv) Scale Vernier Caliperal al Institute of Technology Bhop: t nical Engineering f Materials Lab _ 7 Jana Azad Nation “ Department of Mechani Lab Manual for Mechanic Strain Prarie Sted ‘THEORY: ‘© The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. + In this test ends of test piece are fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device + Ifthe applied load is small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. * An elastically deformed solid will retum to its original form as soon as load is removed, * However ifthe load is too large, the material can be deformed permanently. * The inital part ofthe tension curve which is recoverable immediately after unloading is termed, * As elastic and the rest of the curve which rej Presents the manner in which solid “undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic. 10) PR of theMaulana Azad National inet Deparin ational Institute of Technology Bhopal Lab Manu: ny of Mechanical Engineering anual for Mechanics of Materials Lab The stress below L low which the def leformations essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield strength of material eee | In some materi pian 7 ial the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by a sudden drop in load ing both an upper and a lower yield point. However, some materials do not | exhibit a sharp yield point — ° =. Plastic deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening cannot compensate ‘or the decrease in section and thus the load passes through a maximum and then begins to decrease. | This stage the “ultimate strength” which is defined as the ratio of the load on the specimen to original erosssectional area, reaches a maximum value, Further loading will eventually cause ‘neck’ formation and rupture. PROCEDURE: Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length | of gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the total length of| the specimen. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-measuring device to it. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data. Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler. Continue the test till a Fracture occurs. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and diameter of the specimen. al PaeeMaulana Azad Natio OBSERVATION: () Initial diameter of specimen di ~ (6) Initial gauge length of specimen Lt = | (©) Initial eross-seetion area of specimen Ai = (@) Load of yield point Fi = | (¢) Ultimate load after specimen breaking F = | ( Final length after specimen breaking Lo | (g) Diameter of specimen at breaking place d2 = | @) Cross section rea at breaking place A2= OBESERVATION TABLE: Technology Bhopal ineering erials Lab CALCULA Uni + Ela Load (N) | Original Gauge | Length { ‘S.No Extension (mm) Stress (N/mm2)+ Stes =o 0d £ ” Sirin = ¢ = State tntenge | ‘original ength + Young's modulus E = S255. a RECAUTIONS: (©. The specimen stould be prepared in proper dimensions. (©. The specimen should be properly to get between the jaws © Take reading carefully © Afer breaking the specimen, stop to mv.[-Introduction:- —— of Technology Bhopal 1 Engineering s of Materials Lab______ na Azad National Institute ¢ of Mech: anual for Mechanic: LabM NGTH 3, STUDY OF ACT-TESTING AND IMPA\ T STRE! subjected to a sudden single aP| plication, st gives the material's behavior when fated with a notch. ial! chi Iti also an excellent means to study the material's behavior under a sudden ‘The impact te of load resulting in multi axils stress associ ange in cross- section. This response of the material is ‘The basic objective ofthe impact test id evaluate the impact work, which is defined as the x released when the material is subjected to a sudden force, and it is givena called notched bar sensitivity. amount of energ unit (Nm) ‘The behavior of the ferric steel (low carbon, 0.001% carbons) under notched conditions can be predicted from their properties as revealed by the tensile test, whereas the behavior of the large group of non-ferrous metals and alloys and the austenitic ( high carbon 2%) carbon. Mainly, the types of impact tests are usually performed are : © Izod test: the impact load is applied to the cantilever with a notch at its base. © Charpy test: the impact load strikes the center of a simply supported sample; the sample is notched along of center of tension free. plI Institute of Technology Bhopal Department of Mechanical Engineer ing Lab Manual for Mechanics of Material a Position of Specimen Vertical Horizontal Direction of Netch-Fsce Hint ra i rom ser weet Notch —Tviniouk V-Notch & U-Noteh Size of Specimen 75mm x Form x 10mm 55mm x 10mm x 10mm Type of Hammer Farming Hammer Ball in Hammer Striking Point Upper Tip of specimen Centre of specimen Material Tested Metals and Plastics Metals Kod Impact Test Charpy Impact Test. as Pageogy Bhopal a Azad Nationa Department of Mechan Mi Mechanics 7 By IZOD TES IMPACT STRENGTH OF STEEL ‘0 DETERMI eel. yf st | |AIM: To determined impact strength o | impact test ine the impact strength of steel by Izod imps } OBJECT: To determi | -APPARATUS: | 1. Impact testing machine 2. A steel specimen 75 mm X 10mm X 10mm 3. Vernier calipers | + In manufacturing locomotive wheels, coins, connecting rods etc, the | components are subjected to impact (shock) loads, * These loads applied suddenly. * The stresses induced in the components are many times more than the stress produced by gradual loading =of Technology Bhopal al Engineering of Materials Lab fupture and (jij) Notchimpact strength, Two types of notch impact tests are commonly 1. Charpy test Src 10510558 mn Seog ge Lilli — re ftom recrecon Im Izod test, the specimen is placed as cantilever beam. The specimens have V. shaped notch of 45°. U-shaped notch is also common. The notch is located on tension side of Specimen during impact loading, | Pagulana Azad Nationa nei Department of Mecha +— ae ZOD , NT DETAILS: SPECIFICATIONS OF M/C AND SPE CIME! Impact capacity=164 joules | Least count of capacity (dial) seale =2 joules Weight of striking hammer =18 7kg. Swing diameter of striking hammer | =1600mm Angle of hammer before striking=90? Distance between i supports=40mm | Striking velocity of hammer~5.6m/sec Specimen size=75 mm X 10mm X 10mmType of notch = V- notch Angle of notch =45° Depth of notch=2mm PROCEDURE: With the suiking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position, firmly Hol i . [old the steel specimen in impact testing machine’s vice in such away that th at the notchface t ar alf inside an above the top surface of the vice, ‘ace the hammer and is half inside and half. the top surface of th agarchnology Bhopal ical Engineering 1 impact strength Nem or J K = impact energy absorbed on Tepute N-m or J A= area of cross section of specimen below the notch before test mArea at V- notch, A=B X D im a Rreadth at V notch —B m Depth at V-notch =D ....... om The notch impact strength depends largely on the shape of the specimen and the notch. The values determined with other specimens, therefore may not_be compared with each other, Impact strength of the given specimen is. Nem Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is alreadythere, and lock it at that position, Bring indicator of the machine to 2er0, or follow the instructions ofthe operating manual supplied with the machine.¢ of Technolog) cal Engineer ‘of Materials Lab _ and break the specimen y Bhopal fs ational Institut tof Mechanit for Mechanics fall due to gravity not absorbed by the specimen: fier breaking the a Azad N Departme! Lab Manual f Release the hammer. It will through its momentum, the total enerBY is t its topmost height a! ‘Then it continues to swing: A\ endulum falls back. Note specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the p* the indicator at thattopmost final position ‘Again bring back the hammer to its idle position and back. PRECAUTIONS: ‘The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions Take reading more frequently Make the loose pointer in contact with the fixed pointer after the pendulum Do not stand infront of swimming hammer or releasing hammer Place the specimen proper position RESULT: ‘The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out to be- Joules.T al Institute of Technology Bhopal chanical Engineering ‘s of Materials Lab__ 1. Impact testing machine 2. A steel specimen 10 mm X 10mm X 55mm EO) “An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during plastic deformation, Static tension tests of unmatched specimens do not always reveal the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture this important factor is determined by impact test. = Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the material. Several engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in service. d to strengths achieved erally lower as compare Impact strengths are gen aiete of 0 | Engineering Materials Lab under slowly applied ests are most extensively used, | the notch bar t fall types of impact tests, ‘Therefore, the impact test measures the enerBy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by applying an impulse load. ial under shock loading ‘The test measures the notch toughness of mate! Values obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design problems directly and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to note that it provides a good way of comparing toughness of various materials or toughness of the same material under different condition. This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the material occurring due to lowering of temperature. Mem Ss Spine 10% 10355 mn Suing edge Z, Dition ame oftiow (romsecton 22)Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal Department of Mechanical Engineering —__Eab Manual for Mechanics of Materials Lab CHARPY # L iD SPE CIMENT DETAILS: | | Impact capacity=300joules Least count of capacity (dial) scale =2 Joules Weight of striking hammer =18.7kg Swing diameter of striking hammer =1600mm Angle of hammer before striking=160° Distance between supports=40mm Striking velocity of hammer=5.6m/sec Specimen size=55 mm X 10mm X 10mmType of notch = V- notch Angle of notch =45° Depth of notch=2mm 23 [Page —————————{ DESCRIPTION OF MACHINE: nite oT ‘Technology Bhopal engineering Is Lab _ g machine consists of the robust frame, | The pendulum impact testiny lum, the specimen support and the apa ngs. The pendulum shaft is attend in anti-friction bearings pendulum shaft. measuring dial. the pendul The pendulum is clamped to ‘The pendulum consists of the pendulum pipe and the pendulum hammer of U- shaped design. Into this, the striker is mounted for conducting Charpy impact test. The range, within which the pendulum is swinging, is partially protected by the guard. A latch is provided which keeps the pendulum is elevated position. A lever is provided for operating the latch and releasing the pendulum. There is a dial attached concentrically with the pendulum shaft, © scale is designed such that the pact energy absor' The de ‘d such that th t ibsorbed in = b reaking the specimen can be read directly in joules, 24 |Maulana 4 Depa Lab M 1 Nation, al Institute of" | (ment of Me anual for Mec py wnpac’ test Fic. 7-4 Specimen o | PROCEDURE: aa | + With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position, firmly hold the steel specimen in impact testing machines vice in such a way that the notch | faces s thehammer and is half inside and half above the top surface of the | | vice. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there,and lock it at that position. * Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operatingmanual supplied with the machine. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through * Release : its ‘entum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. its mom 5 25 |Pageaulana Azad Nationa Institute 0! Technology Bhopal f y | Ni 1 Ins' : ™ Department of Mechanical Engineering ab Manual for M echanics of M rials Lab | Lab M: panics of Mate! - | «Then it continues toswing- n, the indicator stops Moving, | i « Atits topmost height after breaking the specime! while the pendulum falls back. «Note the indicator at that topmost final position. } «The specimen is placed on supports oF anvil so that the blow of hammeris opposite to the notch. EVALUTION OF TEST: ‘The notch impact strength ‘I’ is calculated according to the following relationI = Where, I= impact strength N-m or J K = Impact energy absorbed on repute N-m or J A = are: ss Se a of cross section of specimen below the notch before test st Area at V-notch, A=B X D Breadth at V- notch = B Depth at V- notch =p 26 |a Aza ; ‘ aN a National tnstitute of 1 ‘echnology Bhopal a aa me: hanical Engi an ‘chanics of Mate notch. The van es determined with other specimens, therefore may not be compared with each other. _ Specimen should be Prepared in proper dimensions Take reading more frequently Make the loose pointer in contact with the fixed pointer after the hammer Place the specimen proper position RESUL' The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out to be- Joules,ical Enginecring Azad Ni Materials Lab Depart Lab Manual f Maulan tof Mecha Mechanics of STUDY OF HARDNESS TI ation or scratching, softer or harder material depending on Lintrodu © Generally, hardness means the resistance to indent «The material is classified according to its hardness (© the indenter or the scratcher material. © So, hardness is relative measurement depends on both testing and indenting materials, ‘According to the previous definition, if the indenter deforms the tested ms aterial, we can say that the indenter is harder than the tested material and if not, the indenter is softer than the tested material. ‘© Innature, diamond is classified as the hardest material + The measurement of hardness test is classified mainly to three types:- this type is roughly used nowadays and it depends on using a diamond, 1. Scratch hardness This type is not suitable for metals and : a shapes. In this type, a static load is applied to the specimen for a period of time and th indent oats a lntion shape and dimensions are used to calculate the hardness numbers, Many ti . Many tests are Oa - classified under this type such as: Brinell, Rockwell and Vickers hardness tests. These tests are 7 's. These tests | 3: Rebound or dynamic hardness: - in this ’Pe, an indenter is dropped on the tested material v1 ness: ty, i th :Maulan: Azad NX Depar ‘tne, Lab Man Macro-hardness is used on 4 tional ins nt of Al for Mech: ols, dies, 8 oF sn titute and sheet Material is hardness is used on thin shege all test materials that ma hardness tests. Macro-hardness is widely “Sed; and has with three methods: The Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, and fin main differences in these tes. S are the size, shape and the m: hardness machine, | I Tehas a large value of young's modulus of elasticity 2. Its surface is polished well 3. The operating condition is at moderated temperature nics of Materials Lab ing in the heavier gages, while 'y Not respond accurately to Macro- | ally the Brinell hardness test. the taterial used for the indenter in the 29| Pagenology Bhopal gineering ae we tof Mech : for Mechanics of Mate Test of Mild Steel. AIM: using Rockwell hardness test, | OBJECT: To determine the hardness of the given specimen APPARATUS: 1. Rockwell hardness testing machine i Pr 2. . Specimen of hard steel a 1920. i Rockwell test is developed by the Wilson instrument co USA in 7 This test is an indentation test used for smaller specimens and harder materials. The test is subject of IS: 1586.In this test indenter is forced into the surface of a test piece in two operations, measuring the permanent inerease in depth ofan indentation from the depth increased from the depth reached under a datum load due to an additional load. Measurement of indentation is made after removing the additional load. Indenter used is the |G cone having an angle of 120 degrees made of black diamond, 30]Maulana Azag n, tute of Technology Bhopal nical E, “fecha Indenter 7 Flevating serew Hand wheel. © Fix, 6 Rockwell hardness tester, > Weights TECHNICAL Rockall HP, Maximum test height: | 295mm. I - | Depth of throat: 150mm. | I — | Maximum depth of screw below base: | 280mm. | | Dimensions of machine: [210 X 470mm. 850mm. | Height: | - 125 kg Net weight: al LE Se ailjeute of Technology Bhopal cering. 1 Inst aulana Azad N tion a a Deparanent of LET eratl oe : Lab Manual for Me o - PROCEDURE: adopted verycarefully: For earying out tests, the following procedure should be any negligence may lead damage to the indenter ost according to the Rockwell scale required | ‘Adjust the weight on plunger of dash-p asshown on chart. i Keep the lever at position A. Place specimen securely on testing table. Tur the hand wheel clockwise, SO that specimen will push the indenter and show a reading on dial gauge as small pointer at ‘3° (red spot ) and long pointer close to “0” of outer scale. Tum the lever from position A to B slowly so that, the total load is brought into action without any jerks. The long pointer dial gauge reaches a steady position when indentation is complete. ‘Then take back the lever to ‘A’ position slowly (Sudden return to lever from B to A my show erratic reading). The weights are thereby lifted off, only the initial load remaining active. 6 Read the figure against the long pointer that is the direct reading of the Rockwi ie figure against ig ing of th ockwel- —— ore Ustitute of Tec! €chanica| Me hnology Bhopal | Engineeri |. Thickness of the specimen Should not be less than g times the depth of center of indentation should be greater than 2.5 times diameter of indentation. 3. Rapid rate of applying load should be avoided. Load applied on the ball may rise a Tittle because of its sudden action. Also rapidly applied load will restrict plastic flow ofa material, which produces effect on size of indentation. 33] FJ SUNo| Specimen | Material TABULAR COLUMN: ( d Nation ament of M ral for Meeh rat Institute of nic ROCKWELL TEST): vechnology incering Bhopal uab oo Toad Rock — Type of Loa‘ well o lie indenter | indenter ne ; reading a (mm) (Ke) | PRAHRB/HR CHART. Chart for most commonly used for Rockwell hardness test. Total test force | 60ksi 100ks 150kef preliminary - test force (10kgt) —_ Indicator Diamond Cone | Ball 1/16 Diameter Diamond — Cone 120° 120° Scale |A IC \ Pointer position | Set Set Set ol at | | Dial to beread__| Black Red’ Black \ Typical Thin steel and Soft steel, S ical : teel, hard cast | application shallow case] malleable, steel, deep hardened steel copper and | case hardened aluminum alloys | steel, —_ others. metals \hnology Bhopal ngineering * of Materials Lab 71 Institute of Tee tor echanical BK echan, Take AVErABE OF five Valueg OF indentation of each specimen, Obtain the hardnessmumiy, from the dial of a machine, Compare Brinell and Rog ‘kwell hardness tests obtained,echnology Bhopal ering als Labo ute of Tt ical EI : of Materi al In: lech Department 0 Di f Lab Manual for Mee} st 8, BRINELL HARDNESS TEST AL ing Machine nell test To find hardness of the given specimen by Rockwell & Br PARATUS: 1. Brinell Hardness testing machine 2. specimen of mild steel / cast iron/ non-ferrous metals and 3. Brinell microscope. PRINCIPLE BRINELL TESTING: Brinell hardness test is an indentation hardness test using a calibrated machine to force a hard steel ball indenter under specified conditions of load and name, into the surface of the material under test and to measure the diameter of the resultingimpression after release of the load. SPECIFICATION OF HARDNESS TESTING M/C AND INDENTORSMaulana Azag x Deparing, Lab Manuay fo Nnology Bhopal ince erials Lab a Brinelleum- Rockwel) hardnes, SS testing 4 m/e i along figure. Is specification ATE as Foto ‘0M& With the specimen is shown in 7 lows, 1. Ability to determing hardne, ess 2 Diameter of ball (as indo . eo) used hardened steel all of specified diameter “D” mm under a given load “FN and measuring the average diameter ‘d’ mm of the impression by a Brinell inicroscope. The Brinell hardness HB is definedas the quotient of the applied force ‘F” divided by the spherical area of the impression. Brinell hardness, HB Where, F- Load. .N | D= Diameter of the indenter .....-..- mm Diameter of _ the Impression.......++ mmof Technology Bhopat engineering Sof Materials La Lab | _ nclosed design protects the inter, 1 al on body. The ¢ ous elements. The main screw ig al so ‘The hardness test is of cast 1" ed dust and extrane operating parts from determin low. The basic system 1 ed on free end of lever, which transmit .s of weights and levers. The Weight s protected by a rubber b under hydraulic dash — pot time control are appli ork -piece for determination of hardnes 8 the pressure.On plunger and there by on the we f work — piece during the test which value. A clampingdevice enable the tight clampit at times can not be checked under normal conditions, %E? Bracthonhes nee Imes minder, BIW e——_2 Dip 38“chnology Bhopal « 280mm, Dimension of, machine: 210 X 470 mm. Height: 850 mm. Net weight: eke PROCEDURE: For carrying out tests, the following procedure should be adopted very carefully; any indents negligence may lead damage to the indenter. Sir ar a d er of dash — pot ‘ding to the Rockwell scale requires ist the weights on plunger of dash — pot accor . Adjust ‘ights on plung: as shown on chart. 2. Keep the leaver at position A. cane wn Jy on testing table. Tern the 3 Place specimen securely 0cute 0 pechnolod: Bhopal 5 opainecring, | , Poecea neice A ” Mecha of Materials Lab _ | for Meehan ies of N als. - 7 ab Manual f¢ spr and show # ro enter of diameter ' bovine Clamp | © Ws Stand + DatGage || § Loge Pan These | CANTILEVER TESTIU Instita chanical eng MAN Me of Technology Bhopal Necring. department ViNtehanics of materials