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MATHEMATICS
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CHAPTER: - 1 RELATION AND FUNCTION (4-6 Marks)
Introduction of Relation:
Def :- A subset of Cartesian Product
Type of Relations:
(I) Universal Relation.
(II) Equivalence Relation.
(III) Empty Relation.
E.g. ⟹𝑅 ⊆𝐴×𝐵
⟹ 𝑅 ⊆: {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
Applications: Relation and functions generally tells us about the different operations performed
on the sets.
Concept 1: Relation and it’s types.
2 −𝑛
 formula’s used: Total no of reflexive relations from A to B is 2𝑛
For Reflexive: if (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅, for every (𝑎 ∈ 𝐴).
For symmetric: if (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 then (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅
For Transitive: if (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 and (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 then
Q.1 How many reflexive relations are possible on a set A whose 𝑛(𝐴) = 3?
[CBSE 2023] [1 Mark]
(a) 26 (b) 27
(c) 25 (d) 24
Sol. 𝑛(𝐴) = 3 (Given)
2 −𝑛
No. of reflexive relations= 2𝑛
2 −3
 2(3) = 29−3 = 26
Ans. (a) 26
Q.2 Let R be the relation in the set of Z of integers given by
Question bank PYQ and doubt class 12th click link

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjN-4h4VrXeoYiCSzLRrEb1fpXgd7d5c-
1|Page
𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 2 divides a − b}. Show that the relation R is transitive?
[CBSE 2020 - 21] [2 Marks]
Sol. Let 2 divides (𝑏 − 𝑐); where, 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∈ 𝑍
So,
2 divides [(𝑎 − 𝑏) + (𝑎 − 𝑐)]
2 divides (𝑎 − 𝑐):
 Relation R is transitive.
Q.3 Check whether the relation R in the set Z of integers defined as 𝑅{(𝑎, 𝑏); 𝑎 +
𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2𝑛 } is reflexive symmetric or transitive. [CBSE 2020 - 21] [3 Marks]
 For Reflexive.
As we know, 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 2𝐴 which is even
 (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 a ∈ Z
Hence R is Reflexive.
 For Symmetric
If (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 2𝜆
 𝑏 + 𝑎 = 2𝜆
 (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅, 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
For transitive,
If (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅
then 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 2𝜆 _______ (i)
𝑏 + 𝑐 = 2𝜇 ________(ii)
by eq. (i) and (ii), we get
 𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = 2(𝜆 + 𝜇)
 𝑎+𝑐 = 2(𝜆 + 𝜇 − 5)
 𝑎+𝑐 = 2K
 𝜆+𝜇−𝑏 =K
 (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅
Hence R is transitive.
Q.4 Given a non – empty set X, define the Relation R in the 𝑃(𝑋) as follows:
2|Page
For 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝑃(𝑋), (𝐴, 𝐵) ∈ 𝑅 iff ⊂ 𝐵. Prove that R is reflexive, transitive and not symmetric.
[Boards SQP 2023] [5 Marks]
Sol. Let 𝐴 ∈ 𝑃(𝑋), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐴.
 (𝐴, 𝐴) ∈ 𝑅, Hence R is reflexive.
Let 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 ∈ 𝑃(𝑋) such that
(𝐴, 𝐵), (𝐵, 𝐶) ∈ 𝑅
 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝐶
 𝐴 ⊂𝐶
 (𝐴, 𝐶) ∈ 𝑅 Hence, R is transitive.
∅, 𝑋 ∈ 𝑃(𝑋) such that
∅ ⊂ 𝑋, Hence (∅, 𝑋) ∈ R
But, 𝑋  ∅
 (𝑋, ∅) ∉ 𝑅
Thus, R is not symmetric.
Q.5 Let R be the relation in the set N given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 = 𝑏 − 2, 𝑏 > 6} Choose the correct
answer. [CUET] [1 Marks]
Sol. (a) (2, 4) ∈ 𝑅 (b) (3, 8) ∈ 𝑅
(c) (6, 8) ∈ 𝑅 (d) (8, 7) ∈ 𝑅
Since 𝑅 ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁 and b > 6
Put a = 6  b = 𝑏 − 2  𝑏 = 8
As 𝑏 = 8 > 6
Hence Ans.  (c) (6, 8) ∈ 𝑅.
CONCEPT 2: Function and it’s Types.

1.One – One (Injective): 𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥2 )
For 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2
2.Onto (Surjective): For every in the codomain, there exists an X in the
domain.
S.t 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑌
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Q.1 A relation R in the set of real number R defined by R - {(𝑎, 𝑏): √𝑎 = 𝑏} is a function or not.
[CBSE SQO 2021] [1 Mark]
Sol. As we know
√𝑎 is not defined for 𝑎 ∈ (−∞, 0)

√𝑎 = 𝑏 is not a function.
Q.2 Prove that the function 𝑓 is surjective.
Where 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁 such that
𝑛+1
, if n is odd
𝑓(𝑛) = { 𝑛2 }
, if n is even
2
Is the function injective? Justify your answer [CBSE SQO 2022-23][2 Marks]
Sol. For one – one,
Let 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑥2 = 2
1+1 2
𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(1) = = = 1(Since 1 is odd)
2 2
2
𝑓(𝑥2 ) = 𝑓(2) = 2 = 1 (Since 2 is even)
Since, 𝑓(1) = 𝑓(2) but 1 ≠ 2

 𝑓 is not one – one.
For onto
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦, Such that 𝑌 ∈ 𝑁
When n is odd When n is even
𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑌= 𝑌=
2 2
2𝑌 = 𝑛 + 1 2𝑌 = 𝑛
2𝑌 − 1 = 𝑛
𝑛 = 2𝑌 − 1 𝑛 = 2𝑌
Thus,
For every 𝑌 ∈ 𝑁, there exists 𝑋 ∈ 𝑁
Such that 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑌 Hence 𝑓 is onto
2𝑥+3
Q.3 Let 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵 be a function defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = , where 𝐴 = 𝑅 –{3}
𝑥−3
and 𝐵 = 𝑅 – {2} is the function 𝑓 is one - one and onto?
4|Page
[CBSE SQO 2019 - 20] [3 Marks]
Sol. Checking one – one.
Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐴
2𝑥1 +3 2𝑥2 +3
𝑓(𝑥1 ) = , 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥1 −3 𝑥2 −3
Putting 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )

2𝑥1 +3 2𝑥2 +3
=
𝑥1 −3 𝑥2 −3
(2𝑥1 + 3)(𝑥2 − 3) = (2𝑥2 + 3)(𝑥1 − 3)

2𝑥1 (𝑥2 − 3) + 3(𝑥2 − 3) = 2𝑥2 (𝑥1 − 3) + 3(𝑥1 + 3)
2𝑥1 𝑥2 − 6𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 − 9 = 2𝑥2 𝑥1 − 6𝑥2 + 3𝑥1 − 9
−6𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 = −6𝑥2 + 3𝑥1
3𝑥2 + 6𝑥2 = 3𝑥1 + 6𝑥1
9𝑥2 = 9𝑥1
𝑥2 = 𝑥1
If 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ), then 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
 𝑓 is one – one
Checking onto
Let 𝑌 ∈ 𝐵, Where
2𝑥+3
𝑌= 𝑥−3
𝑌(𝑥 − 3) = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑥𝑌 − 3𝑌 = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑥𝑌 − 2𝑥 = 3𝑌 + 3
𝑥(𝑌 − 2) = 3(𝑌 + 1)
3(𝑌+1)
𝑥= (𝑌−2)
For 𝑌 = 2, 𝑥 is not defined.

But it is given that 𝑌 ∈ 𝑅 − {2}
3(𝑌+1)
Hence, 𝑥 = ∈ 𝑅 − {3}
(𝑌−2)
Checking for 𝑌 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Putting value of x in 𝑓(𝑥)
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3(𝑌+1)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑌−2)
3(𝑌+2)
2( )+3
 (𝑌−2)
3(𝑌+1)
( )−3
(𝑌−2)
6(𝑌+1)+3(𝑌−2)
( )
 (𝑌−2)
3(𝑌+1)−3(𝑌−2)
( )
(𝑌−2)
6(𝑌+1)+3(𝑌−2)
 3(𝑌+1)−3(𝑌−2)
6𝑌+6+3𝑌−6
 3𝑌+3−3𝑌+6
9𝑌
 9
 Y
Thus, for every 𝑌 ∈ 𝐵, there exists 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴
Such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑌
Hence, 𝑓 is onto.
𝑥
Q.4 Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅: −1 < 𝑥 < 1} defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 1+|𝑥| and onto
function.
[CBSE SQP 2023-24] [5 Marks]
𝑥
Sol. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1−𝑥 − 1 < 𝑥 < 0 and
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
Now,
𝑥
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1−𝑥 − 1 < 𝑥 < 0
Let 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )

𝑥1 𝑥
 = 1−𝑥2
1−𝑥1 2
 𝑥1 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2
 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
𝑓 is one – one
𝑥
Let 𝑌 = 1−𝑥
𝑌 − 𝑥𝑌 = 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑌
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𝑌 = 𝑥(1 + 𝑌)
𝑌
𝑥 = 1+𝑥
𝑌
𝑥 = 1+𝑌 for all value of 𝑌 ≠ −1
Such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑌

𝑓(𝑥) is onto.
𝑥
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
Let 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )

𝑥1 𝑥
 = 1+𝑥2
1+𝑥1 2
 𝑥1 + 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑥2
 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
𝑓 is one – one
𝑥
Let 𝑌 = 1+𝑥
𝑌 + 𝑥𝑌 = 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑌
𝑌 = 𝑥(1 − 𝑌)
𝑌
𝑥 = 1−𝑌
𝑌
For all value of 𝑌 ≠ 1, 𝑥 = 1−𝑌
Such that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑌

𝑓 is onto
Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is one – one and
Onto Proved.
Q.5 The function 𝑓 ∶ 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined as
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 is: [CBSE SQP 2021-22]
(a) One – One but not onto
(b) Not one – one but onto
(c) Neither one – one nor onto
(d) One – one and onto
7|Page
Sol. Then function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 is both One – one and onto, making (d) the correct
answer.
(d) one – one and onto
CONCEPT 3: Revised Topics
Q.1 A relation R in set A = {1, 2, 3} is defined as
𝑅 = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (3,3)} which of the following ordered pair in R shall be
removed to make it an equivalence relation in A.
(a) (1,1) (b) (1,2)
(c) (2,2) (d) (3,3)
Sol. The correct answer is (b) (1,2).
Q.2 Relation R on set A= {1,2,3,4,5} is defined as 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 1𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 1 < 8}check
whether R is, reflexive, Symmetric and transitive. Is Relation R equivalence?
[CBSE 2024, Set 1] [3 Marks]
Sol. For Reflexive
As |𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 | < 8 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴
 (𝑥, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅
 R is reflexive.
For Symmetric,
|𝑥 2 − 𝑌 2 | < 8  |𝑌 2 − 𝑥 2 | < 8
for all (𝑌, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅
 R is Symmetric.
For transitive.
(1,2), (2,3) ∈ 𝑅 as |12 − 22 | < 8,
|22 − 32 | < 8
But, |12 − 22 | ≮ 8 ⇒ (1,3) ∉ 𝑅
 R is not Transitive.
Hence Relation R is not an equivalence relation.
Q.3 Prove that the function 𝑓 ∶ 𝑁 → 𝑁 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 is one – one but not
onto. [CBSE Delhi Set-III 2019] [3 Marks]
Sol. For one – one
8|Page
Let 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )
𝑥1 2 + 𝑥1 + 1 = 𝑥2 2 + 𝑥2 + 1
0 = 𝑥2 2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
0 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑥1 + 1)
Since (𝑥2 + 𝑥1 + 1) > 0
 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 0
𝑥2 = 𝑥1
So,
𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥2 ) if 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2
Making 𝑓 one – one
For onto
Let 𝑌 = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 2
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0
(−1±√3)
𝑥= 2
Since x is not a natural number there is no X in N. such that 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2.

∴ f is not onto
Q.4 Define the relation R in the set 𝑁 × 𝑁 as follows: for (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁.
(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑) Iff 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐.
Prove that R is an equivalence relation in 𝑁 × 𝑁. [CBSE SQP 2023] [5 Marks]
Sol. Let (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁 , Then we have
𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎  (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑎, 𝑏)
Hence, R is reflexive.
 𝑎2 + 𝑑 2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
 𝑐 2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑑 2 + 𝑎2
 (𝑐, 𝑑) 𝑅 (𝑎, 𝑏)
Hence, R is symmetric.
Let (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑), (𝑒, 𝑓) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁
such that
(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑) , (𝑐, 𝑑) 𝑅 (𝑒, 𝑓).
9|Page
 𝑎2 + 𝑑 2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ___ (i)
and
𝑐 2 + 𝑓 2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑒 2 ________ (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii)
 𝑎2 + 𝑑 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑓 2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑 2 + 𝑒 2
 𝑎2 + 𝑓 2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑒 2
 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑒, 𝑓)
Hence R is transitive
Since R is equivalence relation:
Q.5 Let 𝐴 = {(1,2,3)}, 𝐵 = {4,5,6,7} and
let 𝑓 = {(1, 4) , (2,5) , (3,6)} be a function from A to B. Based on the given information, f is
best defined as:
[CBSE SQP 2021-22] [1 Mark]
Sol. The correct answer is
(b) Injective function.
Concept 4: Assertion – Reason Based Questions

Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(A) Both A and R are true. And R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true.
Q.1 (A) Let L be the collection of all lines in a plane and R, be the relation on L as
𝑅1 = {𝐿1, 𝐿2 ∶ 𝐿1 ⊥ 𝐿2 } is a symmetric relation.
[V.V.I.]
(R)A relation R is said to be symmetric (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅  (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 .
Sol. (A)is the correct answer.
Q.1 (A): The possible number of reflexive relations of a set A whose
𝑛(𝐴) = 4 is 212 .
2−𝑛
(R): Number of reflexive relation on a set contain 𝑛 elements is 2𝑛 [V.V.I.]
Sol. (A) is correct answer.
Explanation: 𝑛(𝐴) = 4 (Given)
Total number of reflexive relations
2−𝑛
 2𝑛 = 24×3 = 212
10 | P a g e
Q.2 (A): Let 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑎3 ): a is a prime number less than 99, then range of
R ={8,27, 125, 343}.
(R): Here , 𝑅 = {(1,1), (2,8), (3,27) , (4,64), (5,125) , (6,126) , (7,343) , (9,512).
[SQP]
Sol. (e) is correct answer.
Explanation: Assertion is correct as:
 𝑅 = {2,8) , (3,27) , (5,125) , (7,343)}
∴ Range = {8,27,125,343}
Reason is false as domain takes only prime values.
Concept 5: Case Study Based Questions:
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
An organization conducted bike race under two different categories-boys and girls. Totally
there were 250 participants. Among all of them finally three from category 1 and two from
category 2 were selected for the final race. Ravi forms two sets B and G with these participants
for his college project.
Let 𝐵 = {𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 } 𝐺 = {𝑔1 , 𝑔2 , }
Where B represent the set of boys Selected and G the set of girls who were selected for the
final race. [CBSE QB 2021] [4 Marks]
Q.1 Ravi wishes to form all the relations possible from B to G. How many such relations are
possible?
(A) 26 (B) 25
(C) 0 (D) 23
Sol. Option (A) is correct.
Q.2 Let R ∶ B → B be defined by 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑥 and y are students of same sex}, then this
relation R is ________.
(A) Equivalence
(B) Reflexive only
(C) Reflexive & symmetric but not transitive
(D) Reflexive & transitive but not symmetric
Q.3 Ravi wants to know among those relations. How many functions can be performed from B to
G?
(A) 22 (B) 212
11 | P a g e
(C) 32 (D) 23
Sol. Option (D) is correct answer.
Q.4 Let R ∶ B → G be defined by
R = {(𝑏1 , 𝑔1 ) (𝑏2 , 𝑔2 ), (𝑏3 , 𝑔1 ), then
R is ________
(A) Injective
(B) Surjective
(c) Neither surjective nor Injective
(D) surjective and injective
Sol. Option (B) is correct answer.
(II) Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
Students of grade 9, planned to plant saplings along straight lines, parallel to each other to
one side of the playground ensuring that they planted enough play area. Let us assume that
they planted one of the rows of the sapling along the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 – 4. Let L be the set of all
lines which are parallel on the ground and R be a relation on L.
[CBSE QB 2021] [4 Marks]
Q.1 Let relation R be defined by 𝑅 = {(𝐿, 𝐿2 ): 𝐿1 ∥ 𝐿2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 ∈ 𝐿 } then R is ________
relation.
(A) Equivalence
(B) Only reflexive
(C) Not reflexive
(D) symmetric but not transitive.
Q.2 Let 𝑅 = {𝐿1 , 𝐿2 ): 𝐿1 ⊥ 𝐿2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 ∈ 𝐿}
Which of the following is true?
(A)R is an Equivalence relation
(B)R is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
(C)R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
(D)R is reflexive neither symmetric nor transitive
Sol. Option (B) is correct.
Q,3 The function f : R → R defined by
12 | P a g e
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4 𝑖𝑠 ________
(A)Bijective
(B)Surjective but not injective
(C)Injective but not surjective
(D)Neither surjective nor injective
Q.4 Let 𝑅 = {(𝐿1 , 𝐿2 ): 𝐿1 ∥ 𝐿2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿1 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4}
Then which of the following can be taken as 𝐿2 ?
(A)2x – 2y + 5 = 0
(B)2x + y = 5
(C)2x + 2y + 7 = 0
(D)X + y = 7
CHAPTER: 1 PRACTISE QUESTION FOR EXAMS

Q.1 If A = {a, b, c, d} and f = {(a, b), (b, d), (c, a), (d, c)} Show that f is one-one from A to A
Q.2 Show that the relation R on the set of all real numbers defined as R= {(a, b): a ≤ 𝑏 3 } is not
transitive.
𝜋2
Q.3 If the function f: R – {1, -1} A defined by 𝑓 (𝜋) = 1−𝜋2 ,is surjective Then find A.
Q.4 How many reflexive relations are possible in a set A whose (A) = 4. Also find how many
symmetric relations are possible on a set B whose 𝜋 (𝐵) = 3.
Q.5 Show that the relation R in the set of all real numbers, defined 05
R = { a, b} : a ≤ b2 } is neither reflexive nor symmetric.
Q.6 Show that the function f : R R defined by
𝜋2
𝑓 (𝜋) = 𝜋2 +1 ; ∀ ∈ 𝑅. is neither one-one nor onto.
𝜋−22
Q.7 Let A = R – {-}, F: A →A is a mapping defined by 𝑓 =(𝜋) = , show that F is one-one and on
𝜋−1
to.
Q.8 Let F: N→R be a function defined as
f =(𝜋) = 4 𝜋 2 + 12 𝜋 + 15. Show that F:N → 𝑆, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓, 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 −
𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
13 | P a g e
Q.9 Check whether the relation R in the set Z of integers defined as
R = {(a, b): at b is “divisible by 2”} is reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence.
Most Important Questions of Ncert.
Q.1 Give an example of a relation. Which is :
(i) Symmetric but neither reflexive or transitive.
(ii) Transitive but neither reflexive no symmetric.
(iii) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
(iv) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(v) Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.
Q.2 Show that the relation R in the Set A of points in a plane given by R = {(P, Q): distance of the point P
from the origin is same as the distance of the point Q from the origin}, is an equivalence relation.
Further, show that the set of all points related to a point P≠ (0, 0) is the circle passing through P
with origin as centre.
Q.3 Let L be the set of all lines in XY plane and R be the relation is L defined as R = {L1 , L2 ): L1 is parallel
to L2 }. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all lines related to the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4.
𝑛+1
, if 𝑛 is odd
Q.4 Let 𝑓: 𝐍 → 𝐍 be defined by 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑛2 for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝐍.
, if 𝑛 is even
2
State whether the function f is bijective. Justify your answer.

𝑥−2
Q.5 Let A = 𝐑 − {3} and B = 𝐑 − {1}. Consider the function 𝑓: A → B defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥−3). Is f
one-one and onto? Justify your answer.
14 | P a g e
2. Inverse Trigonometric
Function (4 – 5 marks)
Definition:
Inverse trigonometric function are the inverse functions of the basic trigonometric functions which are Sine, Cosine,
tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant function.
1
E.g., 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ≠ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)−1 = .
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Application:
It is used by architects to determine the angle of a bridge and it supports.
Concept 1: Range, Domain and principal value branch
2𝑥
 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
1+𝑥 2
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 =
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
1 −1
Q.1 The principal value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 is
2 √2
𝜋
(A)
12
(B) 𝜋
𝜋
(C)
3
𝜋
(D)
6
[CBSE Board 2021] [1 Mark]

13𝜋
Q.2 Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [sin ( )]
7
[Board SQP 2023] [2 Marks]

13𝜋 𝜋
Sol. 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( )] = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 [sin (2𝜋 − )]
7 7
−𝜋 −𝜋
 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [sin ( )] =
7 7
𝜋
Q.3 Solve for x:𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑥) − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 =
2
[CBSE Delhi Set - 2020] [3 Marks]

𝜋
Sol. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑥) − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 =
2
𝜋
 (1 − 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛− 𝑥)
2
 (1 − 𝑥) = cos(2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)
 1 − 𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑥 2
 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 0
15 | P a g e
1
 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 =
2
1
Since, 𝑥 = does not satisfy the given equation.
2
 𝑥 = 0 is the required solution.
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝜋 𝜋
Q.4 Express 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ( ), where <𝑥< in the simplest form.
√2 4 4
[CBSE SQP 2020] [2 Marks].
−1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥 −𝜋 𝜋
Sol. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( + ) if <𝑥<
√2 √2 4 4
𝜋 𝜋
 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos + cos 𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛 )
4 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
 𝑆𝑖𝑛 −1
[sin (𝑥 + )] if 0 < (x + ) <
4 4 2
𝜋
i.e., Principal values = (𝑥 + ).
4
1
Q.5 Find the value of sin (2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ) cos(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2√2) .
4
[CBSE SQP 2018] [3 Marks]
1
Sol. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (2 tan−1 ) + cos(𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
2√2)
4
−1 1
Put 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =𝜃
4
1
 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
4
Now,
3 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 =
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
1
2×4 8
= 1 2
=
1+( ) 17
4
Put 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2√2 = 𝛷

 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛷 = 2√2
1
 cos 𝛷 =
3
1 8 1 41
sin (2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2√2) = + = .
4 17 3 51
Concept 2: Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions.
Q.1 The principal value branch of function 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 :

Sol.
𝑌 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
Q.2 The principal value branch of function 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 :
16 | P a g e
Sol.
Q.3What is the Domain and principal value branch of inverse function.

Sol.
Inverse Principal
Domain value branch
function
−𝜋 𝜋
,
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [-1, 1] 2 2
[0, 𝜋]
𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 [-1, 1]
−𝜋 𝜋
, − {0}
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑅 − (−1,1) 2 2
𝜋
[0, 𝜋] − { }
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑅 − (−1,1) 2
−𝜋 𝜋
( , )
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 R 2 2
(0, 𝜋)
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 R
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −3𝜋 𝜋
Q.4 Express 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 , <𝑥< in the simplest form.
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 2
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 −𝑥)
Sol. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝜋 ]
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠( −𝑥)
2
𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥
2 sin( 4 −2) cos( 4 −2)
 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 2 𝑥 ]
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( − )
4 2
𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 𝑥
 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( − )] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [tan { ( − )}]
4 2 2 4 2
𝜋 𝑥
 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( + )]
4 2
𝜋 𝑥
= +
4 2
1
Q.5 Prove that 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ≤𝑥≤1
√2
17 | P a g e
[CBSE Board 2020] [2 Marks]
−1
Sol. Let 𝑌 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2)
Let 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)
= 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜃)
= 2𝜃
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥.
Concept 3: Assertion – Reason based Questions.
𝜋
Q.1 Assertion: if 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑦 = then 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 1.
4
𝑥+𝑦
Reason: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ).
1−𝑥𝑦
Sol. (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 =
4
𝑥+𝑦 𝜋
 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
( )=
1−𝑥𝑦 4
𝑥+𝑦 𝜋
( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
1−𝑥𝑦 4
𝑥+𝑦
 =1
1−𝑥𝑦
 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥𝑦
 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 1.
1 23
Q.2 Assertion: 𝑆𝑖𝑛 [3𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )] =
3 27
Reason: sin 3𝐴 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
Explanation:
1 1
Let, 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = 𝐴→ sin 𝐴 =
3 3
1
 sin [3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1
( )] = sin 3𝐴
3
 3 sin 𝐴 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴. 3
1 1 3
 3× −4×( )
3 3
4
 1−
27
23

27
−1 1
Q.3 Assertion: The domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5𝑥 is [ , ].
5 5
−1
Reason: The domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 is [-1, 1].
Sol. (C) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5𝑥 = 𝜃
 sin(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
 5𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Since
−1 ≤ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≤ 1
 −1 ≤ 5𝑥 ≤ 1
−1 1
 ≤ x"
5 5
1 1
 𝑥 ∈ [− , ]
5 5
18 | P a g e
Thus,
−1 1
Domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 x is [ , ]
5 5
Practice Question for exams

Q.1 Find the principal value of the following:
−1
(I) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
2
−1
(ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
√2
−2
(iii) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( )
√3
(iv) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−√3)
Q.2 Find the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−√3)

Q.3 Find the domain of the following:
(i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑥)
(ii) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (2𝑥 − 3)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Q.4 Simplify: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Q.5 Solve the following equations for 𝑥.

1
(i) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
√2
1
(ii) cos(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) =
2
−1 −1 𝜋
(iii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥=
6
Q.6 Simplify:
3 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
5 5
Q.7 Evaluate the following

1 𝜋
(i) tan (2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − )
5 4
3 3
(ii) tan (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡−1 )
4 2
𝜋
Q.8 Solve for 𝑥: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2𝑥) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3𝑥) =
4
Q.9 Prove that

12 4 63
𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝜋.
13 5 16
Q.10 Prove that:

1 1 4
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 .
5 8 7
19 | P a g e
3. MATRICES (𝟒 − 𝟔 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬)
A set of numbers arranged in rows and columns so as to form a
rectangular array.
E.g., The matrix A= [a is ] m x n.
𝑎11 𝑎12........𝑎1𝑛
A= [ 21 𝑎22.......... 𝑎2𝑛 ]
𝑎
𝑎,𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2........ 𝑎𝑚𝑛
Application:
Used in many fields to model and solve real world problems.
Concept 1: Equality of two matrices.
A= [𝑎𝑐 𝑑𝑏 ] and B = [𝑊 𝑋
𝑌 𝑍
]
Then, a = w , b = x , C=Y , d = z
Q1. If A is a square matrix and A2 = A, Then (1+A)2 -3A is
[CBSE 2023] [1 Marks]
Sol. (1+A)2 -3A
=) I2 +IA +AI + A2 -3A
=) I + A +A+A -3A = I+
𝟑 𝟏
Q2. If A 7 [−𝟏 𝟐
] , Show that A2 -5A + 7I = O Hence find A-1
[CBSE SQP2020 - 21] [2 Marks]

3 1
Sol. 𝑨𝟐 = [−1 ] [ 3 1]= [−5
2 −1 2
8 5
3
]
15 5
5A = [−5 10
] , 7 I =[70 0
7
]
⇒A2 - 5A + 7 I = [00 0
0
] =0
⇒A-1 (A2 -5A +7 I) = A-1 0
A - 5 I +7A -1 = 0
7 A -1 = 5 I - A
1
𝐴−1 = ([50 0
5
] 3
− [−1 1
2
] )
7
1 2 −1
⇒ A-1 = [ ]
7 1 3
2 0 1
Q3. If A = [ 2 1 3 ] then find (a2- 5A).
1 −1 0
[CBSE Delhi Set - II 2019]
[2 Marks].
20 | P a g e
2 0 1 2 0 1
Sol. A2 = A.A = [ 2 1 3 ] [ 2 1 3 ]
1 −1 0 1 −1 0
5 −1 2
= [ 9 −2 5 ]
0 −1 −2
2 0 1 10 0 5
5A = 5 [ 2 1 3 ]= [10 5 15]
1 −1 0 5 −5 0
−5 −1 −3
= [ −1 −7 −10 ]
−5 4 −2
𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
Q4. If A=[ 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟏]Then show that A3 - A2 - 3A + 11 I = 0, hence find A-1,
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
9 7 5
Sol. A2 = [ 1 4 1 ]
8 9 9
28 37 26
A3 = [ 10 5 1 ]
45 42 34
LHS = A3 -4A2 - 3A + 11 I
28 37 26
= [ 10 5 1 ] –4
45 42 34
9 7 5
[ 1 4 1 ]
8 9 9
1 3 2 1 0 0
-3 [ 2 0 −1 ] + 11 [ 0 1 0 ]
1 2 3 0 0 1
0 0 0
= [ 0 0 0 ]=0
0 0 0
Now
−1
A-1 = ( A2 - 4A -3 I )
11
2 −5 −3
−1 −1
= [ −7 1 5 ] =
11 11
4 1 −6
−2 5 3
[ 7 −1 −5 ].
−4 1 −6
Q5. If A is a square matrix of order 3, I A I ‘ = -3, then I A A’ I =
(a) 9
(b) -9
(c) 3
(d) -3
[CBSE SQP 2022 -23]
[1 Marks]
Sol. The correct answer is (a) 9
Concept 2 : Transpose of a Matrix.
⟹ If A = [AT ] = [ a ij] m x n i.e,
21 | P a g e
2
If A = [21] then AT = [ ]
1
(A1)1 = A , (K A)1 = K A 1
(A +B )1 = A1 +B1, (AB)1 = B1 A1.
Q2. If A = [𝒀𝟓 𝒙
𝑶
] and A = AT, Where AT is the transpose of the matrix A, then
(a) x = 0, y = 5
(b) x = y
(c) x + y = 5
(d) x = 5, y = 0
Sol. A = [𝑌5 𝑥
𝑂
]
⟹ AT = [𝑥5 𝑦
𝑂
]
Since, A = AT
⟹ [𝑌5 𝑥
𝑂
]=[𝑥5 𝑂𝑦 ]
∴ x = y (b).
Q2. If the matrix [0𝑥62 − 5𝑥
𝑥 +3
] is symmetric, Find the value of x.
Sol. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: If A is both symmetric and SKCW symmetric, then we have A1 = A and A1 = - A
⟹A = - A
⟹ A+A=0
⟹ 2A = 0
⟹ A=0
∴ A is a Zero matrix.
𝑂 𝑎 −3
Q4. If the matrix A = [ 2 0 −1]
𝑏 1 0
Is skew symmetric, find the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
[Delhi, O.D 2018] [1 Marks]
Sol. A is a skew symmetric matrix
⟹ A1 = - A1
𝑂 𝑎 −3
A =[ 2 0 −1]
𝑏 1 0
𝑂 2 𝑏
A1= [ 𝑎 0 2]
−3 −1 0
A1= - A
𝑂 2 𝑏 𝑂 𝑎 −3
Now, [ 𝑎 0 1 ]= -[ 2 0 −1]
−𝑏 −1 0 𝑏 1 0
22 | P a g e
𝑂 2 𝑏 𝑂 −𝑎 3
[ 𝑎 0 1 ]=[ −2 0 1]
−𝑏 −1 0 −𝑏 −1 0
On Comparing both sides
a = -2
b =3
Q5. If A = [𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
] , then A +A1 = I
Then the value of x . [V.V.I.] [ 3 Marks].
Sol. Given that, A= [𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
]
Also A + A1 = I
⟹ [𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
] 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
+ [ −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
]
= [10 0
1
]
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝟎
⟹ [ 𝟎 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
] = [10 0
1
]
We have,
2cos x = 1
1
⟹ cos x =
2
𝜋
⟹ cos x = cos
3
𝜋
∴ x =
3
Concept 3: Operation of Matrix.

Q1. If A and B are invertible square matrices of the same order, then which of the following is not correct?
[CBSE SQP 2023 - 24] [ 1 Marks]
𝐴
(a) |𝐴 𝐵 −1 | = | |
𝐵
1
(b) | (𝐴 𝐵) −1 | = |𝐴| |𝐵|
(c) (AB) -1 = B -1 A -1
(d) (𝐴 + 𝐵) −1 = B-1 + A-1
Sol. (D) (𝐴 + 𝐵) −1 = B-1 + A-1
Q2. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that A2 = 2A, then find the value of |𝑨|.
[ CBSE SQP 2020 - 21]
[2 Marks]
Sol. A2 = 2A
⟹ |𝐴1 | = |2𝐴|
⟹ |𝐴 𝑥 𝐴| = |2𝐴|
⟹ |𝐴| |𝐴| = |2𝐴|
⟹ |𝐴| |𝐴| = 23 |𝐴|
⟹ |𝐴| |𝐴| = 8 |𝐴|
⟹ |𝐴| |𝐴| - 8 |𝐴| = 0
23 | P a g e
|𝐴| (|𝐴| - 8 ) = 0
Thus,
|𝐴| = 0 or |𝐴| = 8.
Q3. Find matrix A such that 2A- 3B + 5C = O, where
8 = [− 𝟑𝟐 𝟐 𝟎
𝟏 𝟒
] , C = [𝟐𝟕 𝟎 −𝟐
𝟏 𝟔
]
[CBSE 2019] [ 2 Marks]
Sol. 2 A -3 [− 𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟒𝟎] +5 [𝟐𝟕 𝟎𝟏 −𝟐
𝟔
]
= [ 𝟎𝟎 𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
]
2A - [ −𝟔
𝟗
𝟔 𝟎
𝟑 𝟏𝟐
] + [𝟏𝟎
𝟑
𝟎 −𝟏𝟎
𝟓 𝟑𝟎
] = [ 𝟎𝟎 𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
]
2 A = [ −𝟏𝟔 𝟔 𝟏𝟎
−𝟐𝟔 −𝟐 −𝟏𝟖
]
A = [ −𝟖
−𝟏𝟑
𝟑 𝟓
−𝟏 −𝟗
]
Q4. Using the matrix method, solve the following system of linear equations.
[CBSE SQP 2023 - 24]
[ 5 Marks]
2 3 10
+ + =4
𝑥 𝑦 3
4 6 5
+ + =1
𝑥 𝑦 3
6 9 20
+ + =2
𝑥 𝑦 3
Sol. The given system of equation can be written in the form.

AX =B
Where,
1/𝑥 4
2 3 10
A=[ ] X = [1/ 𝑦] B = [ 1 ]
4 −6 5
1/3 2
|𝐴 | = 1200 ≠ 0 ∴ A-1 exists
75 100 72 75 150 75
∴ add A = [150 − 100 0] = [110 − 100 30]
75 30 − 24 72 0 − 24
Hence,
75 150 75
1 1
A-1 = |𝐴| (adj A) = [ 110 − 100 30]
1200
72 0 − 24
As, A X = B = X = A-1 B
1/𝑥 75 150 75 9
1
[ 𝑦]=
1/ [110 − 100 30] [1]
1200
1/3 72 0 − 24 2
1/𝑥 600 1/2
1
[1/ 𝑦] = [400]= [1/ 3]
1200
1/3 240 1/5
24 | P a g e
1 1 1 1 1 1
= , = , =
𝑥 2 𝑦 3 3 5
Q5. Given that Ais a matrix of order 3 and |𝐴| = - 2 then |𝑎𝑑𝑗 (2𝐴)| is equal to
[CBSE SQP 2023- 24]
[ 1Marks]
(a) -26
(b) +4
(c) -28
(d) 28
Sol. (d) 28
Concept 4: Assertion Reason Based Questions.
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices:
Q1. Assertion (A): If A is skew symmetric matrix then A2 is a symmetric matrix.
Reason (R): If A is skew - symmetric, then
A1 = - A.
Sol. Option (A) is correct
Explanation: Since, A is a skew symmetric matrix then
A = - A1
A2 = (-A1)2
A2 = (A2)1
A2 is a symmetric matrix.
2 𝑛−3 𝑛−2
Q2. Assertion (A): if A = [ 3 − 2 − 1]
4 −1 −5
Is a symmetric matrix, then x = 6.
Reason (R): If A is a symmetric matrix,
Then A = A1.
Explanation: Here, A= A1
2 𝑛−3 𝑛−2 2 3 4
[3 −2 − 1] = [ 𝑥 − 3 − 2 − 1 ]
4 −1 −5 𝑥−2 −1 −6
∴ On comparing, we get.
x-3=3
x =6
2 0
Q1. Assertion (A): if [ x 2] [ ] =0
−4 0
then x = 4
Sol. Option (D) is correct .
Explanation: We have
25 | P a g e
[𝑛 2] [ 2 0 ] = [0 0]
−4 0
[ 2𝑛 − 8 0 ] = [0 0]
2n - 8 = 0
x=4
Concept 5: case study based MCQs.
(I) Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same.
⟹ A manufacturers products three stationery products pencil, Eraser and sharpner which he sells in two markets.
Annual sales are indicated below.
Market Product (in numbers)
Pencil Eraser Sharpener
A 10,000 2,000 18,000

B 6,000 20,000 8,000
If the unit sale price of pencil, eraser and sharpener are rs. 2.50, rs. 1.50 and rs. 1.00 respectively, and unit cost
of the above three commodities are rs. 2.00, rs. 1.00 and rs. 0.50 respectively then.
Q1. Total revenue of market A:
(A) Rs. 64,000
(B) Rs. 60,400
(C) Rs. 46,000
(D) Rs. 40,600
Sol. Option (C) Rs. 46,000 is correct.
Q2. Total revenue of market B:
(A) Rs. 35,000
(B) Rs. 53,000
(C) Rs. 50, 000
(D) Rs. 31,000
Sol. Option (D) Rs. 31,000 is correct.
Q4. Profits in market A and B respectively are:
(A) (Rs. 15,000, Rs.17,000)
(B) (Rs. 51,000, Rs. 71,000)
(C) (Rs. 17, 000, Rs. 15,000)
(D) (Rs. 10, 000, Rs. 20, 000)
Sol. Option (A) (Rs. 15,000, Rs. 17,000) is correct.
(II) Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the some:
Three schools DPS, CVC, and KVS decided to organise a fair fort collecting money for helping the good victims.
They sold handmade fans , mats and plates from recycled material at a cost of rs. 25, rs. 100 and rs. 50 each
respectively. The numbers of articles sold are given as
School/ Article DPS CVC KVS
Manmade fans 40 25 35
26 | P a g e
Mats 50 40 50
Plates 20 30 40
Q1. What is the total money (in Rupees) collected by the school DPS?
(A) Rs.700
(B) Rs.7,000
(C) Rs.6,125
(D) Rs.7,875
Sol. Option (B) Rs.6,125 is correct.
Q2. What is the total amount of money (in Rs.)
Collected by schools CVC and KVS?
(A) 14,000
(B) 15,725
(C)21,000
(D)13,125
Sol. Option (A) 14, 000 is correct.
Q3. What is the total amount of money collected by all three schools DPS, CVC and KVS?
(A) Rs. 15,775
(B) Rs. 14,000
(C) Rs. 21,000
(D) Rs. 17,125
Sol. Option (C) Rs. 21,000 is correct.
Q4. How many articles (in total) are sold by three schools?
(A) 230
(B) 130
(C) 430
(D) 330
Sol. Option (D) 330 is correct.
Practise Questions for exams
Q1. If A= [aij] is a skew- symmetric matrix of order n, then
1
(A) Aij = Ɐ I, j
𝑎𝑖𝑗
(B) Aij ≠ o Ɐ I, j
(C) Aij = 0, Where I = j
(D) Aij ≠ 0, Where I =J
Q2. If A=[𝟏𝟐 𝟎𝟏] , Then find A2
Q3. Find the value of A2, where Ais a 2 x 2 matrix whose elements are given by
aij = {01 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗
27 | P a g e
Q4. If 3A- B= [𝟓𝟏 𝟎𝟏] and B = [𝟒𝟐 𝟑𝟓]
Then find the matrix A.
Q5. If 2 [𝑫𝟏 𝟑𝒙] + [𝒚𝟏 𝒐𝟐] = [𝟓𝟏 𝟔𝟖] , Write the value of (x +y).
Q6. Find a matrix A such that 2A -3B +SC = D, where B = [−𝟐

𝟑
𝟐
𝟏
𝟎
𝟒
] and C = [𝟐𝟕 𝟎
𝟏
−𝟐
𝟔
]
Q7. Find matrix X so that x [𝟏𝟒 𝟐

𝟓
𝟑
𝟔
]
=[−𝟕𝟐 −𝟖
𝟒
−𝟗
𝟔
]
𝟐 −𝟑 𝟓
Q8. If A=[ 𝟑 𝟐 − 𝟒] find A-1 Use A-1 to solve the following system of equations
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 53 = 11
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 43 = −5
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 23 = −3
Q9. Evaluate the product AB, where
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟒
A= [𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 ], B = [−𝟒 𝟐 − 𝟒]
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟓
Hence solve the system of linear equations.
𝑛-y=3
2 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 43 = 17
2 𝑦 + 23 = 7
1 0
Q10. If [𝑥 1] [ ] = 0 , then x equals:
−2 0
(A) 0
(B) -2
(C) -1
(D) 2

Q.1 Construct a 2 × 2 matrix, A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ], whose elements are given by:
(𝑖+𝑗)2 𝑖 (𝑖+2𝑗)2
(i) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2
(ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑗 (iii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2
Q.2 Construct a 3 × 3 matrix, whose elements are given by:

1
(a) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2 | − 3𝑗 + 𝑗| (ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗
Q.3 Find the values of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 from the following equations:

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 9
4 3 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥+𝑦 2 6 2
(i) [ ]=[ ] (ii)[ ]= [ ] (iii)[ 𝑥 + 𝑧 ] = [5]
𝑥 5 1 5 5+𝑧 𝑥𝑦 5 8 𝑦+𝑧 7
28 | P a g e
2 3
1 −2 3
Q.4 If A = [ ] and B = [4 5], then find AB, BA. Show that AB ≠BA.
−4 2 5
2 1
1 2 −3 3 −1 2 4 1 2
Q.5 If A = [5 0 2 ], B = [4 2 5] and C = [0 3 2], then compute (A + B) and (B -
1 −1 1 2 0 3 1 −2 3
C). Also, verify that A + (B - C) = (A + B) – C.
Q.6 Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix:
6 −2 2 3 3 −1
3 5 1 5
(i)[ ] (ii)[−2 3 −1] (iii)[−2 −2 1 ] (iv)[ ]
1 −1 −1 2
2 −1 3 −4 −5 2
CHAPTER-4:- DETERMINANTS (4-6 marks)

Definition: A unique number (real or complex) associated with every square matrix.
e.g.; |𝐴| = |𝑎 𝑏
| = det(𝐴)
𝑐 𝑑
|𝐴| = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
Application: It helps in various professions, including gaming.
Concept 1: Determinants, Minors and co-factors
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴= [ ] or 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ ]
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎
Q.1 Given that A is a square matrix of order 3 × 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐴| = −4 find. |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|.
Sol. |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1
29 | P a g e
n = order of matrix A
|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = (−4)3−1 = (−4)2 = 16
Q.2 Check whether (𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛) ia a factor of the determinant.
𝑙+𝑚 𝑚+𝑛 𝑛+𝑙
| 𝑛 𝑙 𝑚 |or not
2 2 2
Give reason.
Sol. Apply 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑙+𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛+𝑙 𝑛+𝑙+𝑚
| 𝑛 𝑙 𝑚 |
2 2 2
1 1 1
= 2 (𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛) |𝑛 𝑙 𝑚| ; yes
1 1 𝑙
(𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛) is a factor.
Q.3 If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that 𝐴2 = 2𝐴, then find the value of |𝐴|.
Sol. 𝐴2 = 2𝐴
⟹ |𝐴𝐴| = |2𝐴|
⟹ |𝐴| |𝐴| = 8|𝐴|
(∴ |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴||𝐵|𝑎𝑛𝑑 |2𝐴| = 23 |𝐴|)
⟹ |𝐴|( |𝐴| − 8 ) = 0
⟹ |𝐴| = 0 𝑜𝑟 8.
Q.4 If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that |𝐴| = −1, |𝐵| = 3 , then find the
value of |2𝐴𝐵| . [V.V.I.] [2Marks]
Sol. |𝐴| = −1, |𝐵| = 3 (Given)
|2𝐴𝐵| = 23 × |𝐴| × |𝐵|
= 8 × (−1) × (3)
= −24
1 −1 2
Q.5 Let matrix 𝑋 = [𝑥𝑖𝑗 ] is given by 𝑋 = [3 4 −5] Then the Matrix 𝑦 = [𝑚𝑖𝑗] where
2 −1 3
𝑀𝑖𝑗 = Minor of 𝑥𝑖𝑗 is :
30 | P a g e
7 −5 −3 7 −19 11 7 19 −11 7 19 −11
(𝐴) [ 19 1 −11 ] (𝐵) [ 5 −1 −1] (𝐶) [−3 11 7 ] (𝐷) [ −1 −1 1 ]
−11 1 7 3 11 7 21 −1 −1 −3 −11 7
[CBSE Term-I 2021] [1 Mark]
Sol. Option (D) is correct answer.
7 19 −11
∴ = [−1 −1 1 ]
−3 −11 7
Concept 2: Solutions of System of Linear Equations
2 0 0
Q.1 The inverse of the matrix 𝑥 = is [0 3 0]
0 0 4
1/2 0 0
(A) 24 [ 0 1/3 0 ]
0 0 1/4
1 0 0
1
(B) [ 0 1 0]
24
0 0 1
2 0 0
1
(C) 24 [0 3 0]
0 0 4
1/2 0 0
(D) [ 0 1/3 0 ]
0 0 1/4
1/2 0 0
Sol. (D) [ 0 1/3 0 ]
0 0 1/4
Q.2 The system of linear equations
5𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 = 5
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5
Will be consistent if:
(A) 𝑘 ≠ −3 (B) 𝑘 = −5
(C)𝑘 = 5 (D) 𝑘≠ 5
Sol. Option (D) 𝑘 ≠ 5 is correct answer.
Explanation: 5𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 − 5 = 0
31 | P a g e
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5 = 0
For consistent system
5 𝑘
≠3
3
⟹ 𝑘 ≠ 5.
2 3
Q.3 If = [ ] , be such that
5 −2
𝐴−1 = 𝑘𝐴 , then find the value of k.
[CBSE SQP] [2 Marks]
−1 −2 −3
Sol. Finding [ 𝐴−1 =
]
19 −5 2
−1 −2 −3 2𝑘 3𝑘
⟹ [ ]= [ ]
19 −5 2 5𝑘 −2𝑘
1
⟹ 𝑘= 19
1 −2
Q.3 If 𝐴 = [ ] then using A-1 , solve the following system of equations:
2 1
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −1, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2.
[SQP 2017] [3 Mark]
Sol. |𝐴| = 5
1 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ ]
−2 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1 1 2
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| = 5 [ ]
−2 1
𝐴 ×= 𝐵, where
1 −2 𝑋 −1
𝐴=[ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑌 ] 𝐵=[2]
2 1
1 −2 𝑋 −1
[ ] [𝑌 ] =[2]
2 1
𝑋 1 1 2 −1
[𝑌 ] =5 [ ]= [2]
−2 1
3⁄
𝑋 1 −1 4
[𝑌 ] = [ ] = [4 5]
5 2 2 ⁄5
3 4
𝑥=5 , 𝑦=5
Q.4 Evaluate the product AB, where

1 −1 0 2 2 −4
𝐴 = [2 3 4] 𝐵 = [−4 2 −4]
0 1 2 2 −1 5
32 | P a g e
Hence solve the system of linear equations.
𝑥−𝑦 =3
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 17
𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7.
1 −1 0 2 2 −4
Sol. 𝐴𝐵 = [2 3 4] [−4 2 −4]
0 0 2 2 −1 5
6 0 0
= [0 6 0]
0 0 6
⟹ 𝐴𝐵 = 6𝐼
1
⟹ 𝐴 (6 𝐵) = 𝐼
1
⟹ 𝐴−1 = (𝐵)
6
The given equation can be written as

1 −1 0 𝑥 3
[2 3 4] [𝑦] = [ 17 ]
0 1 2 𝑧 7
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐷
3
Where, 𝐷 = [17]
7
𝑥 = 𝐴−1 𝐷
𝑥 2 2 −4 3
1
⟹ [𝑦] = 6 [ −4 2 −4] [17]
𝑧 2 −1 5 7
12
1
= 6 [−6]
24
𝑥 2
⟹ [𝑦] = [−1]
𝑧 4
X=2, y=1 z=4
2 3 2
Q.5 If [𝑥 𝑥 𝑥] + 3 = 0, then
4 9 1
The value of x is:
33 | P a g e
(A)3 (B) 0
(C) -1 (D) 1
Sol. Option (C) -1 is correct answer.
Concept 3: Revised Topics
Q.1 If A is a square matrix satisfying A’A=I , write the value of |A|.
Sol. |𝐴| = |𝐼| = |𝐴| = 𝐼
|𝐴| = 𝐼 Detailed:
|𝐴| = 𝑥
|𝐴| = |𝐴′| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐼| =?
𝐴′ 𝐴 = 𝐼
(𝐴𝐴′ ) = |𝐼|
|𝐴||𝐴′| = |𝐼|
𝑥. 𝑥 = 1
𝑥 2 = 1, 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = ±1
Value of |𝐴| = ±1.
2 −3
Q.2 Given 𝐴 = | |, compute 𝐴−1 and
−4 7
show that 2𝐴−1 = 9𝐼 − 𝐴
2 −3
Sol. 𝐴=[ ]
−4 7
|𝐴| = 14 − 2 = 2
|𝐴| ≠ 0 , Hence inverse exist
7 3
adj|𝐴| = [ ]
4 2
1
𝐴−1 = 2 (𝑎𝑑𝑗|𝐴|)
1 7 3
=2 [ ]
4 2
2𝐴−1 = 9𝐼 − 𝐴
34 | P a g e
1 7 3 1 0 2 3
2×2 [ ] = 9[ ]−[ ]
4 2 0 1 −4 7
7 3 9 0 2 −3
[ ]=[ ]−[ ]
4 2 0 9 −4 7
7 3 7 3
[ ]=[ ]
4 2 4 2
1 2 0
Q.3 If = [−2 −1 −2] , find 𝐴−1
0 −1 1
Hence solve the system of equation
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 8, −2𝑦 = 𝑧 = 7. [CBSE 2020] [3 Marks]
Sol. 𝐴 = 1(−1 − 2) − 2(−2 − 0)
= −3 + 4 = 1 ≠ 0
A is non-singular, therefore 𝐴−1 exist
−3 −2 −4
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ 2 1 2]
2 1 3
1
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)
−3 −2 −4
=[ 2 1 2]
2 1 3
1 −2 0 𝑥 10
⟹ [2 −1 −1] [𝑦] = [ 8 ]
0 −2 1 𝑧 7
𝑥 = (𝐴′)−1 𝐵 = (𝐴−1 )′𝐵
𝑥 −3 2 2 10 0
[𝑦] = [−2 1 1] [ 8 ] = [−5]
𝑧 −4 2 3 7 −3
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −5, 𝑧 = −3.
𝛼 −2
Q.4 If for the matrix 𝐴 [ ]
−2 𝛼
|𝐴3 | = 125, then value of 𝛼 is:
(A) ±3 (B) -3
(C) ±1 (D) 1
Sol. Option (A) ±3 is correct answer.
35 | P a g e
𝑎 𝑜 𝑜
Q.5 If = [𝑜 𝑎 𝑜 ] , then det (adjA) is equals:
𝑜 𝑜 𝑎
(A) 𝑎27 (B) 𝑎9
(C) 𝑎6 (D) 𝑎2
[CBSE Set-III 2020] [1 Mark]
Sol. Option (C) 𝑎6 is correct answer.
Concept 4: Assertion-Reason based questions.
4 8
Q.1 Assertion (A): for 𝐴 = [ ],
0 9
9 −8
𝐴−1 = [ ]
0 9
Reason (R): for
4 8 1 9 −8
𝐴=[ ] , 𝐴−1 is 36 [ ]
0 9 0 4
Sol. (D) A is false R is true.
0 0 1
Q.2 Assertion (A): 𝐴 = [0 1 0]
1 0 0
Then 𝐴−1 = 𝐴.
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
Reason (R): 𝐴−1 = |𝐴|
Q.3 Assertion (A): if 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 4 and 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 = 0 then value of
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
|𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 | is -64
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
Reason (R): if 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐+= 4 and
𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 = 0, then value of
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
|𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 | is zero.
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
Sol. Option (C) A is true but R is false.
Concept 5: Case Study Based MCQs.
(I) Manjit wants to donate a rectangular plot of land for a school in his village, when he was
asked to give dimensions of the plot. He told that if it’s length is decreased by 50m and
36 | P a g e
breadth is increased by 50m, then it’s area will remain same, but if length is decreased
by 10m and breadth is decreased by 20m, then it’s area will decrease by 5300m2
Q.1 The equations in term of x and y are:

(A) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 50, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 550
(B) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 50, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 550
(C) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 50, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 550
(D) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 50, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 550
Sol. Option (B) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 50, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 550
is correct.
Q.2 which of the following matrix equation is represented by the given information?
1 −1 𝑥 50
(A) [ ] [ ]=[ ]
2 1 𝑦 550
1 1 𝑥 50
(B) [ ] [𝑦 ] = [ ]
2 1 550
1 1 𝑥 50
(C) [ ] [𝑦] = [ ]
2 −1 550
1 1 𝑥 −50
(D) [ ] [𝑦 ] = [ ]
2 1 −550
1 −1 𝑥 50
Sol. Option (A) [ ] [𝑦 ] = [ ]
2 1 550
Q.3 The value of 𝑥 (length of rectangular field) is:
(A) 150m (B) 400m
(C) 200m (D) 320m
Sol. Option (C) 200m is correct.
Q.4 How much is the area of rectangular field?
(A)60000sq m (B) 30000sq m
(C) 30000m (D) 3000m
Sol. Option (B) 30000sq m
(I) The management committee of a residential colony decided to award some of it’s
members (say n) for honesty, some (say Y) for helping other’s and some other (say z)
for supervising the workers to kept the colony neat and clean. The sum of all the
awardees is 12. Three times the sum of awardees for cooperation and supervision added
37 | P a g e
to two times the number of awardees for honesty is 33. The sum of the number of
awardees for honesty and supervision is twice the number of awardees for helping
Q.1 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 =________________
(A) 3 (B) 5
(C) 7 (D) 12
Q.2 𝑥 − 2𝑦 =________________
(A) Z (B) –Z
(C) 2Z (D) -2Z
Sol. Option (B) –Z is correct.
Q.3 The value of 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = ________________
(A) 9 (B) 10
(C) 11 (D) 12
Sol. Option (C) 11 is correct.
Q.4 The value of 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 =________________
(A) 40 (B) 43
(C) 50 (D) 53
Sol. Option (B) 43 is correct.
Practice Questions for exams
Q.1 If a non-singular square matrix of order 3 and 𝐴3 = 2𝐴, then find the values of |𝐴|
1 −2
Q.2 Find the co-factors of all the elements of [ ].
4 3
2 −1
Q.3 Find 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴, 𝑖𝑓 𝐴 = [ ].
2 3
Q.4 Let A=[ 𝑎𝑖𝑗] be a square matrix of order 3 × 3 and |𝐴| = −7. Find the value of
𝑎11 𝐴21 + 𝑎12 𝐴12 + 𝑎13 𝐴23 where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the co-factor of element 𝑎𝑖𝑗.
Q.5 If A is a square matrix satisfying A’A-I, write the value of |𝐴|.
Q.6 If A and B are square matrices of the same order 3, such that |𝐴| = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐼,
Write the value of |𝐵|.
38 | P a g e
−3 2
Q.7 Find the inverse of the matrix [ ] hence, find the matrix p satisfying the
5 −3
matrix equation.
−3 2 1 2
𝑝[ ]=[ ]
5 −3 2 −1
2 1 −3 2 1 0
𝑄.8 If [ ] 𝐴[ ]=[ ]
7 4 5 −3 0 1
Then find matrix A
2 3 4 −6
Q.9 Let 𝐴 = [ ], 𝐵 = [ ]
1 2 −2 4
Then compute AB. Hence, solve the following system of equations.
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 , 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1.
2 −3 5
Q.10 If 𝐴 = [3 2 −4] find 𝐴−1
1 1 −2
Use 𝐴−1 to solve the following system of equations 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 11
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −5
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −3

Q.1 Show that
1+𝑎 1 1
1 1 1
[ 1 1+𝑏 1 ] = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏
1 1 1+𝑐
1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 2𝑎𝑏 −2𝑏
Q.2 [ 2𝑎𝑏 1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎 ] = (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )3
2𝑏 −2𝑎 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
Q.3 Find values of 𝑘 if area of triangle is 4 sq. units and vertices are
(i) (𝑘, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) (ii) (−2, 0), (0, 4), (0, 𝑘)
2 3 1 −2
Q.4 If A = [ ] and B = [ ], then verify that (AB)−1 = B −1 A−1
1 −4 −1 3
Q.5 The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number by 3 and add second number to it, we
get 11. By adding first and third numbers, we get double of the second number. Represent it
algebraically and find the numbers using matrix method.
39 | P a g e
Q.6 The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice `60. The cost of 2 kg onion, 4 kg wheat and 6 kg rice
is `90. The cost of 6 kg onion 2 kg wheat and 3 kg rice is `70. Find cost of each item per kg by matrix
method.
𝑥 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Q.7 Prove that the determinant |− sin 𝜃 −𝑥 1 | is independent of 𝜃
cos 𝜃 1 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 1 𝑎2 𝑎3
Q.8 Without expanding the determinant, prove that |𝑏 𝑏2 𝑐𝑎 | = |1 𝑏2 𝑏 3 |.
𝑐 𝑐2 𝑎𝑏 1 𝑐2 𝑐3
cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 − sin 𝛼
Q.9 Evaluate | − sin 𝛽 cos 𝛽 0 |.
sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 cos 𝛼
Q.10 If a, b and c are real number, and
𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
∆= |𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 | = 0,
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
Show that either 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐
5. Continuity and Differentiability

(6-8 Marks)
Definition : A Function 𝐹(𝑥) is a continuous at a point x = a

The left hand limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches a equal the right hand limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches
a.
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at a point 𝑥 = 𝑎 if Right hand derivative equal to left hand
derivative.
Concept 1: Continuous function.
F = real function
C = point in the domain of 𝑓
𝑓 is continuous at C if lim 𝐹(𝑥)𝐹(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
1
 𝐹(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ 0 is continuous
𝑥
40 | P a g e
Q.1 If the function 𝑓 defined as
𝑥 2 −9
,𝑥 ≠ 3
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥−3 Is continuous at 𝑥 = 3, find the value of 𝐾.
𝐾, 𝑥=3
[CBSE Delhi 2020][1 Mark]
𝑥 2 −9
Sol. lim =6 𝐾=0
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
Q.2 Find the value (𝑠) of 𝑘 so that the following function is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛
1
𝑥
[CBSE SQP 2010-21][2 Marks]
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
2
𝑘𝑥
1−cos 𝑘𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( )
2
Sol. lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑘𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( 2 )
𝑥2
lim 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑥2
𝑘𝑥
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( 2 ) 𝑘 2
×(2)
𝑘𝑥 2
(2)
 lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0 lim0
𝑥→ 𝑥
𝑘2
2×1× 4
=
1
∵ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 0
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0)
𝑥→0
𝐾2 1
 =
2 2
𝑘 =1 2
 𝑘 = ±1
Q.3Find the number of points of discontinuity of junction. [HOTS][1 Marks]
4−𝑥 2
𝑓(𝑥) =
4𝑥−𝑥 3
Sol. Given that,
4−𝑥 2
𝑓(𝑥) =
4𝑥−𝑥 3
Then it is discontinuous if
 4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 = 0
 𝑥(4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) = 0
 𝑥(2 + 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥) = 0
𝑥 = 0, −2, 2
The given function is discontinuous at exactly three points.
Q.4 Find the value of P for which the function [CBSE SQP][2 Marks]
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
, 𝑥≠0
{ 𝑥2
𝑃 ,𝑥 = 0
Is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
Sol. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0)
𝑥→0
4×2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥
lim =𝑃
𝑥→0 4𝑥 2
sin 2𝑥 2
8 lim ( ) =𝑃
𝑥→0 2𝑥
41 | P a g e
𝑃=8
Q.5 Find the value of k for which the function
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝜋
,𝑥 ≠
𝑓(𝑥) = { 4𝑥 − 𝜋 𝜋
4
𝑘 , 𝑥=
4
[CBSE SQP] [2 Marks].
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝜋
Sol. lim𝜋 = 𝑦( )
𝑥→ 4𝑥−𝜋 4
4
1 1
(√2 2 sin 𝑥− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
√2
lim𝜋 =𝑘
𝑥→ 4𝑥−𝜋
4
𝜋 𝜋
( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
lim𝜋 √2 4 4 = 𝑘
𝑥→ 4𝑥 − 𝜋
4
𝜋
√2 (sin 𝑥− 4 )
lim𝜋 𝜋 =𝑘
𝑥→ 4(𝑥− )
4 4
√2
 =𝑘
4
1
 𝑘=
2√2
Concept 2: Differentiability.
𝑑(𝑢𝑣) 𝑑 (𝑣) 𝑑 (𝑢)
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑(𝑢) 𝑑()
( )=𝑣 −𝑢 ′
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ? 𝑉 − 𝑢𝑉′
𝑉2 𝑉2
Q.1 Let 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥|𝑥| for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, check it’s differentiability at 𝑥 = 0 [CBSE 2020][1 Marks]
−𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
Sol. 𝐹(𝑥) = { 2
𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝐹(𝑥)−𝐹(0)
𝑅. 𝐹 ′ (0) = lim+
𝑥→0 𝑥−0
𝑥 2 −0
= lim =0
𝑥→0+ 𝑥−0
𝐹(𝑥)−𝐹(0)
𝐿. 𝐹’ = lim−
𝑥→0 𝑥−0
−𝑥 2 −0
= lim =0
𝑥→0− 𝑥−0
′ (0) ′
𝑅. 𝐹 = 𝐿. 𝐹 (0)
 𝐹(𝑥)is differentiable at 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑌 𝜋
Q.2 Find the value of . At 𝜃 = ,
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − cos 2𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝑥
Sol. = − sin 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
,=
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
𝑑𝑦
 = √3.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Q.3 If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + (sin 𝑥)𝑥 , find
𝑥 2
[CBSE 2020-21][3 Marks]
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑣 = (sin 𝑥) 𝑥
𝑦=𝑢+𝑣
42 | P a g e
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= + - (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2
𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Differentiating both sides w.r.t 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 [𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥] - (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑣 = (sin 𝑥)
 log 𝑣 = 𝑥 log(sin 𝑥)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑣
. = 𝑥. cot 𝑥 + log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥).
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛)𝑥 [𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)] − (3)
𝑑𝑥
Subtitute e𝑞 𝑛 (2), e𝑞 𝑛 (3) in e𝑞 𝑛 (1).
𝑑𝑦
 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 [sin 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥] + (sin 𝑥) 𝑥 [𝑥 cot 𝑥 + log(sin 𝑥)].
𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑥
Value of
𝑑𝑦
is 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 [sin 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ]+
𝑑𝑥
(sin 𝑥)𝑥 [𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)].
√1+𝑥+√1−𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −1
Q.4 if 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) , then show that = .
2 𝑑𝑥 2√1−𝑥 2
−1 √1+𝑥+√1−𝑥
Sol. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2
Put 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+√1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
2
𝜃 𝜃
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( 2 )+𝜆𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
2
𝜃 𝜃
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 )
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √2
2
1 𝜃 1 𝜃
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1
( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
√2 2 √2 2
−1 𝜋 𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
4 2 4 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 sin
 𝜃 𝜃
+
4 2
𝜋 1
𝑦= + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥.
4 2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 −1
 = − =
𝑑𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2 2√−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
Q.5 If 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos(𝑎 + 𝑦), the is
𝑑𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑎
(A)
𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑎+𝑦)
−𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑎
(B)
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑎
(C)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦
−𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑎
(D)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦
[CBSE Term –I 2021] [1 Mark].
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑎
Concept 3: Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions.
(i) log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = log 𝑎 𝑚 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑛
𝑚
(ii) log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛
𝑛
43 | P a g e
(iii) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚
(iv) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1
Q.1 Differentiate 𝑒 √3𝑥 , with respect to x. [CBSE 2019] [1 Mark].
𝑑(𝑒 √3𝑥 ) √3
Sol. = 𝑒 √3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.2 If 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑒 −𝑥 , then show that − − 2𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
[CBSE SQP 2020-21] [2 Marks].
2𝑥 −𝑥
Sol. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑒 - (1)
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 −𝑥
= 2𝑎𝑒 − 𝑏𝑒 - (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
= 4𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 - (3)
𝑑𝑥 2
Putting the value of L.H.S
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= − − 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= (4𝑎𝑒 2𝑥
+ 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 ) − (2𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 ) − 2(𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 )
= 4𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑒 −𝑥
=0
Q.3 Find the differential of 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 w.r.t 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 .
[CBSE Delhi 2020] [2 Marks].
Sol. Let 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 and Z = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑦
 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑍
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑧 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑒
−2 cos 𝑥
=
𝑒 cos 𝑥
Q.4 Find the derivative of 𝑥 log 𝑥 w.r.t x.

[ CBSE OD Set- II 2020]
[ 2 Marks]
Sol. Let 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 and
𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
Now,
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑢 = (log 𝑥)2
 1 𝑑𝑢 1
= 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥.
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
 𝑑𝑢 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
= 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
 𝑑𝑢
= 2. 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥.
𝑑𝑣
Q.5 If√1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦) then prove that
𝑑𝑦 √1−𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
Sol. √1 − + √1 −𝑥2 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑦2
Let 𝑥 = sin 𝐴, 𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵
44 | P a g e
√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐵 = 𝑎(𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵)
𝐴+𝐵 A−B
 2 𝑐𝑝𝑠 ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
= 2𝑎 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝐴−𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
 cos ( ) = 𝑎 sin ( )
2 2
𝐴−𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
 cos ( ) = 𝑎 sin ( )
2 2
𝐴−𝐵
 cot ( )=𝑎
2
𝐴−𝐵
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑎
2
𝐴 − 𝐵 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑎
 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑎
Differentiating w.r.t 𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑦
− =0
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 √1−𝑦 2
 =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
Concept 4: Derivatives of expressed forms.
Q.1 If 𝑥 √1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 Prove that
𝑑𝑦 −1
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥+1)2
[CBSE OD Set–I 2019] [3 Marks]
Sol. 𝑥 √1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 √ 1 + 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 √1 + 𝑦 = −𝑦 √1 + 𝑥
Squaring to get:
𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥)
Simplify to get:
(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦) = 0
𝑥
As, 𝑥±𝑦 
1+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 (1+𝑥)−(−𝑥).1 −1
= =
𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥)2 (1+𝑥)2
Q.2 If 𝑦 = (𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 2 𝑥) , Prove that
𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(1 − 𝑥 2) 2 −𝑥 − 2 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
[CBSE Delhi Set-I 2019] [3 Marks]
−1 1
Sol. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥.
√1−𝑥 2
 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑌 ′ = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
1
 √1 − 𝑥 2 . 𝑌" + 𝑌′.
2√1−𝑥 2
2
(−2𝑥) =
√1−𝑥 2
 (1 − 𝑥 2 ). 𝑌" − 𝑥𝑦′ = 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(1 − 𝑥 2 ). −𝑥 −2 =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑑2𝑦
Q.3 If 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( 2 ), then Equals:
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 2
−1
(A)
𝑥
−1
(B)
𝑥2
2
(C)
𝑥2
45 | P a g e
−2
(D)
𝑥2
[CBSE Delhi Set II, 2020] [1 Mark]
𝑥2
Sol. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( 2 )
𝑒
𝑦 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑒 2
𝑦 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 −2
 = (D)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥2
−1
Q.4 If 𝑦 = sin(𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)then which of the following equation is true?
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(A) (1 − 𝑥 2 ) +𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(B) (1 − 𝑥 −𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
2 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(C) (1 + 𝑥 ) −𝑥 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(d) (1 + 𝑥 2) 2 +𝑥 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Sol. Option (B) (1 − 𝑥 2) 2 −𝑥 +𝑚 𝑦 =0 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
Q.5 If 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 5𝑛 + 𝐵𝑒 −5𝑥 , then is equal to:
𝑑𝑥 2
(A) 25𝑦
(B) 5Y
(C) −25𝑌
(D) 15𝑌
[CBSE 2020]
Sol. Option (A) 25𝑌 is correct.
Concept 5: Revised topics
𝑑𝑦
Q.1 If (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)4 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛)𝑥 find
𝑑𝑥
Sol. (cos 𝑥) 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛)𝑥 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
Taking log on both sides
𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) = 𝑥 log(sin 𝑦)
𝑑 𝑑 (𝑦)
 𝑦 [log(cos 𝑥)] + log(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 (𝑥)
 𝑥 [log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)] + log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
− sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
 𝑦( ) + log (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
 𝑥( ) + log(sin 𝑦). 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
 −𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + log(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = 𝑥 cot 𝑦.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ log(sin 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
→ (log(cos 𝑥) − 𝑥 cot 𝑦 ) = log(sin 𝑦) + 𝑦 tan 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 log(sin 𝑦)+𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
→ = .
𝑑𝑥 log(cos 𝑥)−𝑥 cot 𝑦
Q.2 If (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 𝑏) = 𝑐 2 for
2 2
some 𝐶 > 0, prove that
46 | P a g e
3⁄
𝑑𝑦 2 2
[1+( ) ]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
is constant independent of a and b.
𝑑𝑥2
[CBSE OD Set-I 2019] [3 Marks]
2 2 2
Sol. (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 𝑏) = 𝑐 , 𝑐 > 0
𝑑𝑦
2(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 2(𝑦 − 𝑏). =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑎
 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦−𝑏
𝑑𝑦
𝑑 2 𝑦 (𝑦 − 𝑏) − (𝑥 − 𝑎). 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑏)2
−𝑐 2 𝑑𝑦
= (By substituion. )
(𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑑𝑥
3⁄
3⁄ (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 2
𝑑𝑦 2 2 [1 + ]
(𝑦 − 𝑏)2
[1 + ( ) ] =
𝑑𝑥 −𝑐 2
(𝑦 − 𝑏)2
𝑐3
(𝑦 − 𝑏)3
= = −𝑐
𝑐2
−
(𝑦 − 𝑏)3
Which is a constant independent of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
𝑑𝑦 2 1−𝑥
Q.3 Find , if 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 {2 𝑡𝑛𝑎 −1 √ }.
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥
[HOTS] [5 Marks]
1−𝑥
Sol. Putting 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑖𝑛 {2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √ }.
1+𝑥
1−cos 2𝜃 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √ , 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √
1+cos 2𝜃 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
−1
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (tan 𝜃)
2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥
Hence
𝑌 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥
log 𝑌 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + log(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥)
1 𝑑𝑦 1 −1
× = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ×
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 √1−𝑥 2
1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 −
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥√1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 2 1
= 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 [sin 2𝑥 − ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥√1−𝑥 3
Q.4 If a function 𝑓 defined by
𝑘 cos 𝑥 𝜋
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠
𝜋−2𝑥 2
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋
3 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 =
4
𝜋
Is continuous at 𝑥 = , then the value of k is:
2
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 6
(D) -6
[CBSE Term –I 2021] [1 Mark]
47 | P a g e
𝑒 3𝑥 −𝑒 −5𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
Q.5 The function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0 for the value of k as:
𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
(A) 3 (B) 5
(C) 6 (D) 8
[CBSE Term – I 2021] [1 Mark]
Q.6 Differential of 𝑙𝑜𝑔[(log 𝑥 5 )] w.r.t x is:
Sol. 𝑙𝑜𝑔[(log 𝑥 5 )] w.r.t 𝑥
5
𝑥 log(𝑥 5 )log(log 𝑥 5 )
Concept 6: Assertion – Reason Based Questions.
𝑑2𝑦
Q.1 Assertion (A): Let 𝑦 = 𝑡 10 + 1 and 𝑥 = 𝑡 8 + 1, the = 20𝑡 8
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Reason (R): = ( ) .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
3
Q.2 Assertion (A): The derivative of 𝑒 𝑥3 w.r.t log 𝑥 is 3𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑥3 𝑥3
Reason (R): The derivative of 𝑒 w.r.t log 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 3𝑥 3 𝑒 + 𝑒 2 .
Sol. Option (C) A is true but R is false.
Q.3 Function 𝐹(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0 value of 𝐹(0) is e.
Reason (R): Apply L-Hospital rule to find the value of 𝑓(0).
Practice Questions:
Q.1 Write the set of point of continuity of
𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 + 1|.
Q.2 What is derivative of |𝒙 − 𝟑| at 𝑥 = −1.
tan 3𝑥
𝑥≠0
Q.3 For what value of K. 𝑓(𝑥) = { sin 2𝑥
2𝑘 𝑥=0
is continuous, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅.
Q.4 For what value of a and b
𝑥+2
+ 𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −2
|𝑥+2|
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎+𝑏 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = −2
𝑥+2
{ |𝑥+2| + 2𝑏 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
Is continuous at 𝑥 = −2.
Q.5 For what values of λ, is the function.
𝜆(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
4𝑥 + 1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
is continuous at 𝑥 = 0?
Q.6 Write the derivative of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 w.r.t 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.
Q.7 If cos 𝑌 = 𝑥 cos(𝑎 + 𝑌), where cos 𝑎 ≠ ±1. Prove that
𝑑𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑎+𝑌)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑎
Q.8 If 𝑌 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 {𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 − √𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 }
𝑑𝑦
0 < 𝑥 < 1, find .
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
Q.9 If 𝑒 + 𝑒 = 𝑒 ; Prove that
48 | P a g e
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑡
Q.10 If 𝑥 = 𝑎 (cos 𝑡 + log tan ),
2
𝑑2𝑦 𝜋
𝑦 = a sin 𝑡 evaluate 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 .
𝑑𝑥 2 3

Q.1 Prove that the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 is a continuous function.
Q.2 For what value of λ is the function defined by
𝜆(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) = {
4𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
Continuous at 𝑥 = 0? What about continuity at 𝑥 = 1?
𝑘 cos 𝑥 𝜋
𝜋−2𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 2 𝜋
Q.3 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋 at 𝑥 =
2
3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
Q.4 Prove that the greatest integer function defined by

𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], 0 < 𝑥 < 3
is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2.
Q.5 Find the derivative of the function given by 𝑓(𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑥 4 )(1 + 𝑥 3 ) and hence
find 𝑓 ′ (1).
−1 𝑡 −1 𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Q.6 If = √𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 , 𝑦 = √𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 , show that 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
Q.7 If 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥, Find 𝑑𝑥 2 in terms of 𝑦 alone.
Q.8 If 𝑦 = 3 cos(log 𝑥) + 4 sin(log 𝑥), show that 𝑥 2 𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑦 = 0

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.9 If 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 , show that − (𝑚 + 𝑛) + 𝑚𝑛𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
Q.10 If 𝑦 = 500𝑒 7𝑥 + 600𝑒 −7𝑥 , show that = 49𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
Q.11 If 𝑒 𝑦 (𝑥 + 1) = 1, show that 𝑑𝑥 2 = (𝑑𝑥 )
Q.12 If 𝑦 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)2 , show that (𝑥 2 + 1)2 + 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑦1 = 2
6. Application of Derivatives
(6-8 Marks)
49 | P a g e
Definition:
It includes optimization, related rate problems and finding critical points, inflection points and concavity.
𝒅𝒚
Concept 1: Interpretation of as a rate measure.
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦⁄
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 , ≠0
𝑑𝑥 ⁄𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Q.1 A particle moves along the curve 𝑥 2 = 2y at what point, ordinate increase at the same rate as increase.
Sol. 𝑥 2 = 2y__(1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
(Given ( = )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 =2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 2𝑥 =2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 𝑥=1
1
From (1), 𝑦 =
2
1
So point is (1, ).
2
Q.2 The radius of circle is increasing at the uniform rate of 3 cm/s at circle is 2 cm, then at what rate area increases.
𝑑𝑟
Sol. =3
𝑑𝑡
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
( ) = 2π(2) = 12π cm2 /sec.
𝑑𝑡 𝑟=2
Q.3 The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 8 𝑐𝑚3 /s. How fast is the surface area increasing.
When the length of it’s edge is 12 cm?
Sol. Edge = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚, then
V (Volume of cube) = 𝑥 3
(Surface area)= 6𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣
 = 8 cm3 /s
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
 3 𝑥2 =8
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 8
 =
𝑑𝑡 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 8 32
 = 12𝑥 = 12𝑥 × =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 3𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 32 8
 [ ] = = cm2 /s
𝑑𝑡 𝑥=12 12 3
50 | P a g e
Q.4 In a sphere of radius r, a right circular cone of height h having maximum curved surface area is inscribed. The
expression for the square of curved surface of cone is
(A) 2𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ (2𝑟ℎ + ℎ2 )
(B) 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ (2𝑟ℎ + ℎ2 )
(C) 2𝜋 2 𝑟 (2𝑟ℎ2 − ℎ3 )
(D) 2𝜋 2 𝑟 2 (2𝑟ℎ − ℎ2 )
Sol. Option (C) 2𝜋 2 𝑟 (2𝑟ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) is correct.
𝑐𝑚2
Q.5 The rate of change of area of square is to . What will be the rate of change of side if the side is 5 cm.
𝑠
[V.V.I.].
Sol. Let side of the square be 𝑥.
Area of square, 𝐴 = 𝑥 2
Differentiating w.r.t ‘t’,
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
= 40 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠(Given)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
 40 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 20
 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 20
 [ ] = = 4 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝑥=5 5
Concept 2: Increasing / Decreasing Function

1. A function 𝐹(𝑥) is said to be an increasing function in [𝑎, 𝑏], if as x increases, 𝐹(𝑥) also increases.
2. A function 𝐹(𝑥) is said to be a decreasing function, in [𝑎, 𝑏] if as x decreases, 𝐹(𝑥) also decreases.
Q.1 The function y = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 is decreasing in the interval
(A) (0, 2)
(B) (2, ∞)
(C)(−∞, 0)
(D) (−∞, 0) ∪ (2, ∞)
[CBSE Board 2021]
Sol. Option (D) (−∞, 0) ∪ (2, ∞) is correct.
𝑥 3
Q.2 Show that the function 𝐹(𝑥) = + decreases in the intervals (−3, 0) ∪ (0, 3). [CBSE 2020] [2 Marks].
3 𝑥
1 3
Sol. 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = −
3 𝑥2
1 3
For decreasing, 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) < 0 ⇒ − <0
3 𝑥2
 𝑥 2 < 9 ⇒ −3 < 𝑥 < 3

Since, 𝐹(𝑥) not defined as 𝑥 = 0
So,
51 | P a g e
𝐹(𝑥) decreasing in (−3, 0) ∪ (0, 3)
Q.3 Show that the function 𝐹 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 + 1 is an increasing function for all 𝑥 > 0
[CBSE ID Set –I 2020] [2 Marks]
Sol. 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
Now 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑒 𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0  𝑓 is an increasing function.
Q.4 Find the interval in which the function 𝑓 given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑥
𝜋
𝑥 ∈ (0, ) is
2
(a) Strictly increasing

(b) Strictly decreasing
[CBSE SQO 2020-21] [3 Marks]
Sol. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 4𝑥
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 4
(a) For strictly increasing
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) > 0
 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 4 > 0
 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 4
1
 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 −
4
1 2
 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 < ( )
2
2
−1 1
 < 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 <
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
 <𝑥 [∵ 𝑥𝑒 (0, )]
3 2 2
(b) For Strictly Decreasing
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) < 0
⟹ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 4 < 0
⟹ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 > 4
1
⟹ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 >
4
2 1 2
⟹ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 > ( )
2
1 𝜋
⟹ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 > [∵ 𝑥 ∈ (0, )]
2 2
𝜋
⟹0<𝑥< .
3
Q.5 The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 15𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 6 is increasing in the interval.
(A) (−∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞)
(B) (−∞, 2)
(C) (−∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞)
(D) (3, ∞)
Sol. Option (C) (−∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞)
52 | P a g e
Concept 3: Maxima and Minima
1 9
Q.1 The absolute maximum value of the function𝐹(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 in the interval [−2, ] is
2 2
[CBSE Board 2021]
(A) 8 (B) 9
(C) 6 (D) 10
Sol. Option (A) 8 is correct.
Q.2 Find the minimum value of 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 9𝑒 −2𝑥 .[V.V.I.] [2 Marks]
Sol. Let 𝐹(𝑥) = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 9𝑒 −2𝑥
 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 8𝑒 2𝑥 − 18𝑒 −2𝑥
′ (𝑥)
Put 𝐹 =0
 8𝑒 2𝑥 − 18𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
1⁄
3 3 2
 𝑒 2𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑥 = log ( )
2 2
Again
𝐹"(𝑥) = 16𝑒 2𝑥 + 36𝑒 −2𝑥 > 0
Now,
1⁄ 1⁄
3 2 1
3 2
𝐹 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) ) = 4𝑒 2𝑙𝑜𝑔(2) + 9 × 𝑒 −2𝑙𝑜𝑔(2)
2
3 2
= 4× +9×
2 3
= 6+6
= 12
Q.3 Show that the height of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume which can be inscribed in a right circular
4
cone of height h and radius r is one – third of the height of the cone, and the greatest volume of the cylinder is
9
times the volume of the cone.
Sol. Let the cone be represented by ABC and the cylinder have radius and height x and y respectively.
𝑥
 ℎ−𝑦=
𝑟
𝑟ℎ−𝑥ℎ
𝑅ℎ − 𝑟𝑦 = 𝑥ℎ  =𝑦
𝑟
2
Volume of the cylinder = 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑥 𝑦
𝜋𝑥 2
𝑉= (𝑟ℎ − 𝑥ℎ)
𝑟
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑥 2 ℎ − 𝜋𝑥 3 ℎ
𝑑𝑣 3𝜋𝑥 2 ℎ
= 2𝜋𝑥ℎ − - (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑟
𝑑𝑣
For maximum volume, =0
𝑑𝑥
 2r = 3x
2
 𝑥= 𝑟
3
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑣 6𝜋𝑥ℎ
 = 2𝜋ℎ −
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑟
𝑑2 𝑉 6𝜋2𝑟ℎ
[ ] = 2𝜋ℎ −
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑥=2𝑟) 3𝑟
3
= 2𝜋ℎ − 4𝜋ℎ = −2𝜋ℎ < 0
2
For maximum volume, 𝑥 = 𝑟
3
53 | P a g e
2
𝑟ℎ−𝑥ℎ 𝑟ℎ− 𝑟ℎ ℎ
3
𝑦= = =
𝑟 𝑟 3
 height of the right cylinder with maximum volume is 1/3rd height of the cone.
1
Volume of the Cone = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 4
3
Q.4 Find the minimum value of (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦), where 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2
[CBSE Delhi Set – I, III 2020] [5 Marks]
𝑐2
Sol. Let 𝑆 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦, where 𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑏𝑐 2
𝑋 = 𝑎𝑥 +
𝑥
𝑑𝑆 𝑏𝑐 2
=𝑎−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑆
=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑏𝑐 2
 𝑥2 =
𝑎
𝑏
𝑥 = √ .𝑐
𝑎
𝑑2 𝑆 2𝑏𝑐 2
[ ] =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑏
𝑥=√ .𝑐 𝑥3
𝑎
3
𝑎1
= 2𝑏𝑐 2 [√ ] >0
𝑏𝑐
𝑏
For 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 > 0 and 𝑥 = √ . 𝑐
𝑎
𝑏 𝑐2 𝑎
 Minimum value = 𝑎√ . 𝑐 + 𝑏. √𝑏 = 2𝑎√𝑎𝑏. 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎
1 𝑛
Q.5 The maximum value of ( ) is
𝑥
(A) 𝑒 (B) 𝑒𝑒
1
1⁄ 1 𝑒
(C) 𝑒 𝑒 (D) ( )
𝑒
1
Sol. Option (C) 𝑒 ⁄𝑒 is correct.
Concept 4: Assertion – Reason Based Questions.
Assertion (A): The average rate of change of the function 𝑦 = 15 − 𝑥 2 between 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑠 − 5
Reason (R): Average rate of change 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑦𝑎𝑡 𝑥=3 − 𝑌
Sol. Option (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
𝑥
Q.2 Assertion (A): If 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10 and 5 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 15 then maximum value of ( ) is 2.
𝑦
𝑥 1
Reason (R): If 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10 and 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 15 then minimum value of ( ) is .
𝑦 5
Sol. Option (B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q.3 Assertion (A): Minimum Value of
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 7) 𝑖𝑠 − 1
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏 2
Reason (R): Minimum value of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is
4𝑎
54 | P a g e
Concept 5:
Read the following text and answer the following questions, on the basis of the same:
(I) The relation between the height of the plant (y in cm) with respect to exposure to sunlight is governed by the
following equation.
1
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 where 𝑥 is the number of days exposed to sunlight. [CBSE QB 2021]
2
Q.1 The rate of growth of the plant with respect to sunlight is ______________
1
(A)4𝑥 − ( ) 𝑥 2
2
(B)4 − 𝑥
(C)𝑥 − 4
1
(D) 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2
Sol. Option (B) 4 − 𝑥 is correct.

Q.2 What is the number of days it will take for the plant to grow to the maximum height?
(A)4
(B) 6
(C)7
(D) 10
Sol. Option (A) 4 is correct.
Q.3 What is the maximum height of the Plant?

(A)12 cm (B)10 cm
(C)8 cm (D)6 cm
Sol. Option (C) 8 cm is correct.
Q.4 If the height of the plant is 7/2 cm, the no. of days it has been exposed to the sunlight is___________
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C)4 (D) 1
(II) 𝑃(𝑥) = −5𝑥 2 + 125𝑥 + 37500 is the total profit function of a company, where x is the production of the
company. [CBSE QB 2021]
Q.1 What will be the production when the profit is maximum?
(A)37,500 (B)12.5
(C)-12.5 (D)-37,500
Sol. Option (B) 12.5 is correct.
Q.2 What will be the maximum profit?
(A)`38,28,125
55 | P a g e
(B) `38,281,25
(C)` 39,000
(D) None of these
Option (B)` 38,281,25 is correct.
Q.3 When the production is 2 units what will be the profit of the company?
(A)`37,500
(B) `37,730
(C)`37,770
(D) None of the these.
Sol. Option (B) `37,730 is correct.
Q.4 What will be the production of the company when the profit is `38,250?
(A)15
(B) 130
(C)10
(D) data is not sufficient to find.
Q.1 A stone is dropped into a quite lake and wave move circle at a speed of 3.5 cm per second. At the instant when
the radius of the circular wave is 7.5 cm, how fast is the enclosed area increasing?
Q.2 The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 7cm3/sec. How fast is the surface area increasing when the
length of an edge is 12 cm?
Q.3 Find the points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 at which the tangent line are parallel to the line 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 3 =
0.
Q.4 Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at the point (1, 1).
𝜋
Q.5 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑥 = sin 3𝑡, 𝑦 = cos 2𝑡 at t = .
4
Q.6 Show that the function

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 18 is an increasing function on R.
Q.7 Find the intervals in which the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 15 is
(i) increasing
(ii) decreasing
Q.8 Find all points of local maxima and minima and the corresponding maximum and minimum values of the
3 9
function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 100
4 2
ℎ
Q.9 Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a clone of height h is .
3
Q.10 Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given volume has an altitude equal to √2 times the
radius of the base.
56 | P a g e
Q.1 A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground,
away from the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the
foot of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall?
Q.2 Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3/s. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground in
such a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the
height of the sand cone increasing when the height is 4 cm?
1
Q.3 Find the shortest distance of the point (0, 𝑐) from the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 where 2 ≤ 𝑐 ≤ 5.
Q.4 Let AP and BQ be two vertical poles at point A and B, respectively. If AP = 16m, BQ = 22 m and AB =
20 m, then find the distance of a point R on AB from the point A such that 𝑅𝑃2 + 𝑅𝑄 2 is minimum.
Q.5 A square piece of tin of side 18 cm is to be made into a box without top, by cutting a square from
each corner and folding up the flap to form the box. What should be the side of the square to be
cut off so that the volume of the box is the maximum possible.
7. Integrals
( 6-8 Marks)
Definition:
We can say that integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
⟹ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
Application: To determine the shape of building constructions.

Concept 1: Indefinite Integral.
2𝑥+1 −5𝑥−1
Q.1 Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥 . [CBSE OD Set-II, III 2020]
10𝑥
[1 Mark]
1
Sol. 𝐼 = ∫(2(5−𝑥 ) − (2−𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
5
−2 1
= + +𝑐
5𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 5(2𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑥 𝑥
Q.2 Find ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 ( ) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
[CBSE OD Set-II2020][1 Mark]

𝑥 𝑥
Sol. 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 ( ) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
57 | P a g e
𝑥
Putting 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = +𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝐼 = 2 ∫ +5 𝑑𝑡
2
+6 1 𝑥
∴ 𝐼= + 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 ( ) + 𝑐.
3 3 2
𝑄.3 Find ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1 − cot 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

[CBSE SQP 2020-21][1 Mark]
Sol. 𝑒 𝑥 (1 − cot 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 𝐹(𝑥) = 1 − cot 𝑥
𝐹′(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
[∴ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐹 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐]
= 𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) + 𝑐.
1
Q.4 Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(1+𝑥 2 )
[CBSE OD Set-III 2020][1 Mark]

1 1 𝑥
Sol. 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(1+𝑥 2 ) 𝑥 1+𝑥 2
1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| − (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐.
2
(1+𝑥 2 )
Q.5 Find ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥. [CBSE SQP 2020-21][1 Mark]
Sol. Let (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑡
So,
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1 1
⟹ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐
2 2
Concept 2: Integration by substitution method.

𝑑𝑥
Q.1 Find ∫ .
4𝑥−𝑥 2
[CBSE Board Term-II 2021-22][2 Mark]

𝑑𝑥
Sol. Let, 𝐼 = ∫
√4𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√−(𝑥 2 −4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√−(𝑥 2 −4𝑥+22 −22)
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√−{(𝑥−2)2 −22 }
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√22 −(𝑥−2)2
𝑥−2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
[∴ ∫ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐]
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
Q.2 Find ∫
𝑥 2 −6𝑥+13
58 | P a g e
[CBSE O.D. Set-I 2021-22] [2 Marks]
𝑑𝑥
Sol. 𝐼 = ∫
𝑥 2 −6𝑥+13
𝑑𝑥
=∫
(𝑥−3)2 +13−9
𝑑𝑥
=∫
(𝑥+3)2 +4
𝑑𝑥
=∫
(𝑥−3)2 +22
1 𝑥−3
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
2 2
1 1 𝑥
[𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 + 𝑐]
𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2

𝑥 𝑥
Sol. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2 (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
−1 2
= ∫( + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1 𝑥+2
= − log |𝑥 + 1| + 2 log|𝑥 + 2| + 𝑐.
𝑥+1
𝑥(1−2𝑥)
[CBSE Delhi Set-II 2020] [2 Marks]

𝑥+1 𝑥 1
Sol. ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(1−2𝑥) 𝑥(1−2𝑥) 𝑥(1−2𝑥)
𝑥+1 1 1 2
⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1−2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(1−2𝑥) 𝑥 (1−2𝑥)
𝑥+1
⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(1−2𝑥)
−1
= log|1 − 2𝑥| + log|𝑥|
2
1
= −2 × log|1 − 2𝑥| + 𝑐
2
𝑥+1 −3
⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log|1 − 2𝑥| + log|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑥(1−2𝑥) 2
𝑥+1
Q.5 Find ∫ (𝑥+2)(𝑥+3)
𝑑𝑥.
[CBSE Delhi Set-III 2020] [2 Marks]

𝑥+1 𝑥+2−1
Sol.∫ (𝑥+2)(𝑥+3)
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥+2)(𝑥+3)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1 1 1 1
⟹∫ (𝑥+2)(𝑥+3)
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ {(𝑥+2) − (𝑥+2)} 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 3| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑛 + 2| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑛 + 3| + 𝑐

𝑥+1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 3| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 2| + 𝑐
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3)
concept 3: Integration by partial fraction.
59 | P a g e
𝑑𝑥
Q.1 = ∫ [SQP 2020][3 Marks]
√3−2𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Sol. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√3−2𝑥−𝑥 2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√−(𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3+)
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√−(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1−3−1)
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√−[(𝑥+1)2 −22 ]
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√22 −(𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫√ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
∴∫ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
√22−(𝑥+1)2 2
Q.2 Find ∫ 𝑒 𝑛 ∙ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 CBSE Term-II Delhi 2022-22] [3 Marks]

Sol. 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑛 sin
→𝐼=∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
I II
𝑥
𝑑 (𝑒 )
= 𝑒 𝑛 sin ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1
= 𝑒𝑥 ( ) + ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑛)
1 1 𝑑 (𝑒
= (−𝑒 𝑛 cos 2𝑥) + [𝑒 𝑛 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ( cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]
2 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 −1
= (−𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥) + [ ] 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥]
2 2 2 2
1 1 −1
= (−𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + (𝑒 𝑥 sin2𝑥) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘
2 4 4
𝑥
∴ 4𝐼 = −2𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 1 + 𝑘
1 𝑘
𝐼= (𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) + ∙
5 5
2𝑥
Q.3 Find: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∙
(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 +2)
[CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2021-22] [3 Marks]

2𝑥
Sol. 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 +2)
Let
1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 +2) (𝑥 2 +1) (𝑥 2 +2)
⟹ 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 1)
1 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 2 + (2𝐴 + 𝐵)
On comparing both sides, we get
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0, 2𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0
60 | P a g e
⇒𝐴=1 and 𝐵 = −1
1 1
∴𝐼=∫ ( − ) 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +2
2𝑥 2𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +2
𝐼 = log|𝑥 2 + 1| − log|𝑥 2 + 2| + 𝑐
𝑥 2 +1
𝐼 = log | |+𝑐∙
𝑥 2 +2
𝑥+1
Q.4 Find: ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
+1)𝑥
[CBSE SQP 2021 - 22][3 Marks]

𝑥+1 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝑐
= +
(𝑥 2 +1)𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥
(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑥 + 𝑐(𝑥 2 + 1)

=
(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 + 1 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑥𝑡 𝑐 (𝑥 2 + 1)
Equality the coefficients,
B = 1,c = 1,A + C = 0
Hence ,
A= −1,B = 1,C = 1
𝑥+1 −𝑥+1 1
∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 +1)𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥
−1 2𝑥−2 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥
−1 2𝑥 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥
−1
= log(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + log|𝑥| + 𝑐
2
𝑥 2 +1
Q.5 Find: ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
(𝑥 2 +2)(𝑥 2 +3)

2
Sol. Put 𝑥 = 𝑦, to make partial fractions
𝑥 2 +1 𝑦+1
=
(𝑥 2 +2)(𝑥 2 +3) (𝑦+2)(𝑦+3)
𝑦+1 𝐴 𝐵
Let = +
(𝑦+2)(𝑦+3) 𝑦+2 𝑦+3
⇒ 𝑦 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑦 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑦 + 2)
On comparing both sides
𝐴+𝐵 = 1
3A+2B=1
A= −1,B = 2
𝑥 2 +1 −1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 +2)(𝑥 2 +3) 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +3
61 | P a g e
−1 𝑥 2 𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
√2 √2 √3 √3
Concept 4: Definite Intergal

𝑏
∫𝑎 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥)]𝑏𝑎
2𝜋
Q.1 Evaluate ∫0 |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥|𝑑𝑥.
[CBSE OF Set-I 2020] [1 Mark]

2𝜋
Sol. Let, 𝐼 = ∫0 |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥|𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2𝜋
= ∫𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝜋 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2𝜋
= ∫0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝜋 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [− cos 𝑥]𝜋𝑜 − [− cos 𝑥]2𝜋

𝜋
= [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + cos 𝑜] − [− cos 2𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋]

= [1 + 1] − [−1 − 1] = 2 + 2 = 4,
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
Q.2 If ∫𝑜 = , then find the value of a.
1+4𝑥 2 8
[CBSE OF Set=I,II 2020] [1 Mark]

𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
Sol. ∫𝑜 +1=
(2𝑥)2 8
1 𝜋
⇒ [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2𝑥)]𝑎𝑜 =
2 8
𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2𝑎 =
4
1
𝑎= ∙
2
4
Q.3 Find the value of ∫1 |𝑥 − 5|𝑑𝑥 ∙
[CBSE Delhi Set=I 2020] [1Mark]

4 4 −1
Sol. ∫1 |𝑥 − 5|𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 −(𝑥 − 5)𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑥 − 5)2 ]14
2
4 −1 15
∫1 |𝑛 − 5|𝑑𝑥 = [1 − 16] = ∙
2 2
𝜋⁄
𝑄.4 Evaluate ∫−𝜋⁄2 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

Sol. ∴ 𝐹(𝑥) is an odd function
𝜋⁄2
∴ ∫−𝜋⁄2 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ∙
2
Q.5 Evaluate ∫−2(𝑥 3 + 1)𝑑𝑥.
[CBSE SQP 2020-22] [1Mark]

2 2 2
Sol. ∫−2(𝑥 3 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = ∫−2(𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫−2 1 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
62 | P a g e
= 0 + [𝑥]2−2 = 2 + 2 = 4.
Concept 5: Second fundamental theorem of integral
1 1−2𝑥
Q.1 Find the value of ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝑑𝑥.
1+𝑥−𝑥 2

1 1−2𝑥 1 (1−𝑥)−𝑥
Sol. ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥−𝑥 2 1+(1−𝑥)𝑥
1 1
∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=0
1 1
as, ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
2 1 1
Q.2 Evaluate: ∫1 [ − 2] 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2𝑥

Sol. Put 2𝑥 = 𝑡,
1
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
2
2 1 1
∴ 𝐼 = ∫1 [ − ] 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2𝑥 2
4 1 1
= ∫2 [ − 2] 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
1 4 𝑒4 𝑒2
= [ 𝑒𝑡] = −
𝑡 2 4 2
𝜋
Q.3 Evaluate ∫−𝜋(1 − 𝑥 2) sin 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
[CBSE Delhi Set-III 2019] [2Marks]

Sol. Let 𝐹(𝑥) = (1 − 𝑥 2 ). sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
As 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑥) → 𝐹 is odd function
∴ 𝐼 = 0.
2 |𝑥|
Q.4 Evaluate ∫−1 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥

2 |𝑥|
Sol. Let, 𝐼= ∫−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑥
|𝑥|
,𝑥 < 𝑜
Since = [ 𝑥𝑥
𝑥 ,𝑥 > 𝑜
𝑥
−1, 𝑥 < 𝑜
=[
1, 𝑥 > 𝑜
0 2
∴ 𝐼 = ∫−1(−1)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (1)𝑑𝑥
= [−1]0−1 + [𝑥]20
= −[0 − (1)] + (2 − 0)
= −1 + 2
63 | P a g e
= 1.
3
Q.5 Evaluate ∫1 |2𝑥 − 1|𝑑𝑥
[Board, 2020] [1 Mark]

3
Sol. ∫1 |2𝑥 − 1|𝑑𝑥
3
= ∫1 2̀𝑥 − 1|𝑑𝑥
= [𝑥 2 − 𝑥]3 , =9−3−1+1
=6
4
Q.1 Evaluate ∫0 |𝑥 − 1|𝑑𝑥.
[SQP 2022] [3 Marks]

4 1 4
Sol. ∫0 |𝑥 − 1|𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
1 4
𝑥2 𝑥2
= [𝑥 − ] +[ − 𝑥]
2 0 2 1
1 1
= (1 − ) + (8 − 4) − ( − 1)
2 2
=5
3 √𝑥
Q.2 Evaluate ∫1 𝑑𝑥.
√𝑥+√4−𝑥
[CBSE 2021-22] [3 Marks]

3 √𝑥
Sol. 𝐼 = ∫1 —①
√𝑥+√4−𝑥
3 √4−𝑥
𝐼 = ∫1 𝑑𝑥 — ②
√4−𝑥+√𝑥
On adding equation ( I ) and (ii), we get

3 √𝑥+√4−𝑥
2𝐼 = ∫1
√𝑥+√4−𝑥
3
= ∫1 1 𝑑𝑥
= [𝑥]13
= 3 − 1 = 2.
𝐼=1
2𝜋 𝑑𝑥
Q.3 Evaluate ∫0
1+𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
[CBSE O.D Set-I, 2021-22] [3Marks]

2𝜋 𝑑𝑥
Sol. 𝐼 = ∫0
1+𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋 1 1
= ∫0 { + } 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1+𝑒 sin(2𝜋−𝑥)
2𝑎 9
[∴ ∫0 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝜎 {𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐹(2𝑎 − 𝑥)}𝑑𝑥 ]
64 | P a g e
𝜋 1 1
= ∫0 { + } 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1+𝑒 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋 1 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= ∫0 { + } 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1+𝑒 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋
1 + 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋
= ∫0 1. 𝑑𝑥
= [𝑥]𝜋𝑜 = 𝜋
𝜋⁄2
Q.4 Evaluate ∫−𝜋⁄2(sin|𝑥| + cos|𝑥|)𝑑𝑥
[CBSE Board Term II. O.D. Set-III2021-22 [3 Marks]

𝜋⁄2
Sol. ∫−𝜋⁄2(sin|𝑥| + cos|𝑥|)𝑑𝑥
Let 𝐹(𝑥) = sin|𝑥| + cos |𝑥|

Then, 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥)
Since, 𝐹(𝑥) is an even function
𝜋⁄2
So, 𝐼 = ∫−𝜋⁄2(sin|𝑥| + cos|𝑥|)𝑑𝑥
𝜋⁄2
= 2 ∫0 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= 2[−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] ⁄2
𝑜
𝜋 𝜋
= 2[−𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0]
2 2
= 2{0 + 1 + 1 − 0}
= 2(2) = 4.
1
Q.5 Evaluate ∫0 √3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 dx
[CBSE OD Set-III 2020] [3Marks]

1 1
Sol. 𝐼 = ∫0 √3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 √4 − (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
Put x+1=t, ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡 = 0,
𝑥 = 1, += 2
2
∴ 𝐼 = ∫1 √4 − 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 4 𝑡 2
= [ √4 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )]
2 2 2 1
√3 1
= [(0 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 1) − ( + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 )]
2 2
2𝜋 √3
= −
3 2

2 1 2
Q.1 Assertion (A): ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
2
65 | P a g e
Reason (R): To solve above integral put 𝑥 2 = 𝑡.
Sol. Option (A) both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
2
Q.2 Assertion (A): if ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐,
3𝑥
Then 𝐹(𝑥) =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 3
Reason (R): differentiation is the inverse process of integration.

3 33
Q.3 Assertion (A): ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 =
2
2 81
Reason(R): ∫0 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 =
4
Sol. Option (C): A is true but R is false.

1
Q.1 ∫ cos(𝑥−𝑎) cos(𝑥−𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = ?
1
Q.2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ?
√(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)
1
Q.3 ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 𝑛 +1) 𝑑𝑥 = ?
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Q.4 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) =?
1 𝑑𝑥
Q.5 ∫0 =?
√1−𝑥 2
1
1 (𝑥−𝑥 3 )3
Q.6 The value of the integral ∫1 𝑥4
𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠
3
(A)6 (B)0 (C)3 (D)4
𝜋
Q.7 ∫0 log(1 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Q.8 ∫02 sin 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
8. Application of the Integrals

(4-6 Marks)
66 | P a g e
⟹Application in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles / parabolas / ellipses.
Concept 1:
Q.1 Find the area bounded by y = x 2 , the x-axis and the lines x = −1 and x = 1.
Y [CBSE SQP 2020-21] [1 mark]

Sol. 𝑦 = 𝑥2
X X
(-1, 0) (0, 0) (1, 0)
’
Y
’
2 2
Area of shaded region = [𝑥 3 ]10 = sq. units
3 3
Q.3 Find the area bounded by the curve

y = |x − 1|𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1. Using integration.
[CBSE Term-II, Delhi set-I 2021-22] [3 Marks]
y Y=|x-1|
Y=1
(0,1) (2,1)
X’ X
0 (1,0)
We have, y’
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 − 1 ≥ 0
y = −x + 1, if x − 1 ≤ 0
required area = area of shaded region
2
A = ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 2
= ∫0 (1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
1 2
𝑥2 𝑥2
= [x − ] +[ = 𝑥]
2 0 2 1
1 0 4 1
= (1 − ) − (0 − ) + ( − 2) − ( − 1)
2 2 2 2
1 1
= + = 1𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2 2
Q.4 Using integration, find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the line x + y = 2, the parabola
𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 − a𝑥 is.
67 | P a g e
Sol. Solving x + y = 2 and 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 simultaneously we get
the points of intersection as (1,1) and (4,-2).
Y
4
3
2
1 x=1
X’ X
-3 -2 -1-10 1 2 3 4
-2
-3
-4
The required area =Y’shaded area
1 2
= ∫ √𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 1
1 2
2 3⁄ 𝑥2
= [𝑥 2] + [2𝑥 − ]
3 0 2 1
2 1 7
= + = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
3 2 6
Q.5 The area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 and the straight line x = 4y − 2 is
3
(A) 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
8
5
(B) 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
8
7
(C) sq. units
8
9
(D) sq. units
8
9
Sol. Option (D) sq. units is correct.
8

Q.1 Assertion (A): The area bounded by the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 is 16𝜋 sq. units.
Reason (R): we have 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16, which is circle having centre at (0,0) and radius is 4 units.
∴ 𝑦 2 = 16 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = √16 − 𝑥 2 .
4
A = 4 ∫0 √42 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Sol. (A) Both A and B are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
8
Q.2 Assertion (A): The region bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 16 , y − axis and the line y = 2 is .
3
2
Reason (R): Required area = ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
Sol. (D) A is false and R is true.
68 | P a g e
Q.3 Assertion (A): The area of region bounded by the curve y = x + 5 and the lines 𝑥 = 1 and x =
45
4 is 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
2
5
Reason (R): Required area, A = ∫1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Sol. (C): A is true but R is false.

Q.1 Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the line 2𝑦 = −𝑥 + 8, x- axis and the lines 𝑥 = 2 and
𝑥 = 4
Q.2 Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 4 and the 𝑥 – axis in the first quadrant.
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑦
Q.3 Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse + = 1 and the straight line + = 1.
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎 𝑏
Q.4 Sketch the region {(𝑥 , 𝑦); 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 36)} and find it’s area, using integration.
Q.8 Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Q.9 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2 , the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the positive 𝑥 – axis.
Q.10 Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the line 𝑦 – 1 = 𝑥, the 𝑥 – axis and the ordinates 𝑥 =
−2, and 𝑥 = 3.

𝑥2 𝑦2
Q.1 Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse 16 + 9
=1
𝑥2 𝑦2
Q.2 Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse 4
+ 9
=1
Q.3 Using integration find the area of region bounded by the triangle whose vertices are
(-1, 0), (1, 3) and (3, 2).
Q.4 Using integration find the area of the triangular region whose sides have the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1,
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1 and 𝑥 = 4.
0
Q.5 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 3| and evaluate ∫−6|𝑥 + 3|𝑑𝑥.
Definition:
9. Differential Equation
(4-6 Marks)
Definition :-
An equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to independent variable is called a
differential equation.
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
e.g. 2 + ( ) = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Concept 1: Basic Differential equations.
69 | P a g e
4
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
Q.1 Find the order and the degree of the differential equation 𝑥 2 = {1 + ( ) }
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
[CBSE Delhi Set-I 2019] [1 Mark]

4
Sol. 𝑥 2 = {1 + ( ) }
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
ORDER=2
ORDER=1
Q.2 Write the order and the degree of the following differential equation:
2
𝑥3 ( ) +𝑥( ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
[CBSE Delhi Set-III] [1 Mark]

𝑑2𝑦
Sol. The highest order derivative is ( ), hence
𝑑𝑥 2
Order=2 and Degree=2.
Q.3 Find the order and degree (if defined) of the differential equation.
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2𝑦
+ 𝑥 ( ) = 2𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
[CBSE OF Set-I 2019] [1Mark]

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2𝑦
Sol. + 𝑥 ( ) = 2𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is

𝑑2𝑦
. So it is of order 2.
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
The differential equation is not expressible as polynomial in . So its degree is not defined.
𝑑𝑥 2
∴ order = 2
Degree = not defined.
Q.4 Find the order and the degree of the given differential equation. Given reason to support your answer.
2
𝑑3 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) 𝑑𝑦 4
𝑦=𝑒 𝑑𝑥3 +( )
𝑑𝑥
[CBSE Practice question 2021-22] [2Maeks]

𝑑3𝑦
Sol. Order is 3 as highest order derivative present in the given differential equation is .
𝑑𝑥 3
Degree is not defined as the highest order of derivative is the function of sine.
Q.5 Write the sum of the order and degree of the following differential equation:
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
( )=5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
[SQP 2021-22] [2 Marks].

Sol. Order=2
Degree=3
70 | P a g e
Sum =3.
Concept 2: Variable separable methods.
𝑑𝑦
Q.1 How many arbitrary constants are there in the particular solution of the differential = −𝑓𝑥𝑦 2 ; 𝑦(0) = 1.
𝑑𝑥

Sol. Zero (0).
Q.2 Find the general solution of the differential equation 𝑒 𝑑𝑦⁄𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 .
[CBSE Board term-II OD set –I 2021-22] [2 Marks]
Sol. 𝑒 𝑑𝑦⁄𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (Given)
Taking log both sides, we get
𝑑𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∵ log 𝑒 = 1
𝑑𝑦
⟹ = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 2 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
On integrating both sides , we get
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 = 2 ∫ 1. log 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)(∫ 1. 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑑
⟹ 𝑦 = [log 𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Using integration by parts
1
⟹ 𝑦 = 2 [log 𝑥 (𝑥) − ∫ 𝑥 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
⟹ 𝑦 = [𝑥 log 𝑥 − 𝑥] + 𝑐
⟹ 𝑦 = 2 (log −1) + c.
𝑑𝑦
Q.3 Find the general solution of the differential equation: log ( ) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦.
𝑑𝑥
[CBSE Board 2021-22] [2 Marks]

𝑑𝑦
Sol. log ( ) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦. (Given)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⟹ = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⟹ = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥. 𝑒 𝑏𝑦
𝑑𝑥
⟹ 𝑒 −𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
⟹ 𝑒 −𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
On integrating both sides, we get
∫ 𝑒 −𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑏𝑦 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
= +𝑐
−𝑏 𝑎
71 | P a g e
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 −𝑏𝑦
⟹ + +𝑐 =0
𝑎 𝑏
Q.4 Find the general solution of the differential equation:

𝑑𝑦 3𝑒 2𝑥 +3𝑒 1𝑥
= [CBSE Board 2021-22] [2Marks]
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3𝑒 2𝑥 +3𝑒 4𝑥
Sol. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3𝑒 2𝑥 +(1+𝑒 2𝑥 )
⟹ = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥+ 𝑥
𝑒
𝑑𝑦 3𝑒 2𝑥 (1+𝑒 2𝑥 )
⟹ = × 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 +1)
𝑑𝑦
⟹ = 3𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides, we get
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 3 ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥
⟹𝑦=3 +𝑐
3
𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
Q.5 Solve the following differential equation: = 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Given that 𝑦(0) = 0.

𝑑𝑦
Sol. = 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 𝑦 ; 𝑦(0) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
∫ sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4
− cos 𝑦 = +𝑐
4
(∵ 𝑦 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0)
−1 = 𝑐 4
𝑥4
cos 𝑦 = 1
4
Concept 3: Linear Differential Equation:

𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Sol. 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
Reducing the given differential equation to the form + 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
We get . + =𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
1
∫𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 =𝑦
I.F = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒
72 | P a g e
The general solution is given is given by
X.I.F = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑦 ⟹ 𝑥𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦3
⟹ 𝑥𝑦 = + 𝑐,
3
which is required general solution.

Q.2 Solve the following differential equation.
(𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2
Sol. (𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
(𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 − tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥−𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑦
= −
𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= sin cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Which is a linear differential equation of the form

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑄.
𝑑𝑥
Where,
P = cot x
Q = sin x cos x
Here,
if = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| = sin 𝑥
∴ solution is given by
𝑦. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐,
𝑦. sin 𝑥 = ∫(sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐,
𝑦. sin 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐,

𝑦. sin 𝑥 = 𝐼 + 𝐶,
Where,
𝐼 = ∫ sin 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 = 𝑡 , cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
73 | P a g e
𝑡3
∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = + 𝑐2
3
From eq. (i), we have
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
𝑦. sin 𝑥 = + 𝑐2 + 𝑐1
3
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
𝑦. sin 𝑥 = +𝑐
3
(𝑐 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 ).
Q.3 Find the particular solution of the following differential equation
𝑑𝑦 2
+ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = given
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 2
that 𝑦 = 0 when x = . + y cot x =
4 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
[SQP 2021-2022] [3 Marks]

Sol. The differential equation a linear differential equation
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 log sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

The general solution is given by
sin 𝑥
𝑦 sin 𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥+1−1
⟹ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑥
1
⟹ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 2 ∫ [1 − ] 𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑥
1
⟹ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 2 ∫ [1 − 𝜋 ] 𝑑𝑥
1+cos( −𝑥)
2
1 𝜋 𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 2 ∫ [1 − ( − )] 𝑑𝑥
2+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 2
1 𝜋 𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 2 ∫ [1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( − )] 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
𝜋 𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 2 ∫ [𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( − )] + 𝑐
2 2
𝜋
Given that y = 0, when x =
4
Hence,
𝜋 𝜋
0 = 2 [ + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ] + 𝑐
4 8
Hence, the particular solution is

𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 [ 2 {𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( − }−( + ) ′]
4 2 2 8
Q.4 Find the general solution of the following differential equation:

𝑥𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
Sol. The given differential equation can be written as
𝑑𝑦 𝑦+2𝑥 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
74 | P a g e
𝑑𝑦 1
⟹ − 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Here.
−1
𝑝= . 𝑄 = 2𝑥
𝑥
I.F 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥
1
1
= 𝑒 − ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 =
𝑥
The solution is
1 1
𝑦 × = ∫(2𝑥 × ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
⟹ = 2𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
Q.5 Solve the differential equation − 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 2
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
[CBSE Delhi set-III. 2019][3Marks]

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
Sol. − 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2 (Given)
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
On comparing the given differential equation with,

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑄, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑥
−2𝑥
𝑝= , 𝑄 = 𝑥2 + 2
1+𝑥 2
∴ 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥
−2𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥=𝑒 −log(1+𝑥 )
=𝑒 1+𝑥2
1
=
1+𝑥 2
Solution is given by
𝑦 (𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄 × 𝐼. 𝐹 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 2 +2 1+𝑥 2 +1
⟹𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
𝑦 1
⟹ = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
𝑦
⟹ = 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
1+𝑥 2
⟹ 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )(𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐)
Concept 4: Homogenous Differential equation.
Q.1 For what value of 𝑥 is the following a homogenous differential equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑦 𝑥
: =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑦+𝑥𝑦 2

Sol. Homogenous differential equation must have same degree in both numerator and denominator, it means
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 −𝑦 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑦+𝑥𝑦 2
75 | P a g e
𝑠𝑜,
𝑥 = 3.
𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ( )
𝑄.2 Solve the differential equation 𝑥 sin ( ) + 𝑥 − 𝑦 sin 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=0
𝜋
Given that 𝑥 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 =
2
[CBSE Delhi set-I 2020]

[2Marks]
Sol. Given differential equation gives
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 sin( )−𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 sin( )
𝑥
𝛾
= 𝑣 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝜗𝑥
𝓇
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜈
⟹ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜈 𝜈 sin 𝜈−1
∴ 𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜈
𝑑𝜈 −1
⟹𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜈
−1
⟹ ∫ sin 𝜈 𝑑𝜈 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
∴ − cos 𝜈 = − log|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑦
𝑜𝑟 cos ( ) = log|𝑥| − 𝑐
𝑥
Given,
𝜋
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦=
2
⟹𝑐=0
𝑦
∴ cos ( ) = log|𝑥| is the required solution
𝑥
Q.3 Solve the differential equation:
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 , given that y =0, x =1. [CBSE Delhi set-I 2019] [2 Marks]
𝑑𝑦 𝑦+√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑦 2
Sol. Written = = + √1 + ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜈
Put 𝑦 = 𝜈𝑥 ⟹ =𝜈 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Differential equation becomes

𝑑𝜈
𝜈+𝑥 = 𝜈 + √1 + 𝜈 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜈 𝑑𝑥
⟹∫ =∫
√1+𝜈2 𝑥
⟹ log|𝜈 + √1 + 𝜈 2 | = log|𝑥| + log 𝑐
⟹ 𝜈 + √1 + 𝜈 2 = 𝑐𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 2
76 | P a g e
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 𝑐 = 1, [𝜈 = 0]
∴ 𝑦 + √𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
Q.4 Find the general solution of the differential equation 𝑥 = 𝑦(log 𝑦 − log 𝑥 + 1).
𝑑𝑥

Sol. 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥
Given differential equation is
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = y (log y – log x + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
⟹ = (𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜈
Put𝑦 = 𝜈𝑥 ⟹ =𝜈 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜈
⟹𝜈+ = 𝜈(log 𝜈 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜈 𝑑𝑥
⟹ =
𝜈 log 𝜈 𝑥
Only integrating both sides, we get

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑥 𝑥
⟹ log(log 𝜈) = log 𝑥 + log 𝑐

⟹ log(log 𝜈) = log 𝑐 𝑥
⟹ log(𝑦 1⁄𝑥) = 𝑐𝑥 .
Q.5 A function F (x, y) is a homogenous function of degree 𝑥, if
𝑦
(A) 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 𝐹 ( )
𝑥
𝑥
(B) 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦)= 𝑦𝑥 𝑔 ( )
𝑦
(C) both A and B

𝑦
(D) 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥−𝑥 𝐹 ( )
𝑥
Sol. Option (C) (C) both A and B is correct.

Q.1 Assertion (A): The solution of the equation 3𝑦𝑦’ + 4𝑥 = 0
represents family of elipse -
𝑥2 𝑦2
Reason (R) : equation of elipse is + 2 = 1.
𝑎2 𝑏
𝑑𝑄
Q.2 Assertion (A): The solution of the differential equation + 𝑄 = 1 with 𝑄 = 0 at 𝑡 = 0 is 𝑄(𝑡) = 1 − 𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑡
77 | P a g e
Reason (R): The given differential equation is a linear differential equation.
Sol. (A) both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q.3 Assertion (A): The order of differential equation
𝑑𝑥 3
+ 4 × √(𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑦 2 = 0 is 3.
Reason (R): The sum of order and Degree of differential equation
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
+ 4 × √(𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑦 2 is 5
𝑑𝑥 3
Sol. (B) Both A and R are true, but R is not are the correct explanation of A.
Q.1 Show that 𝑦 = sin 3𝑥 is a solution of the differential equation 𝑦2 + 9𝑦 = 0
Q.2 Solve the following differential equation
𝑑𝑦
(i) 5 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(ii) = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Q.3 Solve the differential equation:

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 sin 2𝑥, given that 𝑦(0) = 1
𝑑𝑥
Q.4 Solve (1 + 𝑦 2 )(1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0, given that when 𝑥 = 1 𝑦 = 1.

Q.5 Solve the following differential equation.
𝑑𝑦
(i) (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(ii) (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑎2
𝑑𝑥
Q.6 Solve the differential equation (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0, given that 𝑦 = 1, when 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑥
Q.7 Solve the differential equation 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦, given that 𝑌 = 1 when 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑦
Q.8 Solve the following:

𝑑𝑦
(i) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(ii) 𝑥 − 𝑌 = 𝑥 + 1.
𝑑𝑣
Q.9 Solve:
𝑑𝑦
(i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(ii) = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Q.10 Solve it.

𝑑𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑌 = 𝑥 3 , given that 𝑌 = 1 when 𝑥 = 2.
𝑑𝑥
78 | P a g e
Q.1 𝑦" + 2𝑦′ + sin 𝑦 = 0 [2, 1]
Q.2 In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 5% per year. In how many years Rs. 1000
double itself?
Q.3 At any point (x, y) of a curve, the slope of the tangent is twice the slope of the line segment joining
the point of contact to the point (-4, -3). Find the equation of the curve given that it passes through
(-2, 1).
𝑦 𝜋
Q.4 [𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥 ) − 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 4 when 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 1
Q.5 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥𝑦 = 1+𝑥2 ; 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Q.6 Find a particular solution of the differential equation (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 −𝑦 − 1, given that 𝑦 = 0
when 𝑥 = 0
10. Vector Definition:

(5-8 Marks)
Definition:
A quantity that has both magnitude and direction is called a vector.
Application:
The tracking of aero planes and drones.
Concept 1: Basic Algebra of Vectors.
−3
Q.1 Find a unit vector in the direction opposite to ‘ ̂
𝑗. [CBSE SQP 2020-21][1 Mark]
4
Sol. 𝑗̂
Q.2 Give an example of vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ such that
|𝑎⃗| = |𝑏⃗⃗| 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑎⃗≠ 𝑏⃗⃗.

[SQP 2017-18] [1Mark]
Sol. → = → , → = 𝑗̂
𝑎 𝑖 𝑏
[or any other correct answer]

Q.3 Shown below are two vectors in their component forms?
𝑢 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗= 3 𝑖⃗ − 𝑝𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘
⃗⃗ = − 𝑏ĵ + 14ĵ + 𝑞𝑘̂
𝒱
Q4.For what values of p and q are the vectors collinear? [CBSE Practice Questions 2022] [1 Mark]
Sol. Here, 𝑢 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ is parallel to 𝒱
79 | P a g e
We know that if two vectors
𝑎⃗ = 𝑎 1 𝑖̂+ ̂
𝑏1 𝑗̂ + 𝑐1 𝑘 and
𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎2𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 ℩𝑗̂+ 𝑐2𝑘̂ are parallel then,

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
∴ we have,
3 −𝑝 5
= =
−6 14 𝑞
3 −𝑝
∴ =
−6 14
→ 𝑝=7
3 5
And = → 𝑞 = −10
−6 𝑞
Thus ,
When 𝑝 = 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 = −10 , then the vectors are collinear.
Q.4 Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are represented by the vectors
⃗⃗ = 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and
𝑎
𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑗̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂

[SQP 2018-19] [2 Marks]
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Sol. 𝑎⃗× 𝑏⃗⃗ = |2 −3 4|
2 −1 2
= −2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| = |√4 + 16 + 16 | = 6

⃗⃗|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗×𝑏
|𝑎
Area of the parallelogram = = 3𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
2
Q.5 Find the angle b/w the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 → = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂

𝑏
[SQP 2018-19] [2 Marks]
Sol. The angle 𝜃 b/w the vectors 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ is given by

→→
𝑎 ,𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |𝑎⃗⃗| ⃗⃗ |𝑏 |
̂+ 𝑗̂− 𝑘
(𝑖 ̂ ) (𝑖̂− 𝑗̂+ 𝑘
̂)
=
√(1)2 (1)2 +(−1)2 .√(1)2 +(−1)2 +(1)2
1−1−1
i.e; cos 𝜃 =
√3 √3
−1 −1
i.e; cos 𝜃 → 𝜃= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ).
3 3
Concept 2: Dot Product of Vector
Q.2 If 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ are two vectors such that |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| = |𝑏⃗⃗| , then prove that (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ ) is perpendicular to 𝑎⃗.
80 | P a g e
[CBSE Board Delhi set-I 2021-22] [3Marks]
Sol. Given , |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| = |𝑏⃗⃗|

On squiring both sides, we get
2 2
|𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| = |𝑏⃗⃗|
2 2
→ |𝑎⃗|2 + |𝑏⃗⃗| + 2 |𝑎⃗| |𝑏⃗⃗| = |𝑏⃗⃗|
→ |𝑎⃗|2 + 2 |𝑎⃗| |𝑏⃗⃗| = 0
→ |𝑎⃗| (|𝑎⃗| + 2|𝑏⃗⃗|) = 0
Since dot product of 𝑎⃗𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎⃗ + 2𝑏⃗⃗ is zero, thus vector are perpendicular.
Q.2 Find |𝑎⃗| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑏⃗⃗| , if |𝑎⃗| = 2 |𝑏⃗⃗| and (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗) . (𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗) = 12 .
[CBSE OD set-I, II, III 2020] [2 Marks]
Sol. Given,|𝑎⃗| = 2|𝑏⃗⃗|
and(𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ ). (𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ ) = 12
→ 𝑎⃗. 𝑎⃗ − 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 12
→ 𝑎⃗. 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 12

2
→ |𝑎⃗|2 − |𝑏⃗⃗| = 12
2
→ (2|𝑏⃗⃗|) − (|𝑏⃗⃗| )2 = 12
2 2
→ 4 |𝑏⃗⃗| − |𝑏⃗⃗| = 12
2
→ 3 |𝑏⃗⃗| = 12
2
→ |𝑏⃗⃗| = 4
→ |𝑏⃗⃗|= 2
→ |𝑎⃗| = 2 |𝑏⃗⃗| = 2 (2) = 4 .

Q.3 Find |𝑥⃗| if (𝑥⃗ − 𝑎⃗). ( 𝑥⃗ + 𝑎⃗ ) = 12 , where 𝑎⃗ is a unit vectors. [SQP 2022] [2 Marks]
Sol. Since 𝑎⃗ is a unit vector, ∴ |𝑎⃗| = 1 (𝑥⃗ − 𝑎⃗ ). ( 𝑥⃗ + 𝑎⃗ ) =
12
→ 𝑥⃗ . 𝑥 + 𝑥⃗ . 𝑎⃗ − 𝑎⃗ . 𝑥⃗ − 𝑎⃗ . 𝑎⃗ = 12
→ |𝑥⃗|2 − |𝑎⃗|2 = 12
→ |𝑥⃗|2 − 1 = 12
→ |𝑥⃗|2 = 13 → |𝑥⃗| = √13
Q.4 If 𝑎⃗ = ¡̂− ĵ + 7 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 5 ¡̂− ĵ + 𝜆𝑘̂
Then find the value of 𝜆 so that vectors 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ are orthogonal.
81 | P a g e
Sol. 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ − ĵ + 7𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ = 5𝑖̂ − ĵ + 𝜆𝑘̂
Hence.
𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ = 6¡̂ − 2ĵ + (7 + 𝜆)𝑘̂ and
𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ = −4𝑖̂ + (7 − 𝜆)𝑘̂
𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ will orthogonal if ,
(𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ ). (𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗) = 0
i.g; if − 24 + (49 − 𝜆2) = 0

⟹ ⋌2 = 25
i.e. if ⋋ = ±5 .
Q.5 If 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0
⃗⃗ and |𝑎⃗| = 3 , |𝑏⃗⃗| = 5 , |𝑐⃗| = 7, then find the value of 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ . 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗ . 𝑎⃗
Sol. ( 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗⃗⃗ ). ( 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗)

𝑐 =0
⟹ 𝑎⃗ . 𝑎⃗ + 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗ . 𝑐⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ . 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗ + 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗ + 𝑐⃗ . 𝑐⃗ = 0

2
⟹ |𝑎⃗|2 + |𝑏⃗⃗| + |𝑐⃗|2 + 2 (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗𝑏.
⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗) = 0
⟹ 32 + 52 + 72 + 2 (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗𝑏.

⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑜⃗) = 0
⟹ 2 (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏.
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗ . 𝑎⃗) = −(9 + 23 + 49)
−83
⟹ 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗𝑏.
⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗) = .
2
Concept 3 : Cross Product.

Q.1 Find the area of the triangle whose two sides are represented by the vectors 2𝑖̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3𝑗.
̂
[CBSE SQP 2020] [1 Mark]
1 1
Sol. 2𝑖̂ × (−3𝑗.
̂) = |−6𝑘̂| = 3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2
Q.2 Find the area of the parallelogram whose one side and a diagonal are represented by conidial vectors
𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 4𝑖̂ + 5𝑘̂ respectively.
[CBSE SQP 2020-21] [2 MARKS]
Sol. 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝑑⃗ = 4𝑖̂ + 5𝑘̂
∵ 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑑⃗
∴ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑑⃗ − 𝑎⃗
3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗 𝑘̂
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |1 −1 1|
3 1 4
= −5𝑖̂ − 1𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
82 | P a g e
Area of parallelogram = 1|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗|
= |√25 + 1 + 16|
= √42 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.

Q.3 Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors
𝑎⃗ = 4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗 + 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂

[CBSE Delhi set-I, II, III 2020] [2 Marks]
Sol. Given, 𝑎⃗ = 4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂

Hence,
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = | 4 3 1|
2 −1 2
= 𝑖̂ (6 + 1) − 𝑗̂ (8 − 2) + 𝑘̂ (−4 − 6)
= 7𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ − 10𝑘̂
Unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ 7𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ − 10𝑘̂

= =
|𝑎⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏| √(7)2 + (−6)2 + (−10)2
7 6 10
= 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ .
√185 √185 √185
Q.4 If |𝑎⃗| = 2 , |𝑏⃗⃗| = 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2ĵ + 6𝑘̂.
Find the angle between 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ .

[CBSE OD set-I 2019] [2 Marks]
Sol. Let 𝜃 be the angle between 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ , then
|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| √32 + 22 + 62

sin 𝜃 = =
|𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗| 2.7
√49 7 1
⟹= = =
14 14 2
𝜋 5𝜋
⟹ 𝜃= 𝑜𝑟 .
6 6
⃗⃗ , 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎⃗ × 𝑐⃗ , Then show that 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑐⃗

Q.5 If 𝑎⃗ ≠ 0
[CBSE Board O.D. set –II, 2021-22] [3 Marks]
Sol. We have 𝑎⃗ . (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗ ) = 0
⟹ (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗ ) = 𝑂
⃗⃗ 𝑜𝑟 𝑎⃗ ⊥ (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗ )
⟹ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑐⃗ 𝑜𝑟 𝑎⃗ ⊥ (𝑎⃗ − 𝑐⃗ )
Also,
83 | P a g e
𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗ ) = 𝑂
⃗⃗
⟹ ( 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗ ) = 𝑂
⃗⃗ 𝑜𝑟 𝑎⃗|| (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗ )
⟹ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑐⃗ 𝑜𝑟 𝑎⃗ ||( 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗ )
𝑎⃗ can not be both perpendicular to (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗) and parallel to ( 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗ ).
Hence, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑐⃗ .
Concept 4: Assertion-Reason Based Questions.
Q.1 Assertion (A): for a vector 𝑎⃗ with initial point p (4,0,2) and terminal point Q (6, -1, 2) the value of |𝑎⃗| is √5,
⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − ĵ
Reason (R): 𝑎⃗ = 𝑃𝑄
Sol. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q.2 Assertion (A): if means 𝑎⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 4ĵ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 21̂ − 3ĵ + 𝑝𝑘̂ are mutually perpendicular then P is -9 .
Reason (R): for perpendicular vectors 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0 .

Sol. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
√3
Q.3 Assertion (A): If two vectors are inclined at an angle, so that their resultant is also a unit vector, then sin 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 .
2
1
Reason (R): If two vectors are inclined at an angle, so that resultant is also a unit vector, then sin 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 .
2
Sol. (C) A is true but R is false.

Q.1 A vector 𝑟⃗ is inclined to x – axis at 450 and Y – axis at 600 if |𝑟⃗|=8units. Find 𝑟⃗.
Q.2 If (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗)2 + (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗)2 = 144 and|𝑎⃗| = 4 find the value of |𝑏⃗⃗|.
Q.3 Show that the vector 𝑎⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 5𝑘, 𝑐⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ from a right angle triangle.
Q.4 if 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑐⃗ are three vectors such that 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0
⃗⃗, then prove that 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗ = 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗.
Q.5 If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ Find the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗.
Q.6 If 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are two unit vectors such that |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| = √3 then find the value of (2𝑎⃗ − 5𝑏⃗⃗). (3𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ )
Most Important Questions of NCERT

Q.1 Find the value of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 so that the vector 𝑎⃗ = 𝑥𝑗̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑗̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ are equal.
Q.2 write the direction ratio’s of the vector 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ and hence calculate its direction cosines.
Q.3 Show that the points 𝐴(2𝑗̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ), 𝐵(𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ ) 𝐶(3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ ) are the vertices of a
right angled triangle.
Q.4 Find the projection of the vector 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ on the vector 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ .
Q.5 Show that the point 𝐴(1, −2, −8), 𝐵(5, 0, −2)and C(11, 3, 7) are collinear, and find the ratio in
which B divides AC.
84 | P a g e
11. Three Dimensional Geometry CONCEPT 1: Direction
Rations and Direction
(5-8 Marks) Cosines.
CONCEPT 1: Direction Rations and Direction Cosines

Q.1Find the direction cosines of line which makes equal angles with the coordinate axes.
[CBSE OD Set-I 2019] [1 Mark]
Sol. Direction cosines of a line making angle ∝ with 𝑥 – axis, 𝛽 with 𝑦 – axis y with 𝑍 – axis are l, m, n .
𝑙 = cos ∝ , 𝑚 = cos 𝛽 ,
𝑛 = cos 𝛾 .
Given, the line makes equal angles with coordinate axes.
∝= 𝛽 = 𝑌
Direction cosines are
𝑙 = cos ∝ , 𝑚 = cos ∝ ,
𝑛 = cos ∝
Since ,
2 + 𝑛2 =1
𝑙 2+ 𝑚
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∝ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∝ = 1
⟹ 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∝ = 1
1
⟹ cos ∝ = ± √
3
1
𝑜𝑟 cos ∝ = ± √
3
∴ direction cosines are

1, 1
𝑙 = ±√ 𝑚= ±√ ,
3 3
1
𝑛 = ±√
3
Q.2 If a line makes angle 90° , 135° , 45° with 𝑥 , 𝑦 and 𝑧 axes respectively, find it’s direction cosines.
[CBSE Delhi Set –I] [1 Mark]
Sol. Direction cosines of a line making angle ∝ with 𝑥 – axis, 𝛽 with 𝑦 – axis 𝛾 with z – axis are 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛
𝑙 = cos ∝, 𝑚 = cos 𝛽,
𝑛 = cos 𝛾
∝ = 90°, 𝛽 = 135°,𝛾 = 45°
Here,
85 | P a g e
So direction cosines are
𝑙 = cos 90° = 0
𝑚 = cos 135° = cos(90° + 45°)
−1
= − sin 45° =
√2
and
1
ℎ = cos 45° =
√2
∴ direction cosines are

−1 1
0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 .
√2 √2
Q.3 Find the direction ratio and direction cosine of a line parallel to the whose equation are
6𝑥 − 2 = 3𝑦 + 1 = 2𝑧 − 2 .
[CBSE SQP 2023] [ 2 Marks]
Sol. Given line L:
6𝑥 − 2 = 3𝑦 + 1 = 2𝑧 − 2 .
Or
1
𝑥−
3 𝑦−(−1⁄3) 𝑧−1
1⁄ = 1⁄ = 1⁄
6 3 2
Or
𝑥−1⁄3 𝑦+ 1⁄3 𝑧−1
= =
1 2 3
So,
d. r. ‘s of line < are: 1, 2, 3
∴ Direction cosines of line are:
1 2 3
, ,
√12 + 22 + 32 √12 + 22 + 32 √12 + 22 + 32
1 2 3
i.e., , , ,
√14 √14 √14
now,
Since the parallel lines have the proportional d.r:s and direction cosines so, d.r.s of required line passing
1 −1
through ( , , 1) 𝑜𝑟 1 , 2 , 3 and direction cosines are
3 3
1 2 3
, , ,
√14 √14 √14
Q.4 If a line makes an angle ∝, 𝛽, 𝛾 with the coordinate axes, then find the value of cos 2 ∝ + cos 2𝛽 + cos 2𝛾.
[CBSE Board Delhi Set-I 2021-22]
Sol. We have,
cos 2 ∝ + cos 2𝛽 + cos 2𝛾
86 | P a g e
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∝ −1 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 − 1 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 − 1
= 2( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∝ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾) − 3
=2×1−3
= 2 − 3 = −1 .
Q.5 Find the direction cosines of the following line
3−𝑥 2𝑦−1 𝑧
= =
−1 2 4
[SQP 2021-22] [2 Marks]

Sol. The given line is
1
𝑥−3 𝑦− 𝑧
2
= =
1 1 4
Its direction rations are < 1,1,4, >

It’s direction cosines are
1 1 4
< , , ,>
3√2 3√2 3√2
Concept 2: Lines and it’s Equations in different forms.

Q.1 Find the coordinate of the point where the line
𝑥+3 𝑦−1 𝑧−5
= =
3 −1 −5
Cuts the 𝑋𝑌 plane.

Sol. In the 𝑋𝑌 plane , 𝑧 = 0
Hence,
The given equation becomes
𝑥+3 𝑦−1
= = 1
3 −1
𝑥+3
=1
3
⟹𝑥 = 0
𝑦−1
=1
−1
⟹𝑦 = 0
∴ The required point is ( 0 ,0, 0 )
Q.2 Find the vector equation of the line which passes through the point ( 3, 4, 5 ) and is parallel to the vector
2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂.

[CBSE Delhi Set-III 2019] [1 Mark]
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗
Sol. 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎
𝑟⃗ = ( 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ )
87 | P a g e
Also,
𝑟⃗ = (3 + 2 ⋋) 𝑖̂ + ( 4 + 2 ⋋)𝑗̂ + ( 5 − 3𝜆)𝑘̂
Q.3 A line passes through the point with position vector 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ 𝑖̂ and is in the direction of the vector 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ −
2𝑘̂ . Find the equation of the line in cartesian form.
[CBSE OD Set-I 2019] [1 Mark]
Sol. Equation of a line passing through (x, y, z,) and parallel to line having direction ratios a. b, c, is
𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 𝑧−𝑧
,= ,=
𝑎 𝑏 𝑧
Since the line passes through a point with position vector 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
Also,
Line is in the direction of 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂

Direction rations:
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1 , 𝑐 = −2
Equation of line in cartesian form is :
𝑥−2 𝑦−(−1) 𝑧−4
= =
1 1 (−2)
𝑥−2 𝑦−(−1) 𝑧−4

⟹ = =
1 1 (−2)
Q.4 Find the vector equation of a line passing through a point with position vector 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and parallel to the line
joining the points − 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ .
Sol. Let A, B and C be the points with position vectors
2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , − 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ,

respectively.
We have to find the equation of a line passing through the point A and parallel to vector BC.
Now,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = position vector of 𝑐 − position vector of 𝐵
𝐵𝐶
= ( 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) − (−𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
= 2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ,
We know that, the equation of line passing through a position vector 𝑎⃗ and parallel to vector 𝑏⃗⃗ is
𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗
∴ 𝑟⃗ = ( 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
Is the required equation of line in vector form.
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑏⃗⃗]
[here ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
88 | P a g e
Q.5 Find the value of K, so that the lines 𝑥 = −𝑦 = 𝑘𝑧 and 𝑥 − 2 = 2𝑦 + 1 = −𝑧 + 1 are perpendicular to each
other.
[CBSE Delhi Set-II 2020] [2 Marks]
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Sol. = = __ line ( I )
𝑘 −𝑘 1
𝑥−2 𝑦+ 1⁄2 𝑧−1

= 1⁄ = __ line (ii)
𝑘 2 −1
dr of line (i) < 𝑘, −𝑘, 1>

dr of line (ii) <1, 1⁄2, -1>
As they are perpendicular
𝑘
𝑘− −1=0
2
𝑘
=1 ⟹ 𝑘=2
2

Q.1 Assertion (A): for every point p (𝑥. 𝑦, 𝑧) on 𝑥𝑦 plane, 𝑧 – component is zero.
Reason (R): For every point
Q(x, y, z) on 𝑥𝑧 plane,y– component is zero.
Sol. (B) both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q.2 Assertion (A):The vector equation of a line passing through the points ( -1, 2, 7 ) and ( 4, 6, 11 ) is ( -𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ +
7𝑘̂ ) + 𝜆( 5𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ).
Reason (R): The vector equation of a line passing through the points A and B is 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + ⋌ ( 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗ ), where
𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ be the position vectors of points A and B, respectively.
Sol. (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A,
𝑥− 𝑥1 𝑦− 𝑦1 𝑧− 𝑧1
Q.3 Assertion (A): = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑥− 𝑥2 𝑦− 𝑦2 𝑧− 𝑧2
And = = are parallel if
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Reason (R): Two lines

𝑥− 𝑥1 𝑦− 𝑦1 𝑧− 𝑧1
= =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑥− 𝑥2 𝑦− 𝑦2 𝑧− 𝑧2
And = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Are parallel if 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0,
Sol. (B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q.1 Find the equation of a line passing through (2, 0, 5) and which is parallel to line 6𝑥 − 2 = 3𝑦 + 1 = 2𝑧 − 7.
Q.2 The equation of a line are 5𝑥 − 3 = 15𝑦 + 7 = 3 − 10𝑧.
89 | P a g e
Write the direction cosines of the line.
Q.3 If a line makes angle 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 with co-ordinate axis then what is the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛾.
Q.4 Find the equation of a line passing through the point (2, 0, 1) and parallel to the line whose equation is.
𝑟⃗ = (2𝜆 + 3)𝑗̂ + (7𝜆 − 1)𝑗̂ + (−3𝜆 + 2)𝑘̂

Q.5 Show that the line 𝑥 = −𝑌 = 2𝑍 and 𝑥 + 2 = 2𝑌 − 1 = −𝑍 + 1 are perpendicular to each other.
Q.6 Find the equation of the line through (2, 1, 3) and parallel to the line.
2𝑥/1 4−𝑌 𝑍+1
= = in Cartesian and vector form.
2 7 2
Q.7 Find the Cartesian and vector equation of the line through the point (2, -3, 1) and (3, -4, -5).
Q.8 Find shortest distance between the lines:
𝑥+1 𝑦+1 𝑧+1 5−𝑦 𝑧−7
= = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
7 −6 1 2 1
𝑥−1 𝑦+1
Q.9 Show that = = 𝑧 and
2 3
𝑥+1 𝑦−2
= , 𝑧 = 2 do not intersect each other.
5 2
Q.10 Find the image of the point (2, -1, 11) in the line 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝜆(2𝑗̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ )

Q.1 Show that the point 𝐴(1, −2, −8), 𝐵(5, 0, −2)and
C(11, 3, 7) are collinear, and find the ratio in which B divides AC.
Q.2 Find the equation of the line in vector and in Cartesian from that passes through the point with
position vector 2𝑗̂ – 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and is in the direction 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ .
Q.3 Find the shortest distance between lines 𝑟⃗ = −4𝑖̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝜇(3 𝑖̂ − 2 𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂ ).
Q.4 Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, −4) and perpendicular to the
two lines:
𝑥−8 𝑦+19 𝑧−10 𝑥−15 𝑥−29 𝑧−5
= = and = = .
3 −16 7 3 8 −5
choice Question Concept

12. Linear Programming 1: Multiple
(4-6 Marks)
Concept 1: Multiple choice Question

Q.1 The solution set of the inequality 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 < 4 𝑖𝑠
90 | P a g e
(A) an open half-plane not containing the origin.
(B) an open half-plane containing the origin.
(C) The whole 𝑥𝑦-plane not containing the line
(3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 4)
(D) a closed half-plane containing the origin.
[CBSE SQP 2023][1 Marks]
Sol. (B) an open half-plane containing the origin.
Q.2 A linear programming is as follows.
Minimize 𝑍 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
Subject to constraints.
𝑥 ≥ 3, 𝑥 ≤ 9, 𝑦 ≥ 0
𝑥 − 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 14
The feasible region has
(A) 5 corner point including (0, 0, )
(B) 5 corner points including (7, 7) and (3, 3)
(C) 5 corner points including
(14, 0) and (9, 0)
(D) 5 corner points including
(3, 6) and (9, 5)
[CBSE Term I. 2021] [1 Marks]
Sol. (B) 5 corner points including (7, 7) and (3,3)
Q.3 The corner points of the feasible region for a Linear programming problem are P(0, 5), Q(1, 5), R(4, 2) and S(12,
0). The minimum value of the objective junction Z = (2𝑥 + 5𝑦) is at the point.
(A)P
(B)Q
(C)R
(D)S
Sol. (C) R.
Q.4 The corner points of the feasible region determined by a set of constraints are P(0, 5), Q(3, 5), R(5, 0) and S(4,
1) and the objective function is Z = 𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦 where a, b > 0.
The condition on a and b such that the maximum Z occurs at Q and S is
(A) 𝑎 − 5𝑏 = 0
(B) 𝑎 − 3𝑏 = 0
(C) 𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 0
(D) 𝑎 − 8𝑏 = 0
91 | P a g e
Sol. (D) 𝑎 − 8𝑏 = 0
Q.5 The corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of linear inequalities are (0, 0), (4, 0), (2,
4) and (0, 5). If the maximum value of Z = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 where a, b > 0 occurs at both (2, 4) and (4, 0), then
(A) 𝑎 = 2𝑏
(B) 2𝑎 = 𝑏
(C) 𝑎 = 𝑏
(D) 3𝑎 = 𝑏
[CBSE Delhi set – II 2020] [1 Marks]
Sol. (A) 𝑎 = 2𝑏
Q.1 Solve the following linear programming problem graphically:
Maximize Z=400𝑥 + 300𝑦 Subject to
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 200, 𝑥 ≤ 40, 𝑥 ≥ 20,
𝑦>0
Sol. We have Z = 400x+300y subject to 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 200, 𝑥 ≤ 40, 𝑥 ≤ 20, (𝑦 ≥ 0)
The corner points of the feasible region are C(20, 0), D(40, 0), B(40, 160),
x=40
A(20,80)
A A=(20, 180)
x+y=200 B B=(40, 160)
100
C(20,0) D-40,0
-200 -100 D 100
200 X
x =20
Corner point Z=400𝑥 + 300𝑌
C(20, 0) 8000
D(40, 0) 16000
B(40, 160) 64,000
A(20,180) 62,000
Maximum profit occurs at 𝑥 = 40, 𝑦 = 160 and the maximum profit = 64,000
Formulate the problem as an LPP and solve it graphically.
92 | P a g e
Q.2 Solve the following linear programming problem (L.P.P) graphically.
Maximize Z = 𝑥 + 2𝑦
Subject to constraints;
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 100
2𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 0
2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 200
Sol. Max Z = 3𝑥 + 𝑦
Subject to 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 100
2𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 0
2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 200
𝑥≥0
𝑦≥0
200
180
160 2
3
140
120
100
80
60
40
20 1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Corner Points Z = (3𝑥 + 𝑦)

A(0, 50) 50
B(0, 200) 200
C(50,100) 250
D(20, 40) 100
Max Z = 250
At x = 50
y = 100.
Q.1 Solve the following linear programming problem graphically:
Maximize Z = −3𝑥 − 5𝑦
Subject to the constraints
−2𝑧 + 𝑦 ≤ 4
𝑥+𝑦≥3
𝑥 − 2𝑦 ≤ 2
93 | P a g e
𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
Q.2 Solve the following LPP graphically:
Maximize Z = 5𝑥 + 3𝑦
Got the constraints
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 ≤ 15
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 10
𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0
Q.3 Solve graphically
Minimize: Z= −3𝑥 + 4𝑦
Got 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 12
𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0
Q.4 Solve graphically.
Maximize: Z = 600𝑥 + 400𝑦
S.t 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 12
2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 12
𝑥 + 1. 25𝑦 = 5
𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0
Q.5 Solve graphically
Maximize: 𝑃 = 100𝑥 + 5𝑦
S.t 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 300
3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 600
𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 + 200

Q.1 Minimize 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦
Subject to 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 3, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 6, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Q.2 Show that the minimum of Z occurs at more than two points.
Minimize and Maximize 𝑍 = 5𝑥 + 10𝑦
Subject to 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 120, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 60, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
94 | P a g e
13. Probability (5-8 Marks) Concept 1: Conditional
probability and multiplication
Theorem
Concept 1: Conditional probability and multiplication Theorem

Q.1 Two cards are drawn at random and one by one without replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing
cards, find the probability that one card is red and the other is black.
[CBSE Delhi Set – II 2020] [1 Mark]
Sol. Let A be the even one card is red and other is black.
26 26 1 26
𝑃(𝐴) = × ×2= × ×2
52 51 2 51
26
51
1 1
Q.2 The probabilities of A and B solving a problem independently are and respectively. If both of them try to
3 4
solve the problem independently, what is the probability that the problem is solved?
2 3 1
Sol. 1 − × =
3 4 2
Q.3 The probability that it will rain on any particular day is 50%. Find the probability that it rains only on first 4 days
of the week.
Sol. P(rain on any particular day) = 50%
50 1
= =
100 2
P(rain on first 4 days of week)

1 4 1 2 1 4 1 3
= ( ) (1 − ) = ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 7 1
=( ) =
2 128
Q.4 A box 𝐵1 , contains 1 white ball and 3 red balls. Another box 𝐵2 contains 2 white balls and 3 red balls. If one
ball is drawn at random from each of the boxes 𝐵1 and 𝐵2 , then find the probability that the two balls are drawn
are of the same colour.
[CBSE Board Delhi, Set-I 2021-22] [2 Marks]
Sol.
Box 1 White balls Box 2 White balls
𝐵1
3 Red balls 𝐵2 3 Red balls
 P (Required) = P (Both are white) + P (both are red)

1 2 3 3
= × × ×
4 5 4 5
2 9 11
= + =
20 20 20
95 | P a g e
Q.5 A pair of dice is thrown and the sum of the number appearing on the dice is observed to be 7. Find the probability
that the number 5 has appeared on at least one die.
[CBSE Board O.D Set-I 2021-22] [2 Marks]
Sol. Let E = Event that 5 has appeared on at least one die.
 {(5, 1), (5, 2) , (5, 3) , (5, 4)
, (5, 5) , (5, 6) , (6, 5) ,
(4, 5) , (3, 5) , (2, 5) , (1, 5)}
Let F = even that sum of no. on die is 7.
 F={(1, 6) , (2, 5) , (3, 4) ,
(4, 3) , (5, 2) , (6, 1)}
𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 = {(2, 5) , (5, 2)}
 𝑛(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 2
Now,
𝐸 𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹) 𝑛(𝐸∩𝐹)
= =
𝐹 𝑃(𝐹) 𝑛(𝐹)
2 1
= =
6 3
Concept 2: Bayes’ Theorem.
1 1
Q.1 If A and B are two independent event with 𝑃(𝐴) = and 𝑃(𝐵) = , then 𝑃(𝐵′ /𝐴) is equal to
3 4
(A) 1⁄
4
(B) 1⁄
3
(C) 3⁄
4
(D) 1
[CBSE Delhi Set – II 2020] [1 Mark]
Sol. (C) 3⁄
4
Q.2 Write the formula for the Bayes Theorem. [V.V.I.] [1 Mark]
Sol. The formula for Bayes theorem is
𝐵
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴).𝑃(𝐴)
𝑃( ) =
𝐵 𝑃(𝐵)
Where P(A) and P(B) one the probabilities of event A and B.
P(B/A) is probability of event A given B and P(A/B) is the probability of event B given A.
Q.3 Suppose that 5 Men out of 100 and 25 women out of 1000 are good orators. Assuming that there are equal
number of men and women. Find the probability of choosing a good orator.
[CBSE OD Set – I, II-2020] [3 Marks]
Sol. Let M be an even of choosing a man and N be on event of choosing a good orator.
1
P(M) = P (W) = ,
2
5 1
P(A/M) = =
100 20
25 1
P(A/W) =
1000 40
P(A)=P(A/M). P(M) + P(A/W). P(W)
1 1 1 1 3
= × + × =
20 2 40 2 80
Q.4 Three persons A, B and C apply for a job a manager in a private company. Chances of their selection are in the
ratio 1:2:4, The probability that A, B and C can introduce chances to increase the profits of a company are 0.8,
0.5 and 0.3 respectively. If increase in the Profit does not take place, find the probability that it is due to
appointment of A.
[CBSE Board Delhi Set – I 2021-22] [3 Marks]
96 | P a g e
Sol. E1 = Person A gets the job
E2 = Person B gets the job
E3 = Person C gets the job
A = No change take place
The changes of selection of A, Band C are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 4
Hence,
1 2
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
7 7
4
𝑃(𝐸3 ) =
7
Also,
𝐴 2
Given 𝑃 ( ) = 0.2 =
𝐸1 10
𝐴 5
𝑃 ( ) = 0.5 =
𝐸2 10
𝐴 7
and 𝑃 ( ) = 0.7 =
𝐸3 10
required probability is
𝐴
𝐸1 𝑃(
).𝑃(𝐸1 )
𝐸1
𝑃( ) = 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝐴 𝑃( ).𝑃(𝐸1 )+𝑃( ).𝑃(𝐸2 )+𝑃( ).𝑃(𝐸3 )
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
2 1
×
10 7
= 2 1 5 2 7 4
× + × + ×
10 7 10 7 10 7
2
70 2 1
= 2 10 21 = =
+ + 40 20
70 70 70
1
If no change takes place, the probability that it is due to appointment of person A is
20
Q.5 In a shop X, 30 tins of ghee of type A and 40 tins of ghee of type B which look alike, are kept for sale. While in
shop Y, similar 50 tins of ghee of type A and 60 tins of ghee of type B are there. One tins of ghee is purchased
from one of the randomly selected shop and is found to be of type B. Find the probability that it is purchased
from shop Y.
[CBSE OD Set – I, II 2020] [3 Marks]
Sol. 𝐸1 : Selecting shop X
𝐸2 : Selecting shop Y
𝐴: Purchased tin of type B
1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
2
𝐴 4 𝐴 6
𝑃( ) = , 𝑃( ) =
𝐸1 7 𝐸1 11
𝐸2 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 )
𝑃( ) =
𝐴 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 )+𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 )
1 6
.
2 11
= 14 1 6
. + .
2 7 2 11
21
=
43
Concept 4: Assertion – Reason based question.

1 1
Q.1 Assertion (A): If A and B are two independent events with P(A) = and P(B) = , then
5 3
1
P(A’/B) is
5
𝑃(𝐴′∩𝐵)
Reason (R): P(A’/B) =
𝑃(𝐵)
Sol. (D) A is false and R is true.
97 | P a g e
Q.2 Assertion (A): The probability that at least one of them will solve a problem is 0.92
Reason (R): The probability that none of them will solve a problem is 0.08
Sol. (B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q.3 Assertion (A): If P(A) = 0.6 and P(B) = 0.4 and P(A/B) = 0.4 then, P(A∪ B) = 0.72
Reason (R): 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵).
Concept 5: Case study based MCQs
(I) The reliability of a COVID PCR test is specified as follows:
Of people having COVID, 90% of the test detects the disease but 10% goes undetected. Of people free of
COVID, 99% of the test is judged COVID negative but 1% are diagnosed as showing COVID POSITIVE. From
a large population of which only 0.1% have COVID, one person is selected at random, given the COVID PCR
test, and the pathologist reports him/her as COVID positive.
[CBSE QB 2021]
Q.1 What is the probability of the ‘person to be tested as COVID positive’ given that he is actually having COVID?
(A)0.001
(B)0.1
(C)0.8
(D)0.9
Sol. (D)0.9
Q.2 What is the probability of the ‘person to be tested as COVID positive’ given that ‘he is actually not having
COVID’?
(A)0.01
(B)0.99
(C)0.1
(D)0.001
Sol. (A)0.01
Q.3 What is the probability that the ‘person is actually not having COVID’?
(A)0.998
(B)0.999
(C)0.001
(D)0.111
Sol. (B)0.999
Q.4 What is the probability that the ‘person is actually having COVID’ given that ‘he is tested as COVID positive’?
(A)0.83
(B)0.0803
(C)0.083
98 | P a g e
(D)0.089
Sol. (C)0.083
(II) A coach is training 3 players. He observes that the player A can hit a target 4 times in 5 s V.V.I., player B can
hit 3 times in 4 s V.V.I. and player C can hit 2 times in 3 s V.V.I. [CBSE QB 2021]
Q.1 Let the target is hit by A, B, and C. then the probability that A, B and C all will hit is
(A)2/4
(B)3/5
(C)2/5
(D)1/5
Sol. (C)2/5
Q.2 What is the probability that B, C will hit and A will lose?
(A)1/10
(B)3/10
(C)7/10
(D)4/10
Sol. (A)1/10.
Q.3 What is the probability that ‘any two of A, B and C will hit?
(A)1/30
(B)11/30
(C)17/30
(D)13/30
Sol. (D)13/30
Q.4 What is the probability that ‘none of them will hit the target’?
(A)1/30
(B)1/60
(C)1/15
(D)2/15
Sol. (B)1/60
Q.1 A and B are two events such that 𝑃(𝐴) ≠ 0, the find P(B/A) if
(i) A is a subset of B
(ii) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ≠ ∅
5 2
Q.2 If A and B are such that 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = and 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∪ 𝐵̅) = , then find 𝑃(𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵̅ ).
9 3
Q.3 Prove that if A and B are independent events, then A and B’ are also independent events.
Q.4 If A and B are two independent events such that 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.3, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.5, then find P(A/B) – P(B/A).
99 | P a g e
2 1
Q.5 If A and B are two independent events such that 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) = and 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ ) = then find P(A) and P(B).
5 6
Q.6 Two dices are thrown once, find the probability of getting an even number on the first die or a total of 8.
1 1
Q.7 A and B are independent events such that 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅) = and 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) = . Find P(A) and P(B).
4 6
Q.8 An urn contains five balls. Two balls are drawn and are found to be white. What is the probability that all the
balls are white.
1 1 1
Q.9 A problem in mathematics given to three students whose chances of solving it are , and , what is the
2 3 4
probability that the problem is solved?
Q.10 Find the probability that a leap year will have 53 Fridays or 53 Saturdays.

Q.1 Three card are drawn successively, without replacement from a pack of 52 well shuffled cards. What
is the probability that first two cards are kings and the third card drawn is an ace?
Q.2 In a factory which manufactures bolts, machine A, B and C manufacture respectively 25%, 35% and
40% of the bolts. Of their output, 5, 4 and 2 percent are respectively defective bolts. A bolt is drawn
at random from the product and is found to be defective. What is the probability that it is
manufactured by the machine B?
Q.3 Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes the number
of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or tail is obtained.
If she obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she threw 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the die?
Q.4 An urn contains 25 balls of which 10 balls bear a mark ‘X’ and the remaining 15 bear a mark ‘Y’. A
ball is drawn at random from the urn, its mark is noted down and it is replaced. If 6 balls are drawn
in this way, find the probability that
(i) all will bear ‘X’ mark
(ii) not more than 2 will bear ‘Y’ mark.

(iii) at least one ball will bear ‘Y’ mark.
(iv) The number of balls with ‘X’ mark and ‘Y’ mark will be equal.
100 | P a g e

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MATHEMATICS

This Sample paper depond upon New syllabus and

I promise to you all that

Question bank PYQ and doubt class 12th click link

CONCEPT 2: Function and it’s Types.

√𝑎 is not defined for 𝑎 ∈ (−∞, 0)

Since, 𝑓(1) = 𝑓(2) but 1 ≠ 2

and 𝐵 = 𝑅 – {2} is the function 𝑓 is one - one and onto?

Putting 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )

(2𝑥1 + 3)(𝑥2 − 3) = (2𝑥2 + 3)(𝑥1 − 3)

For 𝑌 = 2, 𝑥 is not defined.

Checking for 𝑌 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Let 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )

Such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑌

Let 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )

Such that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑌

Since x is not a natural number there is no X in N. such that 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2.

Concept 4: Assertion – Reason Based Questions

CHAPTER: 1 PRACTISE QUESTION FOR EXAMS

(i) Symmetric but neither reflexive or transitive.

(ii) Transitive but neither reflexive no symmetric.

(iii) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.

(iv) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

(v) Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.

State whether the function f is bijective. Justify your answer.

[CBSE Board 2021] [1 Mark]

[Board SQP 2023] [2 Marks]

[CBSE Delhi Set - 2020] [3 Marks]

Put 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2√2 = 𝛷

Q.1 The principal value branch of function 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 :

Q.3What is the Domain and principal value branch of inverse function.

Practice Question for exams

(iv) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−√3)

Q.2 Find the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−√3)

Q.5 Solve the following equations for 𝑥.

Q.7 Evaluate the following

Q.9 Prove that

Q.10 Prove that:

Used in many fields to model and solve real world problems.

Concept 1: Equality of two matrices.

[CBSE 2023] [1 Marks]

Sol. (1+A)2 -3A

=) I2 +IA +AI + A2 -3A

[CBSE SQP2020 - 21] [2 Marks]

Concept 3: Operation of Matrix.

Sol. The given system of equation can be written in the form.

Pencil Eraser Sharpener

A 10,000 2,000 18,000

Q6. Find a matrix A such that 2A -3B +SC = D, where B = [−𝟐

Q7. Find matrix X so that x [𝟏𝟒 𝟐

Most Important Questions of Ncert.

Q.2 Construct a 3 × 3 matrix, whose elements are given by:

Q.3 Find the values of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 from the following equations:

CHAPTER-4:- DETERMINANTS (4-6 marks)

Q.4 Evaluate the product AB, where

The given equation can be written as

Q.1 The equations in term of x and y are:

Most Important Questions of Ncert.

5. Continuity and Differentiability

Definition : A Function 𝐹(𝑥) is a continuous at a point x = a