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Lecture-5.1

Chemistry basic

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Nicole Luis
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12 views

Lecture-5.1

Chemistry basic

Uploaded by

Nicole Luis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 5: Acids and Bases (part 1)

Objectives:
• State the definition of acid and base according to Svante Arrhenius, Johannes Brønsted and Thomas Lowry, and
Gilbert N. Lewis.
• Solve problems using ionization constants, concentrations, and pH or pOH.
• Use the Ka to determine the strength of an acid or base.
• Calculate pH and pOH.
• Define polyprotic acid.
• Give examples of household products that are acidic or basic.

Lecture Notes:
Acids and Bases: A Brief Review
Acids and bases were first recognized by the properties of their aqueous solutions. For example, acids turn
litmus red, whereas bases turn litmus blue. Svante Arrhenius recognized that the properties of acidic solutions are
due to H+(aq) ions and those of basic solutions are due to OH-(aq) ions.
→ Examples:
H2 O -
HCl (g) → H+ (aq) + Cl (aq) HCl is an Arrhenius acid because it produces H+ when dissolved in water
H2 O -
NaOH (s) → OH (aq) + Na+ (aq) NaOH is an Arrhenius base because it produces OH- when dissolved in
water

Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases


The Brønsted–Lowry (Johannes Brønsted and Thomas Lowry) concept of acids and bases is more general
than the Arrhenius concept and emphasizes the transfer of a proton (H+) from an acid to a base. The H+ ion, which
is merely a proton with no surrounding valence electrons, is strongly bound to water. For this reason, the hydronium
ion, H3O+(aq), is often used to represent the predominant form of H+ in water instead of the simpler H+(aq).
A Brønsted–Lowry acid is a substance that donates a proton to another substance; a Brønsted–Lowry
base is a substance that accepts a proton from another substance. Water is an amphiprotic substance, one that
can function as either a Brønsted–Lowry acid or base, depending on the substance with which it reacts.
→ Examples:
HCl (g) + H2O (l) → H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) HCl is a Brønsted–Lowry acid (it donates a proton to H2O).
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) → NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Ammonia is a Brønsted–Lowry base because it accepts
a proton from H2O. Ammonia is also an Arrhenius base because adding it to water leads to
an increase in the concentration of OH -.
→ Remember:
The transfer of a proton always involves both an acid (donor) and a base (acceptor). In other words, a substance
can function as an acid only if another substance simultaneously behaves as a base. To be a Brønsted–Lowry acid,
a molecule or ion must have a hydrogen atom it can lose as an H+ ion.

→ Exercises:
In the forward reaction of this equilibrium, which substance acts as the Brønsted–Lowry base?
H2S(aq) + CH3NH2(aq) ⇋ HS- 1aq2 + CH3NH3+1aq2

The conjugate base of a Brønsted–Lowry acid is the species that remains when a proton is removed from
the acid. The conjugate acid of a Brønsted–Lowry base is the species formed by adding a proton to the base.
HA (aq) + H2O (l) ⇋ A- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)
In the forward reaction, HA donates a proton to H 2O. Therefore, HA is the Brønsted–Lowry acid and H2O is
the Brønsted–Lowry base. In the reverse reaction, the H 3O+ ion donates a proton to the A- ion, so H3O+ is the acid

[1]
and A- is the base. When the acid HA donates a proton, it leaves behind a substance, A -, that can act as a base.
Likewise, when H2O acts as a base, it generates H3O+, which can act as an acid.
Together, an acid and its conjugate base (or a base and its conjugate acid) are called a conjugate acid–
base pair.

→ Exercises:
a. What is the conjugate base of HClO4, H2S, PH4+, HCO3-?
b. What is the conjugate acid of CN- , SO42- , H2O, HCO3-?

The acid–base strengths of conjugate acid–base pairs are related: The stronger an acid, the weaker is its
conjugate base; the weaker an acid, the stronger is its conjugate base. In every acid–base reaction, the position of
the equilibrium favors the transfer of the proton from the stronger acid to the stronger base.
The inverse relationship between the strengths of acids and their conjugate bases is illustrated below.

Here we have grouped acids and bases into three broad categories based on their behavior in water:
1. A strong acid completely transfers its protons to water, leaving essentially no undissociated molecules in
solution. Its conjugate base has a negligible tendency to accept protons in aqueous solution. (The
conjugate base of a strong acid shows negligible basicity.)
2. A weak acid only partially dissociates in aqueous solution and therefore exists in the solution as a mixture
of the undissociated acid and its conjugate base. The conjugate base of a weak acid shows a slight ability
to remove protons from water. (The conjugate base of a weak acid is a weak base.)

[2]
1. A substance with negligible acidity contains hydrogen but does not demonstrate any acidic behavior in
water. Its conjugate base is a strong base, reacting completely with water, to form OH - ions. (The conjugate
base of a substance with negligible acidity is a strong base.)

[3]

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